V. Bagnolo, R. Argiolas
3D procedural modeling of complex vaulted systems: geometric rules vs SfM based modeling

Starting from the geometric genesis of simple and complex vaulted systems, the paper proposes a workflow developing an algorithmic model for the construction of 3D digital surface model of some vaulted systems. The writing of an algorithm allows us to obtain pavilion and cross vaults digital surface models. To test the effectiveness of the models obtained in the application of the algorithms to real case studies, the ongoing phase of the research involved the survey of some complex vaulted systems based on Light Detection And Raging (LiDAR) and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques. The models obtained by entering the data derived from the survey in the algorithm, allow a comparison between the model derived from dense matching techniques and the algorithmic model. In particular, the results obtained from the analysis of a cross vault system present in a side gothic chapel of the church of Santa Lucia in Cagliari are presented.

K. Tsujioka, H. Furuhashi, Y. Uchida
3D SHAPES MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USING AN OPTICAL MODULATOR

We have continued research on 3D shapes measurement system using spatial modulator. The advantages of this system are non-contact, non-invasive, and short time measurement. We proposed a method using differentiation to expand the measurable area and improve the accuracy of measurement. Additionally, We proposed to eliminate the influence of marking on target object surface. It was a very practical and effective method.

Ji Qi, Yingzhong Tian, Wenjun Zhang, Albert Weckenmann, Minglun Fang
3D SURFACE MICRO TOPOGRAPHY RECOVERY FROM MULTI-FOCUS IMAGES USING MODIFIED LAPLACIAN OPERATOR

Optical microscopy enables the observation of highly magnified objects and material structures on micro surfaces, however with the weakness that it can only acquire 2D images. In order to observe the areal features more accurately and intuitively, 3D surface micro topography recovery is applied to form a 3D surface model of an object from its 2D image sequence. Optical microscope has a limited depth of focus in large magnification, which makes the area within the depth of focus cleared and other area blurred. So this paper firstly acquires image sequence which obtains all useful information in one view by vertical scanning of the microscope. Secondly, each image is calculated by an appropriate focus measure operator to find the maximum focus measure value and form a 2D fused image. Then the maximum value of each pixel is accurately transferred into a distance value, forming a discrete depth map. After conducting interpolation, fitting and color mapping, a smooth and authentic 3D color model of the measured surface is obtained. Various focus measure operators such as grey level variance are used to compare their performances in 3D model recovery. The superiority of the modified Laplacian operator proposed in this paper is proved by experimenting on measured objects with different micro topography features such as ditch shaped and slope shaped structure. In addition, surface roughness information of R_a and R_z is extracted from the formed 3D models.

Thomas G. Mathia, Etienne Leprat, Serge Carras, Philippe Carval
3D topography measurements and characterizations of soft, living, flexible and deformable surfaces

One of the great difficulties to day in quality control and metrological highly fidelity characterisations is the case of soft and easy deformable surfaces like living bodies with history of morphology recorded (originally vegetal, animal, humane, etc) and “memory” materials like papers, human skin, varnishes, leathers, textiles, and others. one of the authors are involved since 1970’s with 3d roughness metrology, sensors, scanning components and driving systems, tactile, capacitive pneumatically assisted and optical measurement techniques. Dealing with surface texture characterisations and efforts of theirs standardisations some fundamental results will be presented and analytically evaluated. Dimensional measurements in manufacturing, metrology software and the comparing evaluation, as well as uncertainty, tolerance, testing, calibration and testing methods and total quality management constitutes essential problem. Critical analysis of different methods in domain of 3d texture characterisations is not reported commenting advantages and week points in context of quality control due to limited space in this paper. Some case studies in terms of education will be presented.

Richard Steven, Charlie Britton, Joshua Kinney
4”, 0.63 Beta Ratio Cone DP Meter Wet Gas Performance

Cone DP meters are often used for unprocessed natural gas flow metering applications. Unprocessed natural gas flows can have entrained water and light hydrocarbon liquids. Hence, it is important to fully understand the wet gas flow response of cone DP meters. One method of metering the gas flow rate of a wet natural gas flow is to estimate the liquid flow rate (usually a mixture of hydrocarbon liquid and water) from an independent source (such as a tracer dilution technique or test separator histories) and then use a wet gas correction factor or "correlation" to correct for the liquid induced gas flow rate error. It is therefore necessary to have a reliable cone DP meter wet gas correlation for wet natural gas flows where the liquid component is a water and / or a light hydrocarbon liquid mixture.