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Page 857 of 938 Results 8561 - 8570 of 9371

Tohru Iuchi, Kensuke Hiraka
HYBRID TYPE SURFACE THERMOMETER

A hybrid-type surface thermometer combines the contact and non-contact methods, which allows us to overcome the shortcomings of both methods. The hybridtype surface thermometer is a modified radiation thermometer. Temperature measurement using this thermometer is possible within a random error of ±0.5 K at temperatures of around 1000 K. This thermometer provides a useful means for calibration of in-situ temperature measurement in various processes, especially in the semiconductor industry. This paper introduces the basic idea of the hybrid-type surface thermometer, presents experimental results and discussions, and finally describes an application.

Yong-Gyoo Kim, Inseok Yang
DEVELOPMENT OF METAL-CARBON EUTECTIC CELLS FOR CONTACT THERMOMETRY AT KRISS

We report the status of development of metalcarbon eutectic cells for contact thermometry at KRISS. Up to now, Co-C, Ni-C, Fe-C and Pt-C eutectic cells have been fabricated and their performance has been tested. The uncertainty of Co-C melting point using a Type B thermocouple was 0.9°C (k = 2). The melting plateau of the Fe-C eutectic cell has shown a dependence on the prefreezing set temperature.

Graham Machin
A PARADIGM CHANGE IN HIGH TEMPERATURE METROLOGY

The measurement of temperatures above 1100 °C is undergoing a step change improvement with the development of high temperature fixed-points and improved thermocouple types such as Pt/Pd. This paper reviews international developments in these areas that could lead to an improved way of realising ITS-90 above the Ag point, reduced thermocouple uncertainties by factors of two or more, and improved dissemination and measurement of high temperatures to industry.

Denise Camarano, Vinícius S. Moreira, Roberto M. de Andrade
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ZINC FREEZING POINT - EFFECT OF MULTICOMPONENT AND ACCURATE DATA

A numerical investigation of zinc freezing point is presented. Comparison of results for the solidification of same alloy using two different sets of data shows the need to have accurate phase-equilibrium data and the necessity of considering all of elements present in an alloy. The results give an indication of what areas require more careful examination if accurate modeling of freezing point is to be accomplished.

Slavolhub G. Petkovic, Paulo R.F. Santos, Antônio C. Baratto, Hamilton D. Vieira ,Renato N. Teixeira, Klaus N. Quelhas
INMETRO ZINC FIXED-POINT OPEN CELL

A zinc fixed-point open cell (419.527 °C) was manufactured by the Thermal Metrology Division of Inmetro for the realisation of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This paper presents the fixed-point cell design, fabrication method, results of the cell evaluation and the estimated uncertainty assigned to the temperature of the cell.

Waldemar Nawrocki
JOULE INSTEAD OF KELVIN IN A SET OF BASE UNITS

The joule is proposed to replace the kelvin in the set of SI base units. Arguments in favour of such replacement are presented, including improved standard accuracy and unit system coherence. The joule is also proposed to be added to the quantum metrological triangle (which couples the volt, the ampere and the hertz) to transform the latter into a system called quantum metrological pyramid, that would couple four units rather than three, and allow comparison of the respective standards.

K.D. Hill, A.G. Steele
THE TRIPLE POINT OF XENON: A CANDIDATE FIXED-POINT REFERENCE TEMPERATURE

The triple point of xenon has recently been shown to be a suitable fixed point for incorporation into the next revision of the International Temperature Scale as a means to reduce the non-uniqueness in the important 84 K to 273 K range. We summarize the results, which illustrate that the xenon triple point itself is highly reproducible, with a standard deviation of 48 µK for the eight melts of this study, and a total realization uncertainty of just 76 µK.

Rubén Verdugo, Manuel Lladser
THE CHILEAN METROLOGY NETWORK – A NATIONAL EXPERIENCE PRESENT STATE OF THE METROLOGY IN CHILE

The traditional approach for the establishment of a metrology infrastructure in other countries has been established as central laboratory, call generically National Metrology Institute (NMI) which has an official recognition to enhance the capacities of measurement of the country or economy. Chile has took the decision to have a Network more than an unique NMI, so at the present time, the structure of the Network is included by 7 magnitudes managed by 6 Institutions, CESMEC (mass and temperature), IDIC (force) and ENAER (pressure), DICTUC S.A. (length), CISA (Liquid Flows) and University of Conception (electrical Magnitudes).

Salvador Echeverría-Villagómez, Carmen Marina Trejo-Morales
ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF METROLOGY, ACCREDITATION AND STANDARDIZATION FOR THE WATER SECTOR IN THE 21stCENTURY - A MEXICAN PERSPECTIVE

The paper presents an analysis of the structure and infrastructures of Metrology, Standardization and Accreditation (MSA) for the Water Sector in the 21st Century, from a Mexican perspective.
Water is passing from being ‘just’ a vital element to become a key element of interest for societies in every field, from economics to politics and technology. The quality structures and infrastructures of every country in terms of Metrology, Standardization and Accreditation have to respond to the new challenges and demands.
The paper analyses the relevant aspects of this sector in the Mexican scene. Within this reference frame it goes to classify the main macro-processes which take place with water, from recollection and extraction, to processing in different ways (desalinization, potabilization, recycling, etc.), to distribution and charging for its consumption.
In every process, there are different social actors involved, from government to private industries and social organizations to the final user. Aspects of standardization, conformity assessment and metrology are typified for the most common of these processes.
In every stage of every process there are critical variables to be measured. This measurements are classified in quantity (volume, flow, mass, etc.), quality (contents, purity, inorganic analysis, organic analysis) and process variables (temperature, pressure, chemical substances, materials, etc).
Finally, some general ideas about the MSA structures and infrastructures are put forward, as well as specific proposals for common work on metrology.

Chingiz Hajiyev
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM INPUT SIGNALS FOR CALIBRATION OF MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

A procedure for optimal selection of sample input signals to get the best calibration characteristics of measuring apparatus is proposed. As an example the problem of optimal selection of standard pressure setters when calibrating differential pressure measurer is solved.

Page 857 of 938 Results 8561 - 8570 of 9371