IMEKO Event Proceedings

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Event

José Santo Guiscafré Panaro
A NEW APPROACH TO DEMAND MEASUREMENT OVER THE ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
This work proposes a method that allows the remote measurement of the electric power demand of clusters consisting of a small group of consumers that are connected to a line section of the distribution network and concentrated in an electricity pole.
The method is based on the detection of the electrical current and voltage changes at both ends of a distribution line section, and then computing the demand of the clusters. Due to the statistical nature of the electricity consumption, coincident demand steps of the users can cause some error that can be considered as noise perturbing the measurement signal. The measurement error characteristics are predicted through simulation.
The obtained results show that the new technique can be an efficient tool to reduce technical and non-technical losses in the electricity distribution network.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Odon
ANALYSIS OF A FEEDBACK DRIVER FOR SEMICONDUCTOR LIGHT SOURCES
The paper presents analysis of an electronic system of a driver with the feedback optical loop used for stabilization of radiation power of a semiconductor light sources such as CW laser diodes (LDs) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The analysis has permitted derivation of the strict form of static equation describing the relation between the optical output power and the electrical driving signal. The considerations are based on general feedback analysis procedures. A detail metrological analysis of the influence of instabilities in the parameters of the driver system on the value of the optical power of light source is presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Damir Ilic, Alan Šala, Ivan Lenicek
PREDICTION OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF DC VOLTAGE STANDARDS
In this paper we report some methods which upgrade the measurement uncertainty evaluation in analysis of the prediction of the output voltage of DC Reference Standards (Fluke 732A at 1 V, 1.018 V and 10 V levels). The monitoring of long-term stability of Zener-based voltage reference standards is one of the main tasks of Primary Electromagnetic Laboratory (PEL), which is a part of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of the University of Zagreb, and a holder of national standards of voltage in Croatia. The long-term stability of its DC Reference Standard has been analysed according to the calibration data obtained in different laboratories over a period of more than twenty years. The weighted least-squares fitting was used and the regression coefficients were calculated, by which the maintained voltages at all three outputs can be predicted for a moment of interest. This approach significantly reduces the uncertainties of the maintained voltages.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Ryniewicz
THE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOMETRY OF OSSEOUS TISSUE OF THE BIOLOGICAL BEARINGS INTERACTION ZONE IN THE ASPECT OF ACCURACY OF SHAPE MAPPING
This paper presents the problem of the assessment of the shape of osseous tissue and the size of the occurring defects using the diagnosis of computer tomography. The results of assessment of shape of chosen osseous element were presented. In second part the exampled artifacts were presented and the own artifacts elaborated in Cracow University of Technology to assess the accuracy of CT were proposed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Anna M. Ryniewicz, Andrzej Ryniewicz
THE GEOMETRY ESTIMATION OF THE ARTICULATION CARTILAGE SHAPE AND DEFECT DIAGNOSIS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MRI of the knee is the most frequently requested MR joint study in musculoskeletal radiology. MRI gives a comprehensive examination of the knee, providing surgeons with information they cannot obtain clinically or invasively. In this paper there is estimated the sensitivity of the articulation cartilage defects imaging using MR. There were examined two animal and two human specimen knees using CT, MRI and coordinate control machine (CCM). The cartilage was artificial destroyed and the defects were measured using MRI and CCM. CT was done to verify bone damage. The outcomes obtained in MRI and CCM are approximately.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ksenia Sapozhnikova, Roald Taymanov
MULTIPARAMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF EMOTIONS
A concept of the model intended for measuring emotions is grounded. The efficiency of evolutionary analysis when forming the model of measuring the emotions which are contained in acoustic and visual impacts is demonstrated. The possibility to develop a corresponding measurement instrument is shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Peter Benkó, Rudolf Palencár
UNCERTAINTIES IN THE WHOLE RANGE OF THE CALIBRATION OF A THERMOCOUPLE
This contribution describes the procedure of evaluating the calibration of thermocouple by means of its comparison with the thermocouple standard. In the process of thermocouple calibration by means of comparison, the resulting uncertainty specified by applying the generalized procedure for evaluating the calibration of measuring devices with continuous scale. The advantage of this method of evaluation is the determination of uncertainties in the whole range of the calibration. The conclusion of this paper states the illustrated differencies between cases when covariances are into account or are not.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Inácio Bianchi, Paulo Magalhăes Filho, José Pinto Ferreira Sobrinho
POWER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRIC HOME FAN WITH TRIAC-BASED AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM
In order to provide a low cost system of thermal comfort, a common model of home fan, 40 cm diameter size, had its manual four-button control system replaced by an automatic speed control. The new control system has a temperature sensor feeding a microcontroller that, by using an optic coupling, DIAC or TRIAC-based circuit, varies the RMS value of the fan motor input voltage and its speed, according to the room temperature. Over a wide range of velocity, the fan net power and the motor fan input power were measured working under both control system. The temperature of the motor stator and the voltage waveforms were observed too. Measured values analysis showed that the TRIAC-based control system makes the fan motor work at a very low power factor and efficiency values. The worst case is at low velocity range where the higher fan motor stator temperatures were registered. The poor power factor and efficiency and the harmonics signals inserted in the motor input voltage wave by the TRIAC commutation procedure are correlated.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tomasz Adamskl, Wieslaw Winiecki, Jakub Olszyna
ALGORITHMS AND CIRCUITS FOR LOW POWER SECURED SENSOR NETWORKS WITH ASYMETRIC COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES
The paper deals with applications of cryptographic methods in design of secured versions of Distributed Measurement Systems (DMS). In the paper wide range of cryptographic algorithms is assessed and some of them are chosen and proposed as well suited to DMS specific requirements. Some specialized low power, high speed, hardware solutions for cryptographic algorithms are also suggested in the paper. Strong asymmetry of computing power and memory capacity is taken into account in both software and hardware solutions.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jakub Bach, Romuald Masnicki, Janusz Mindykowski
THE MEASURING INSTRUMENT WITH DISTRIBUTED DATA PROCESSING
In the paper a concept of the measuring instrument with distributed data processing, cooperating with PC is presented. A functional configuration of the instrument performing additional functions connected with measurement result accuracy assessment as well as respective algorithms are shown. The principles of cooperation with PC computer are discussed. The laboratory implementation of the designed instrument and scope of its use for teaching process is proposed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mark Schiefer, Richard Bono
IMPROVED LOW FREQUENCY ACCELEROMETER CALIBRATION
This paper will discuss a newly developed implementation of low frequency accelerometer calibrations below 10 Hz. The goal is an improved low frequency accelerometer calibration methodology capable of performing superior quality measurements with significantly lower uncertainties while maintaining good throughput and the simplicity of traditional back-to-back calibration techniques. By using an optical encoder as the measurement reference instead of a traditional back-to-back reference accelerometer, limitations due to shaker stroke length are nearly eliminated, with the practical limitation for a quality calibration measurement at ultra low frequency being the resolution of the sensor under test itself.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mariusz Szweda
DWT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TRANSIENT AND NOTCHING DISTURBANCES
This paper is focused on the problem of transient and notching analysis occurring in electric power system. The aim of the research was to improve DWT algorithm especially for transient detection, in order to increase performance of a multi-parameter DSP system. The method described in the paper proposes rejecting insignificant wavelet decomposition stages and takes only these stages for reconstruction transient or notching, in which predominant energies were detected. The criterion of rejecting stages is that the frequency band of disturbances reconstructed in this way should be sufficient for further evaluation. The proposal is similar to idea of data compression by DWT. All analyses are based on the real voltage samples, registered in the real isolated electric power system, namely ships' systems. Finally, the results of the research are presented and commented on.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Anna Ostaszewska, Sabina Zebrowska-Lucyk
ATTEMPTS TO DIMINISH UNCERTAINTY IN QUALITY EVALUATION OF COMPRESSED VIDEO BY HUMAN AUDIENCE
The paper concerns one of subjective continuous quality evaluation method (SSCQE), which is used for measuring the human perception of compression errors in video. The problem with subjective quality assessment is a big measurement uncertainty that makes drawing conclusions on quality of compared materials with required significance level difficult. The paper presents a new method of measurement data processing, which enables for decreasing the unwanted influence of human factors and diminishing the standard deviation of the measurement results by a half. The Mandel's h and k statistics are used, likewise in inter-laboratory comparisons programs.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Luka Ferkovic, Damir Ilic, Kristina Ferkovic
TEMPERATURE AND FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF PRECISION CURRENT TRANSFORMER BASED ON ROGOWSKI COILS
This paper covers the analysis of electrical parameters which affect the accuracy of current-to-voltage transducer based on Rogowski coil. The actual transducer is designed for high-accuracy measurement of AC current (up to 20 A at power supply frequency of 50 Hz, with the aiming uncertainty of 100 parts per million). The primary source of uncertainty of ac current measured by this type of transducer is non-ideal geometry (i.e. mutual position between primary conductor and secondary coils). Except these influencing parameters, the temperature dependence of coil geometry affect the accuracy as additional source of uncertainty, as well as the self resonance frequency, especially on higher frequencies. The analysis of influence of these parameters and temperature compensation of transformer transimpedance makes the topic of this work.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Adam Wozniak
TESTING OF THE REPEATABILITY OF STYLUS CHANGE OF MODULAR PROBES USED IN COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
In this paper, a new method of testing of the repeatability of stylus change of modular probes used in coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is proposed. The principle of the method is presented. The validity of the method is experimentally confirmed on a bridge Zeiss ACCURA CMM by testing positioning accuracy of magnetic joins the three popular probes: TP20 (Renishaw), VAST Gold (Zeiss) and VAST XXT (Zeiss).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marco A. M. Cavaco, Mauro Eduardo Benedet, César A. A. Nogueira, Régis H. Coelho
REMOTE MONITORING OF INCIPIENT FAULTS USING GPRS IN POWER TRANSFORMERS
One of the most applied procedures for detention of incipient faults in power transformers, such as partial discharges, electrical arcing and overheating, is the analysis of the concentration of gases dissolved in the isolating mineral oil. This analysis usually is carried through in a laboratory through chromatography in gaseous phase. Although it presents trustworthy results the chromatography brings some inconveniences as the need of a periodic sampling along with the distance from the laboratory to the substation of electric energy. There are some measurement systems available with the capacity to carry through this analysis in the field. However these devices are costly, not justifying its use in a dedicated form in low cost power transformers. In such a way, a project for the monitoring of multiples transformers was initiated using only one measurement system. One of the most important features of the developed equipment is its capability to remote control and monitor. Thus, an Internet procedure based in GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology was developed. The use of the GPRS for remote communication made possible the development of an equipment more independent, capable to transmit and receive commands from different substation of electric energy.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vasco Carvalho, F. Corręa Alegria
SOLAR POWERING OF A MOBILE TELEMETRY STATION FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING
A mobile station has been designed to monitor the air quality. Several of those stations are to be installed on the rooftop of taxis and buses in order to build a real time map of the air quality of a city. The modules are equipped with gas concentration measurement modules for 5 different gases (CO, NO₂, O₃, SO₂, and CO₂), GPS receivers for localization, GSM/GPRS modules for communication and solar panels/batteries for completely autonomous operation. Here we describe in detail the choices made and the problems encountered in the design of the solar powering system for this mobile station.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Carlos C. Dantas, Bruna G. M. Araújo, Valdemir A. dos Santos, Christine L. L. Finkler, Eric F. de Oliveira, Silvio B. Melo, M. Graça dos Santos
A LEAST SQUARES PROBLEM IN GAMMA RAY TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
The results in single beam gamma transmission tomography are presented by an image processing based on the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique - ART. The mathematical reconstruction was carried out by Bezier triangles with Bernstein polynomials, and also by spline functions, and as a matter of comparison the Filtered Backprojection - FBP method was used. The image processing reconstructs the FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking) catalyst density distribution in an experimental riser. Typical problems are characterized as reconstruction models involve the inverse problem, basis function and solution of linear system of equations. A least squares estimator is required for the numerical solution, the model parameters are evaluated, and a comparison with literature values is carried out.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Artur Lopes Ribeiro, F. Corręa Alegria, Octavian Postolache, Helena Geirinhas Ramos, M. Simőes, J. Pimentel, P. Maurício, J. Calvário, A. Carvalho, T. Rocha
USING A MOUSE POINTER AS A POSITIONING DEVICE IN EDDY CURRENT TESTING
The use of Eddy currents is a well-known non-destructive technique used in the characterization of cracks in conductive non-magnetic materials. In this paper some experimental and finite element modelling tests with a new probe installed in a mouse pointer device connected to a PC are reported. This probe combines good sensitivity performances at low frequencies by using a giant magnetoresistor (GMR) magnetic sensor with an hand-held device capable of transferring easily its position to the PC.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

G. Crotti, D. Giordano, A. Morando
ANALYSIS OF ROGOWSKI COIL BEHAVIOR UNDER NON IDEAL MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS
This work illustrates an analysis of Rogowski coils for power applications, when operating under non ideal measurement conditions. The developed numerical model, validated by comparison with other methods and experiments, enables to investigate the effects of the geometrical and constructive parameters on the measurement behavior of the coil.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Christos L. Mitsas
DATA RECONCILIATION AND THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION
The steady state data reconciliation problem is approached via a geometrical picture of its model and measurement abstract spaces. By completely utilizing the structure of the problem constraint matrix, via its singular value decomposition (SVD), data adjustment is accomplished and redundancy and observability conditions are formulated. As an example, the method is applied to a small network of liquid flowmeters in order to ascertain the reliability of the measurement results.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Shigeru Takayama, Yasutaka Nakajima, Riki Ohbayashi, Komyo Kariya
DISTICTION OF LANDSLIDE BY AUTONOUMOUS NODE IN WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK
For monitoring natural landslide disaster, wireless sensing node network is so effective system. The sensing node is constructed by some sensors (acceleration, soil moisture, GPS and so on), data processing unit (micro processor) and wireless communication unit. The network topology we have constructed is mesh type. In the system, at sensing landslide, the node will transport the information to host system through the node network by using wireless communication. Generally, in natural field, the landslide is sensed as the changing of acceleration. But, it is so difficult to distinguish the landslide obviously. The acceleration of the sensing node will change by not only the landslide disaster but also collision with several hard blocks like stones. This paper describes the distinction method of landslide disaster by using only the signal of acceleration sensor mounted in the sensing node. The method focuses the time transition of frequency distribution of the acceleration signal. Observing the time transition, the situations of sensing node have been distinguished.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Joăo Carlos Giacomin, Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos, Elson José da Silva
RADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF CORN CANOPY WATER CONTENT WITH A 916 MHz WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
A wireless sensor network is used as a distributed system for measuring plant water content in crop fields. The WSN works as a radiometric sensor which gets the information about vegetation water content from the RF communication signals. No specific sensor is needed. The equations of the measurement process are developed based on the two ray propagation model. Experimental results obtained in a corn field demonstrate a linear relation between gravimetric moisture of plants and the attenuation of the WSN RF signals.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alexandre Cabral, Manuel Abreu, José M. Rebordăo
ABSOLUTE DISTANCE METROLOGY FOR LONG DISTANCES WITH DUAL FREQUENCY SWEEPING INTERFEROMETRY
Coherent absolute distance interferometry is one of the most interesting techniques for length metrology. In frequency sweeping interferometry (FSI), measurements are made without ambiguity, by using a synthetic wavelengths resulting from a frequency sweep. Accuracy is mainly dependent on the capability to measure the synthetic wavelength, using a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FP) to count resonances as frequency sweeps, and therefore the number of detected synthetic fringes. For large ranges, the number of fringes dominates performance, leading to a linear decrease of the accuracy with range. By increasing the size of the interferometer reference arm, and measuring both the distance and the reference arm independently, it is possible to maintain small distance high accuracy measurements, even for much larger range.
In the context of the ESA-PROBA3 mission (coronagraph and demonstration of metrology for free-flying formation), we implemented a FSI sensor composed of a mode-hop free frequency sweep external cavity diode laser, a high finesse FP (to measure accurately the frequency sweep range) and a dual measurement system to enable the measurements at 150 m with an accuracy at the tens of micrometer level.
In this paper we describe the implementation of the prototype and present the first results obtained for a long range measurement.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alex Pablo Ferreira Barbosa, C. R. da Costa Rodrigues, D. M. do Espírito Santo Filho, José Renato Real Siqueira, Roberto Guimarăes Pereira, Luiz Henrique Paraguassú de Oliveira
METROLOGICAL APPROACH IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF VISCOSITY OF CORN BIODIESEL RELATIVE TO TEMPERATURE, USING CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
In this article we study the behavior of biodiesel viscosity from corn biodiesel, transesterified with methanol, in relation to temperature. These quantities were measured with capillary viscometers, from 20 şC to 40 şC. Measurement uncertainty was calculated. The behavior of viscosity with temperature is analyzed considering the estimated uncertainty.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Suzana Jakovljevic, Sanja Šolic, Tamara Aleksandrov, Željko Alar
APPLICATION OF THE SCANNIG ELECTRON MYCROSCOPE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE REFERENCE HARDNESS BLOCK SURFACE QUALITY
One of the most significant problems in realising hardness traceability are reference hardness blocks failures. The work included testing on one standard block prepared in compliance with the requirements defined in EN ISO 6507-3 standard. It was calibrated on the reference hardness testing machine. For the analysis of the hardness block surface and the indentation, a scanning electron microscope TESCAN, type: VEGA TSS136LS with EDS sensor was applied. Failures caused by the reference hardness blocks finishing and failures due to the material inhomogeneity were noted. Microanalysis of the chemical composition on typical spots was carried out with EDS sensor.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Olivier Pellegrino, Carlos Pires, António Cruz
SPEED MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN METROGICAL VERIFICATIONS AT IPQ
The speed measurement results of metrological verification of speedometers in the Portuguese Institute for Quality are presented. The associated measurement uncertainties are then taken into account. The measurement methodology and the results of nearly one hundred measuring instruments, with the uncertainty values are displayed and compared with the national maximum permissible errors. The results seem to suggest that the speed maximum permissible errors, for the metrological verifications, have to be changed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Erik Steinmetz, Ragne Emardson, Per Jarlemark
IMPROVED VEHICLE PARAMETER ESTIMATION USING SENSOR FUSION BY KALMAN FILTERING
Within several applications concerning the improvement of vehicle safety, accurate systems for determination of position, velocity and acceleration are useful. We present a system for accurate determination of these parameters using a sensor fusion technique. The main focus is on how GPS carrier phase data and accelerometer data are modeled and integrated in a Kalman filter that provides both estimates and accompanying uncertainties.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Aldo Baccigalupi, Mauro D'Arco, Annalisa Liccardo, Michele Vadursi
IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION DAC TEST STATION: A CONTRIBUTION TO DRAFT STANDARD IEEE P1658
The paper deals with the implementation of a measurement station for the test of high resolution of Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs). The basic idea relies on the employment of a differential amplifier that provides a signal related to the difference between the voltage generated by the DAC under test and a reference signal. To solve problems associated to synchronization, the reference signal is gained by treating the DAC output voltage through a narrow band filter. Thanks to the differential amplifier, the difference signal, which holds information about DAC non linearity, is hugely expanded and, thus, can be acquired by means of an Analog-to-Digital converter whose resolution is lower than that of the DAC under test.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Francisco Augusto Arenhart, Gustavo Daniel Donatelli, Mauricio de Campos Porath
MINIMIZATION OF THE UNEVEN SAMPLING EFFECTS ON EVALUATING ROUNDNESS WITH COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
This paper deals with the treatment of the uneven sampled data characteristic of high sampling rate roundness measurements on scanning coordinate measuring machines. Simulations using the sampling pattern presented by these machines and structured profiles resembling a multi-wave standard were performed for testing the response of several interpolation methods. The Lomb-Scargle transform for unevenly sampled data was tested for the same situations. A comparison between the techniques is carried out based on space and frequency domain characteristics of the simulated profile. Real measurements on a multi-wave standard were also performed on different machines to evaluate the behaviour of the measurement softwares with respect to the uneven sampling and to verify applicability of the simulated methods. Results show the improvements obtained on evaluated parameters with the use of the discussed techniques.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jan Hrabina, Josef Lazar, Petr Jedlicka, Ondrej Cíp
MEASUREMENT OF IODINE CELL PURITY AND ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY SHIFTS FOR LASER STABILIZATION
This contribution deals with the investigation of uncertainties achievable through stabilization of lasers using saturated absorption in iodine vapour. The main focus is on the iodine cell technology and evaluation.
We present results from two independent methods for the measurement of the purity of molecular iodine in absorption cells. The purity was tested by improved method based on measurement of induced fluorescence and evaluation by the Stern-Volmer formula. Original measurement setup was upgraded with a system for compensation of unwanted effects of back-reflected and scattered light and multimode regime of the pumping laser. The modified arrangement results in a significant improvement of reproducibility.
The evaluation of absolute frequency shifts caused by iodine cells was measured by direct frequency comparison of iodine-stabilized frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers. The absolute frequency shift of a reference laser system was calibrated by frequency comparison with a stabilized optical comb locked to the radiofrequency etalon, the measuring system consists of a commercial laser and our stabilization system with 3f technique. Correct function of the stabilization setup was verified through the evaluation of the Allan standard deviations.
A series of measurements with a special refillable iodine cell was conducted on both experimental setups for three various levels of impurities. Results of both methods are in a very good correlation and show very high purity of iodine in measured cells. The results also help for definition of procedures for improving iodine cell manufacturing technology at the Institute of Scientific Instruments.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Henrike Stephani, Michael Herrmann, Karin Wiesauer, Stefan Katletz, Bettina Heise
ENHANCING THE INTERPRETABILITY OF TERAHERTZ DATA THROUGH UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION
We present the applicability of hierarchical agglomerative cluster algorithms to terahertz (THz) spectroscopic analysis. We show the influence of different windowing and filtering methods in the spectral data pre-processing to enhance the clustering results. Two distance measures are compared. Classical Euclidean distance on the full frequency range and a distance working only on the minima of the spectra. We further show the adaptability of our clustering methods for THz hyper-spectral image classification and visualization.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Antti Vehkaoja, Jukka Lekkala
A SIMPLE BIOELECRICAL SIGNAL SIMULATOR FOR MEASUREMENT DEVICE TESTING
A very simple PC based system for simulation of bioelectrical signals is presented. In addition to a regular PC with an audio card and the constructed software only few passive components are needed to accurately mimic the waveforms of the original recorded bioelectrical signals stored in the PC's hard drive. Alternatively, the simulated signals that are generated from the original recordings by Matlab can be played back with an mp3-player. Due to the nature of our method and the bandwidth limitations of PCs' audio card, the system is not suitable for simulation of high frequency signals but for bioelectrical signals like electrocardiogram (EKG) the method suits very well.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Janez Setina, Bojan Erjavec
VOLUME DETERMINATION OF A VACUUM VESSEL BY PRESSURE RISE METHOD
A new method for determination of volume ratios and also the absolute value of volumes of vacuum vessels is presented. Method is based on a measurement of rate of pressure rise in a vacuum chamber at constant flow of inert gas. An example of measurement of a volume of a chamber with a nominal volume of 7 L is presented. For pressure measurements we have used a spinning rotor gauge (SRG) and He permeation leak was used as a gas source.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Josep M. Torrents, Pablo Juan-García, Oriol Patau, Antonio Aguado
SURVEILLANCE OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS MEASURED WITH AN OPEN-ENDED COAXIAL PROBE
Conventional concrete structures are nowadays being substituted by steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) in some structural applications. Then, fibre dosage and distribution is a keyword for ensuring quality control of structures. The present work analyses the possibility of an Open Ended Coaxial Probe as an element for ensuring the quality of a concrete slices.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alan G Steele, A. Peruzzi, J. E. Decker, R. J. Douglas
METROLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON DATA
The full suite of tools for the evaluation of statistical consistency of metrological data is applied to the data set compiled from two recent international comparisons: CCT-K7 and EURAMET.T-K7. This paper illustrates how insights into lab measurement characteristics such as repeatability, reproducibility, secular uncertainties and laboratory equivalence statements can be obtained in a statistically-rigorous manner.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Salvatore Lorefice, Elena Amico di Meane, Michela Sega
THE USE OF GC-MS TO SUPPORT STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF DENSITY REFERENCE LIQUIDS
Density measurements are frequently associated to specific requirements in order to evaluate the quality of a process or to determine mass and/or volume of the material. Certified reference liquids can be used to assure metrological traceability of density measurements to the International System of Units (SI) with uncertainty lower than 0.005 %. This paper presents the new approach of the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) to set density standards.
The procedure involved accurate density determinations of some liquid samples, to be used as references, on which in addition analysis by means of gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to support homogeneity and short-term stability. In this exercise GC-MS analyses on two chlorinated liquids (namely tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene) were carried out before and after density measurements. The results obtained with the two different techniques were encouraging. Samples that had undergone to variations in density value showed also different gas-chromatographic profiles. In the same time, samples that had not undergone to density variations kept similar gas-chromatographic profiles. The results support the approach of combining independent methods in order to set physico-chemical properties of reference materials (RM), univocally.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ikuo Ihara, Manabu Takahashi
A NOVEL ULTRASONIC THERMOMETRY FOR MONITORING TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN MATERIALS
A new ultrasonic method for monitoring the temperature distribution inside a material being heated or cooled is presented. The principle of the method is based on the temperature dependence of the velocity of ultrasonic wave propagating through a material. An effective inverse analysis coupled with a finite difference calculation is used to determine the one-dimensional temperature distribution inside a thick plate. To verify the practical feasibility of the ultrasonic method, experiments have been demonstrated. A single side of a steel plate of 30 mm thickness is heated by contacting with a heater of 200 şC and subsequently cooled down by water. Ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements are then performed for the steel during the heating and cooling. A change in the transit time of longitudinal ultrasonic waves across the steel is continuously acquired and used to determine the temperature distribution inside the steel. The temperature distribution and its transient variation determined by the ultrasonic method almost agree with those obtained using thermocouples installed in the steel. Thus, it is verified that the present method can be a promising means for real-time monitoring of temperature profiles in materials being heated or cooled.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giampaolo E. D'Errico
TESTING FOR OUTLIERS BASED ON BAYES RULE
A Bayesian treatment of conjectured outlying observations is developed, using the computational device of inverse probability. The device's performance is discussed in term of posterior probability of missed or false detections. The key role of prior probability is shown through a numerical example.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alessandro Germak, Claudio Origlia
NEW POSSIBILITIES IN THE GEOMETRICAL CALIBRATION OF DIAMOND INDENTERS
The influence of Rockwell and Vickers diamond indenters geometry in hardness measurements justifies the strict specifications and tolerances in the relative standards. Many methods, and consequently dedicated instruments, have been developed to investigate the geometrical parameters in order to calibrate the diamond indenters. Most of them, using contact or contactless methods, can only investigate some profiles of the indenters; from these partial measurements the whole geometry is derived. Few other instruments can investigate the whole shape but, since they are custom-developed, costs and difficulties in the calibration of these instruments have limited their use.
A new method is proposed in this paper using a commercial and not dedicated instrument: a 3D measuring confocal microscope. This type of instrument have also the advantage that the whole geometry is analyzed with a consequently knowledge improvement in the indenter calibration.
In the paper the measurement method, the used instrument and its calibration to assure traceability to the length and angle standards are investigated.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Francesco Adamo, Filippo Attivissimo, A. Di Nisio, Anna M. L. Lanzolla, Maurizio Spadavecchia
PARAMETERS ESTIMATION FOR A MODEL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
The paper describes the first results of a simulation and characterization tool useful to evaluate electrical performances of photovoltaic (PV) panels. A simple one-diode model is used in order to estimate the electrical parameters of a PV panel and predict how the I-V characteristic changes with environmental parameters such as temperature and irradiance.
This work is part of a wider project whose final purpose is to model a whole PV plant in order to control its performances in various environmental conditions and maximize the energy production. The continuous monitoring of a plant and the comparison between real and expected data will also greatly reduce the risk of out of order.
The used model is implemented as a MATLAB® script which yields the I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV panel under test. The model has been validated against an experimentally characterized PV panel. Some parameters of the model have been measured directly (irradiance and temperature) whereas others have been evaluated in two distinct ways: by means of direct computation on the data sheet or by means of best-fit on the measured data, and the results have been compared.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yasuhiro Mizutani, Yoshiyuki Uehane, Tomohito Kuwagait, Yukitoshi Otani, Norihiro Umeda
DETECTION OF SUBWAVELENGTH STRUCTURE PROFILE BY DECOMPOSITION OF MUELLAR MATRIX
Recently, the surface profiles of subwavelength structure have been reduced in size in order to develop microfabrication techniques. In particular, feature sizes of a few tens of nanometres are common in the semiconductor industry. This study uses a Mueller matrix polarimeter, which is based on a scatterometry technique, to evaluate the surface profiles of subwavelength structure. In this technique, a profile of the structure is determined from the Mueller matrix which expresses all the polarization properties of the sample by experimental measurements and calculated values. Furthermore, the Mueller matrix is decomposed for more precise detection. In this paper, the experimental results after decomposition agree well with the values obtained by numerical analysis. We measured the characteristic of non-diagonal elements in the Mueller matrix by varying the incidence azimuth of the subwavelength structure.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wieslaw Kicinski
SIGNAL VALIDATION IN MEASUREMENTS IN UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT
Satisfying requirements of credibility of measurements in underwater environment is possible through validation of measuring signals, registered under measurement experiments. This paper deals with signals registered for ambient noise characteristics calculation.
Procedure of signal validation based on wavelet transform is described and parameter characterizing a quality of registered signals is proposed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girăo, J. M. Dias Pereira
AN IEEE1451.X AND RFID COMPATIBILITY UNIT FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING
Distributed sensing for water quality monitoring provides important data that can be used to evaluate the characteristics of water according to specific requirements. The measurement of water parameters in extended areas requires the utilization of a high number of sensing nodes including multiple sensors, which can make difficult the management of the sensing devices to obtain high reliability of the system. The work presents a solution of autonomous water quality measuring nodes that puts together elements from the IEEE1451.X standard for smart sensors and UHF RFID technology. The novelty of the implemented solution is the utilization of a Virtual Transducer Electronic Data Sheet and an RFID based selection of the individual sensing channel characteristics. Hardware design and implementation are described in the paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pasquale Arpaia, Marco Buzio, Lucio Fiscarelli, Vitaliano Inglese, Giuseppe La Commara
AUTOMATICALLY-GENERATED USER INTERFACES FOR MEASUREMENT SOFTWARE FRAMEWORKS: A CASE STUDY ON MAGNETIC PERMABILITY AT CERN
A technique for generating user interfaces in software frameworks for automatic measurement systems is proposed. The user interface is separated from the application logic with the aim of enhancing flexibility and reusability of the software. A Model-View-Interactor paradigm focuses on the "interaction" between the automatic measurement system, executing test script written by a test engineer, and the application user. This approach has been applied to the flexible software framework for magnetic measurements at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Experimental results on the application of the proposed technique to a case study of permeability measurement are reported.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pasquale Arpaia, Marco Buzio, Vitaliano Inglese
FLEXIBILITY EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS AT CERN
The paper deals with the flexibility test of software frameworks for measurement applications, and, in particular, of the Flexible Framework for Magnetic Measurements (FFMM), developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in order to satisfy the new magnetic measurement requirements and to provide a uniform platform to handle all magnetic measurement applications. FFMM is designed to be flexible, reusable, maintainable, and portable. As part of the characterization of the framework from the point of view of both software quality and performance, this paper presents a metric suitable for its flexibility characterization. Experimental results are also provided for typical application scenarios of FFMM.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

António Cruz
THE PORTUGUESE MARCO OF 1499 - THE FIRST TRAVELLING STANDARD AROUND THE WORLD
In 1499, weights and measures in Portugal were object of a general reform and copies of the national standards of the marco were distributed all over the country to the counties. In the same decade the Portuguese Discoveries were in its highest level and the maritime route to India and America discovery are the most well known achievements. But the Portuguese were also the first travelling in the Pacific and arriving to the Moluccas Islands China, Japan and too Australia. Fernăo de Magalhăes, the first navigator making the circumnavigation around the globe (1519-1522) was a Portuguese although under the Spanish flag. It is now recognized that one of the purposes was to establish new routes for the trade and the vessels were equipped with a copy of the marco to be used in trading with other civilizations. This means that it was the first measuring standard to be used and compared with other local standards as there are descriptions of the travels.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Murat Kalemci, Ahmet T. Ince, Georges Bonnier
REALIZATION OF NEW MERCURY TRIPLE POINT CELLS AT TUBITAK-UME
The triple point of mercury is one of the defining fixed-points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Its value was assigned to be 231.3456 K (-38.8344°C) by ITS-90 and has an unique importance since it is the only fixed-point suggested by ITS-90 between 0.01°C and -190°C. Four mercury cells from borosilicate-glass were constructed at TUBITAK-UME Temperature laboratory. The details of construction phase then the measurement and comparison results with the reference UME cell will be given in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Cihan Kuzu
ESTABLISHMENT OF BRINELL AND VICKERS HARDNESS SCALES AT UME
In this study the results of working on establishment of Brinell and Vickers hardness standards in UME Hardness Laboratory, made for several years, are presented. Brinell and Vickers hardness scales which had been aimed have been completed. Direct and indirect calibrations of the systems in accordance with ISO 6506- 3 and ISO 6507-3 were made and good results were obtained. For the indirect calibration of the systems, hardness reference blocks calibrated by PTB (National Metrology Institute of Germany) were used. In addition, Brinell and Vickers Hardness Standard Systems of UME Hardness Laboratory are introduced and their performance results are interpreted.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roman Klasinc, Andrej Predin, Mitja Kastrevc
APPLYING DIGITAL CONTROL OF THE DISCHARGE IN HYDRAULIC MODELS
Investigations of the dynamic processes in hydraulic models of hydro plants showed that the control over the water supply is essential. Transient events, that is, the start or stop of the turbines or pumps must be simulated. Especially, in pumped storage plants we have to investigate transient operations which are evolving from the rapid changes between the pumping and the generating mode. In hydraulic models there are also cases of repeated operation (danger of resonance) that have to be simulated. For the simulation of the pump or turbine an experimental unit was built. With this unit a high flexibility of the parameter in the time diagram was achieved.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pedro Bastos Costa, Renato Reis Machado
A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL METHOD USED TO DESCRIBE THE INDENTER TIP AREA FUNCTION
The method called instrumented indentation test (IIT) emerged as a technique capable to characterise several materials in nanoscale, like nanostructural material, thin film, ceramic material, etc., independently of hardness. The acceptation of this new technique requires, of course, reliable test results where, one of the way to obtain this confidence is to knowing the sources of the testing error in order to minimise them.
This work has as main objective to present a simple methodology to get one of these sources by a mathematical computation to determining the geometry of the Berkovich diamond indenter used in the IIT focusing on the very tip of this indenter up to 200 nm height by adjusting the curves that better describe this range.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, Mario Luiso
CHARACTERIZATION ISSUE OF POWER QUALITY INSTRUMENTS
This paper analyzes some aspects related with metrological characterization of instrument for power quality monitoring in order to move a step toward the definition of a full performance verification protocol. This protocol should include not only test situations reported in related standards, but also an array of different voltage and current fluctuations - related to common Power Quality issues - that may be encountered in actual power systems. This performance analysis is particularly interesting because it can be found that different power quality instrument, fully meeting characteristics prescribed in standard, may still disagree significantly in some actual measurements. The aim of discussion carried out in the paper is also the specification of requirements of a test system devoted to calibration and verification of a PQ monitor such as it is done in type testing. After a preliminary discussion about technical and theoretical issues related to performance analysis of these instruments, a proposal of test protocol definition based on design of experiment is presented with reference to some PQ phenomena.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, Mario Luiso
ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE DIP MEASUREMENT
This paper analyzes accuracy of algorithms commonly adopted in instrument devoted to the detection and the characterization of voltage dips (also called sags). This analysis is particularly interesting because the results of dip measurements are utilized for calculation of severity levels and the site index assessment that are parameters adopted in determination of quality level of power supply, but also in developing planning and design criteria of new electrical power grid or for selecting equipment with proper intrinsic immunity. Anyway there is a certain degree of freedom left to instrument manufacturers (f.i. the choice of dip detection algorithm) and it can be found that different instruments significantly disagree in some actual measurements. The paper starts with an insight about dip phenomenon analyzing how accuracy impacts on severity index calculation. The results are applied, for accounting the systematic deviations in testing accuracy of commercial instrument, is presented. Then, experimental results derived form the accuracy testing in dip measurements of a commercial power quality instrument are shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Michalski, Lukasz Makowski
A ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH DISTRIBUTED TOPOLOGY MAINTENANCE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
In this paper we present some algorithms for devices with limited energy resources that are forming ad hoc wireless sensor network. Proposed Challenge-Answer MiniProtocol (CAMP) is a clustering and gradient-based protocol with all-to-sink and sink-to-all transmission style, derived from directed diffusion idea. It deals with challenges such as variable quantity of working nodes which are constituting a network, hot-spot problem and power resource constraints. Tests of network using CAMP are presented and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Claudio Cicala, Luca Podestŕ
CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY LAMPS: A COMPARISON IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE
In this paper an analysis of conducted harmonic emissions of different types of lamps is presented. The growing use of non-linear loads (pc, printers, electronic devices, etc.) connected to power supply systems and their variability with time, are responsible of a continuously changing harmonic content in the distribution system. Therefore, to analyze their real behaviour, the lamps were tested using the general power supply of an office building as the source voltage, so that the harmonic distortion of the test voltage changed depending on the time of day and on different weekdays. Accordingly, the resulting current waveforms of the lamps significantly changed. The mean values of harmonic distortion of currents were analyzed and the differences between the lamps are shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marek Niedostatkiewicz, Romuald Zielonko
IMPLEMENTATION OF ACCELERATED IMPEDANCE SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT METHOD
The paper presents the implementation of accelerated impedance spectrum measurement method, oriented for technical objects modelled by a linear equivalent circuit, e.g anticorrosion coatings. The method is based on multisine signal stimulation of an object and response analysis by triangle window filter-banks. It has several advantages, as compared with conventional point-by-point spectrum measurement. The method was implemented in an experimental measurement system, based on a DAQ card. The achieved experimental results are discussed and compared with simulation results, in terms of measurement time reduction and accuracy.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Domenico Luca Carně, Domenico Grimaldi
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ACQUISITION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION DAC
Two acquisition techniques pointed out for the static and dynamic test of high resolution DAC by low resolution ADC are analyzed and compared. These two techniques differ on the basis of the specific approximated evaluation of the DAC output voltage.
The interest to the comparative analysis is justified by the aim to separate the influence of the acquisition technique from that of the processing algorithm on the evaluation of the accuracy of the test.
The comparing analysis is performed on the basis of the accuracy to reconstruct the output signal of the DAC. The error occurring in the evaluation of the DNL is taken into consideration for the static test. The error occurring in the evaluation of the Spurious Free Dynamic Range is taken into consideration for the dynamic test.
Results of the numerical tests to compare the accuracy of the two acquisition techniques are shown and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eduarda Filipe
LABORATORIES BEST MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY VALIDATION
The Accredited Laboratories at their Certificate have described its best measurement capabilities (BMCs)1 for the more or less routine calibrations. This BMCs were usually evaluated by interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs), the proficiency testing (PT) schemes as described by the ISO Guide 43. The NMIs traditionally organize the ILCs for the NABs providing the travelling standards, the reference(s) value(s) and at the end perform the statistical analysis of the laboratory results. The goal of this article is to discuss the existing approaches for ILCs evaluation in the calibration laboratories and propose a basis for the validation of the laboratories' BMCs.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Fernando M. Janeiro, Frank Wagner, Pedro M. Ramos, A. M. Silva
CLOUD BASE HEIGHT ESTIMATION USING A LOW-COST DIGITAL CAMERA
Cloud height, wind speed and direction at cloud height play an important role in air safety. This paper presents a low-cost system based on digital consumer cameras to estimate cloud base height. It is shown that both wind speed and direction at cloud level can also be obtained with this system. The method is based on triangulation and uses image registration to identify common cloud features in photographs taken from different positions. The wind speed and direction is obtained from two time-lapsed pictures taken from the same position.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Piotr Jankowski, Boleslaw Dudojc, Janusz Mindykowski, Andrzej Pilat
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF AN INDUCTIVE DYNAMIC DRIVE FOR DIFFERENT COIL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
An inductive dynamic drive is nowadays a commonly used servo-motor everywhere where a significant dynamics of the linear displacement is required. In industrial environment the dynamic drives are commonly used in ultra fast hybrid switches for opening the contacts. At the same time, choice of the parameters and type of power supply of the drive coil, which influence the generated power is very important due to possibility of occurrence of unfavorable vibration and even permanently deformation of the disk. The paper presents the results of an experimental research concerning the inductive dynamic drive behaviour for three different power supply circuits of a coil, i.e. bidirectional one, a one way circuit with a reverse diode and a one way circuit without a diode. During the research the coil current and the disc movement were recorded. The last one was measured with use of an optimeter. At the end of the paper the related analysis of the received results is presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Halina Nieciag, Zbigniew Chuchro
SOME COMMENTS ON REFERENCE DATA SET GENERATION IN PASSING
The paper describes some problems connected to the reference data set generation for the validation of metrological software. The validation concerns the Gaussian procedures for solving the task of the approximation of geometric features.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Janusz Mindykowski, Tomasz Tarasiuk
DSP-BASED INSTRUMENT FOR POWER QUALITY MONITORING ON SHIPS
The paper is to present the new DSP-based device shown in the wake of hitherto development of power quality instrumentation for power quality assessment in ship systems. The basic features of the new power quality estimator-analyser are described. Further, the design of its new commercial version is shown and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tokihiko Kobata
COMPARISON BETWEEN GAS AND HYDRAULIC PRESSURE BALANCES USING A LIQUID-LUBRICATED PRESSURE BALANCE
A method for comparing pressures of different mediums generated by gas and hydraulic pressure balances is examined to improve consistency between gas and hydraulic pressure-standards. The pressure range compared is 0.5 MPa to 7 MPa. In the method, a liquid-lubricated pressure balance was used and a precise pressure transducer was applied as a comparator to determine the equilibrium state between the two pressure balances. In this paper, the comparative result and the uncertainty obtained from the method are presented. From the results, it was shown that the method adopted in this study could be used to compare gas and hydraulic pressure balances accurately.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

S. S. K. Titus, Anil Kumar, H. N. P. Poddar, S. K. Jain, Kamlesh K. Jain
TRACEABILITY IN FORCE MEASUEMENTS FROM THE CENTER TO THE REGIONAL LABORATORIES
A national traceability in force measurement to the Regional Reference Standards Laboratory (Department of Legal Metrology) without much degradation in the uncertainty while transferring the unit from the National standards to the user is achieved by developing and commissioning a dead weight force machine of 50 kN capacity at Regional Reference Standards Laboratory (RRSL), Bangalore and 50 kN comparator type force machines at other (RRSLs located at different parts of India. The established standard machines are directly compared for their performance through an artifact calibrated against the NPL primary standard machine having a BMC of ± 0.003% (k = 2). The load cell calibration data obtained from the different machines show that the realized force is found to be within ± 0.05% and hence the performance of the established force standard machines is highly satisfactory.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

L. D’Acquisto, A. Normanno, G. Pitarresi, A. M. Siddiolo
THERMOELASTIC SIGNAL PROCESSING USING AN FFT LOCK-IN BASED ALGORITHM ON EXTENDED SAMPLED DATA
A fast infrared scanner is used to acquire the thermoelastic effect induced temperature changes along a line on the surface of cyclically loaded tensile samples. The raster scanning movement of the single detector allows the sampling of temperature versus time. This data are then post-processed by means of a lock-in algorithm coupled with 1D and 2D FFT analyses in order to filter out the thermoelastic signal from the noisy measured signal. A data extension algorithm is proposed which uses the information from different acquired frames to extend the data sampling window. The whole signal processing setup is evaluated on experimental data with successful results, proposing a potential tool for low cost Thermoelastic Stress Analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcel Sabin Popa, Gald Contiu, Grigore Pop
SURFACE QUALITY OF THE EDM PROCESSED MATERIALS
The article presents the importance of the EDM technology in the industry of machine building. It is mostly used in the machining of stamps and special processes in which the conventional technologies are inefficiently. It's known that only condition of machining with this method is that the material should be electro conductive. The main parameters that are followed during the process are the precision and the roughness of the surface. The collective tried to emphasise the importance variation of the roughness concerning some machining parameters. Some of the measurements were conducted at ETH Zurich using an electronic microscope.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jerzy Sladek, Ksenia Ostrowska, Kamila Gacek
KINEMATIC METROLOGICAL MODEL OF THE COORDINATE MEASURING ARM (MCMA)
Among mobile systems which are being implemented more generally to the measuring practice such as coordinate measuring arms (CMA), there is a lack not only commonly accepted methods of accuracy assessment but also procedures to determine the accuracy of any realized measurement, what is particularly important and expected by industry. According to the authors application of simulation using virtual CMA would be the effective solution. In this article the model of kinematic, metrological CMA elaborated in Laboratory of Coordinate Metrology in Cracow University of Technology and its research verification in relation to the real CMA were described. Thanks to such elaborated model, there is a possibility to elaborate virtual measuring arm, which should comprise not only elaborated kinematic, metrological model but also application of metrological software in order that the assessment of uncertainty of realized measurement in real and quasi-real time be possible.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gunter Krapf, Marc Schalles
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF FIXED-POINT TEMPERATURE EVALUATION
The estimation of the fixed-point temperatures T_ph from measured plateau curves can be carried out using different mathematical methods. Depending on the method used and the size of the fixed-point cell, different systematic deviations and reproducibilities of the calculated temperatures arise. They typically develop during the evaluation of measurements from small fixed-point cells. Thus the phase transformation temperatures of miniaturised fixed-point cells with zinc of different purities were measured and five different methods were compared.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Fabrizio Clemente, Carlo Manna
A MINIMALLY-INVASIVE SYSTEM FOR FREE-LIVING ACTIVITY MONITORING IN HOME CARE
A minimal wearable system to monitoring remotely normal free-living activity (e.g. laying, sitting, standing, and slow walking) of patients in their home space is proposed. Owing to its wireless features, the system can represent a useful tool to be implemented in a long-time patient monitoring system. These systems are useful for the clinical out coming or for minor chronic pathologies not requiring hospitalization.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Henryk Urzedniczok
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF TWO KIND OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT FOR MULTICHANNEL SAW-BASED GAS SENSORS
Gas sensors based on surface acoustic wave transducer equipped with two types of primary electronic circuit, oscillatory circuit and a circuit of phase shift detection, are described. Modal character of oscillatory circuit is analyzed, and consequence of this fact are discussed. Results of investigations for this type of circuit are presented. A conception of SAW transducer with phase shift detection is proposed, a simple electronic circuit for this method is described and results of investigations are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Salvatore Lorefice, Maria do Céu Ferreira
EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCES BETWEEN INRIM AND IPQ IN THE DENSITY FIELD
Density measurements are frequently associated to specific requirements in order to evaluate the quality of a process or to determine mass and/or volume of the material. Hydrostatic weighing is the usual method to get directly the traceability to the SI system of the density as well as of the solid volume.
INRIM (the former CNR - IMGC) supplied to IPQ a hydrostatic apparatus with a measuring cell, devoted to measure the density of liquids and the volume (density) of small solid bodies, with technical support and assistance in the density field. Since 2005 the partnership between the two Institutes has been developed within the EUROMET project 858 "Hydrostatic weighing – exchange of experiences".
This paper deals with the activity concerning the main technical and metrological characteristics of the supplied measuring cell and also shows the preliminary results for testing it. For this purpose a comparison was carried out between the two laboratories. Each one determined the volume and consequently the density of the silicon sphere supplied together with the measuring cell. We should note that the comparison was carried out as a part of technology transfer from INRIM to IPQ. Thus the comparison results can not be linked to any key or supplementary comparison presented in KCDB.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Uwe Hanebeck, Michael Krystek, Anna-Lisa Hauswaldt, Albert Weckenmann
MODELLING OF DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS FOR UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF DISCRETISED STATE-SPACE FORMS
Both, the ISO-GUM and the Supplement S1 of the GUM require expressing the knowledge about the measurement process by a so-called measurement function, which represents the mathematical relationship between the relevant parameters, the influence quantities, and the measurand(s). Nevertheless, both documents are confined to lumped-parameter systems in the steady state. Since dynamic measuring systems gain more and more importance, modern uncertainty determination must develop appropriate modelling approaches for dealing with dynamic measurements. This paper exemplarily describes a possible modelling approach for dynamic measurements that utilizes discretized state-space forms. The basic role of the cause-effect approach and its necessary inversion for the uncertainty evaluation is emphasized. The paper is an extension and refinement of former work of the authors.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcel Sabin Popa
ADVANCED THERMAL MEASUREMENTS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
The paper presents some new measurements and instrumentation paying a special attention to the thermal behaviour of modern manufacturing systems. Acording to a CIRP evaluation, more than 50% of the machining errors, even in the case of modern machine tools, are due to the thermal phenomena. The study of thermal behaviour for machine tools is very important for precision processing, e.g. grinding. The problem is more complicated due to thermal field variations in space and time. The studies and the tests carried out (the thermography used by the author for the first time in Romania) were focused on the optimization of the Romanian grinding machines with the scope to achieve a better quality. The paper presents the author's results some of them carried out at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and other at the University of Stuttgart granted from the NATO Science Programme.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Camilo Quintáns Grańa, Jorge Marcos Acevedo, Ana Maria Cao y Paz, María José Grańa Caneiro
EXPERIENCES IN MEASURING DENSITY BY FIBER OPTIC SENSORS IN THE GRAPE JUICE FERMENTATION PROCESS
This work presents results in measurement density in grape juice by mean of fiber optic sensors. This measure, which provides alcohol level in the fermentation process, has several problems that are shown as a limitation of these kinds of sensors in practical applications.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jin Wan Chung, Sungjun Lee, Kwang Pyo Kim
PREPARATION FOR A COMPARISON OF PLATINUM-IRIDIUM KILOGRAM MASS STANDARD AMONG NMIS IN APMP
The kilogram is unique among the base SI units in being the only one defined by an artefact. A major problem with maintaining the traceability of the mass scale is the inherent instability of the kilogram artefacts. To resolve the problem, there had been done a comparison of the values of the national standard kilogram of 18 European National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) by National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England. The similar comparison in APMP is needed to plan as a pilot study. The ten institutes of APMP are participated in this pilot study. KRISS in Korea and NMC/ASTAR in Singapore act as a pilot and a co-pilot laboratory respectively. The travelling standard (No. 651) used for comparison among European NMIs is provided by NPL.
In this paper, the preparation of comparison and the interim result for stability of the travelling standard at KRISS will be presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

J. Muzik, M. Tysler, P. Kneppo, V. Rosik, S. Karas, E. Heblakova
PROCARDIO 8 – THE 8th GENERATION OF THE HIGH RESOLUTION ECG MAPPING SYSTEM
In this paper a real-time data acquisition, visualization and signal processing software and an inverse-problem-solving method enabling non-invasive location of bioelectric sources in the heart are presented. Complete solution also consists of a portable measuring unit connected to a personal computer on which the software is running.
Acquisition and real-time processing and visualization software LiveMap is a client-server software for MS Windows. This modular open source software package provides real-time 2D and 3D visualization of various types of data mapped directly to a human chest model. It can compute isopotential and isointegral surface maps, as well as difference and departure maps applicable for direct heart or brain diagnostics.
For identification of local ischemia of myocardial cells an inverse method implemented in Matlab was included into offline ECG processing. It uses alterations in time integrals of surface potentials connected with changed repolarization of ischemic myocardial cells together with information on torso volume conductor to find an equivalent dipole representing the ischemic lesion.
Although the software can be used with variety of acquisition units, all its advantages can be achieved using a mobile measuring system which was developed in parallel to the software. It enables simultaneous recording of biopotentials measured in up to 128 body surface nodes relatively to a chosen reference potential. Active electrodes and intelligent data acquisition unit powered by a Li-ion cell enable to achieve high quality of measured signals. Connection to the USB port of a host computer over an optical cable minimizes capacitive coupling and guaranties high level of patient safety.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jörg Seewig, Tobias Hercke
2nd GENERATION LEAD MEASUREMENT
Typically, a car has over 80 dynamically stressed seals. Since many years, the radial seal in combination with the shaft is a critical component for the automotive industry. A helix-like structure due to the manufacturing process (as a fingerprint of said process) can lead to an unacceptable oil consumption. In collaboration with Daimler, an objective method for characterising such function-relevant helix-structures better known as lead was developed. The lead parameters, which are relevant to leak-tightness, are derived from a least square fit of complex exponential functions in both directions radial and circumferential. The basic measurement setup consists of a stylus instrument in combination with a rotation unit.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Evelyn de F. Guimarăes, Eliane Cristina Pires do Rego, Helen Cristine Moreira Cunha, Janaína M. Rodrigues, José Daniel Figueroa Villar, Valnei Smarçaro da Cunha
HOMOGENEITY STUDY FOR CERTIFICATION OF A CANDIDATE REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
The objective of this work was to study the homogeneity of the lot of the candidate certified reference material (CRM) composed of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in toluene, with the purpose of evaluating the degree of homogeneity among its units and within a same unit, evaluating the uncertainty contribution of homogeneity to the certified value.
The method used complies with ISO Guide 30 series, being the ANOVA the statistical tool used to evaluate the variability among and within units. According to the statistical parameters, the homogeneity of the candidate PAHs CRM was confirmed for all substances with their respective property values.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Luigi Ferrigno, Gianfranco Miele
NEW ALGORITHMS FOR THE OPTIMAL SELECTION OF THE BANDPASS SAMPLING RATE IN MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
The modern measurement instruments involved in telecommunication systems are generally based on suitable digital signal processing methods which provide the desired quantities by elaborating the digitized samples. To meet the accuracy and repeatability required by the telecommunication applications and to warrant the alias-free sampling (Nyquist-Shannon theorem), the measurement instruments are usually forced to operate with high sampling frequencies, long observation periods and very fast measurement algorithms. It is worth noting that fixed the observation period, a reduction in the sampling rate directly leads to a reduction in the number of samples to be stored in memory, and consequently in the computational burden and the processing time of the measurement algorithm. If bandpass signals are involved, as it happens in modern telecommunication systems, the bandpass sampling theory could be employed to significantly reduce the sampling rate, without any replica overlapping. This opportunity is very attractive for both instrument designers and users since it allows optimizing the hardware resources through a more efficient employment.
The choice of the bandpass sampling rate is a not trivial task, and wrong values may cause aliasing phenomena and affect the accuracy of measurement results. In this paper, two original algorithms, particularly useful to both instrument designers and users, are proposed to automatically select the sampling rate when bandpass signals have to be measured. To assess and validate the efficiency and the suitability of bandpass sampling criteria proposed, preliminary tests were performed on emulated DVB-T signals.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Angelo Basteris, Gabriele Vigo, Carmelo Lentino, Vittorio Sanguineti
DEFINITION OF A PROTOCOL FOR GEOMETRIC AND KINEMATIC MEASUREMENTS TO ASSESS WHEELCHAIR PROPULSION
We developed a protocol for the assessment of manual wheelchair set-up and propulsion in a common clinical motion analysis laboratory. We also designed a device to detect hand contact on handrim.
In a first phase, we took anthropometric and wheelchair geometric measures. Later, subjects propelled the wheelchair and, based on the experimental data on subjects' movements and their effect on wheelchair velocity, we identified a number of indicators for performance in wheelchair push. We show that these indicators clearly distinguish between experienced and novice users.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Aliye Kartal Dogan, Ali Uytun, Murat Kalemci, Kursat Ozdemir
INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON OF DIGITAL THERMOMETER BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE FROM -40 °C TO 420 °C
A national interlaboratory comparison on thermometry field was carried out between the temperature range was -40 °C and 420 °C according to International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) with the co-operation of TURKAK (Turkish Accreditation Agency) and TUBITAK – UME (National Metrology Institute of Turkey). 14 national laboratories were participated in this interlaboratory comparison.
The details and the results of this national comparison will be given in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

S. Moustafa, N. Gerwien, F. Haertig, K. Wendt
COMPARISON OF ERROR MAPPING TECHNIQUES FOR COORDINATE MEASURING MASCHINES USING THE PLATE METHOD AND LASER TRACER TECHNIQUE
The accuracy of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) strongly depends on geometrical errors that effect the measurements. Several methods for mapping these errors have been developed and some have been implemented. Examples are the direct measurement analysis by means of interferometers, straight edges, squareness standards or the analysis by application of artefacts like ball or hole plates or by using the multilateration approach using high accurate tracking laser interferometers. In this paper a comparison between the well established ball or hole plate method against the new multilateration approach will be presented and discussed. The measurements were carried out on a high accurate and commercial CMM at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in cooperation with the National Institute for Standards in Egypt (NIS). For error mapping a ceramic hole plate 960 mm × 960 mm with a grid spacing of 60 mm and a commercial Laser Tracer (LT) were used. Both were originally developed at PTB. The result of the comparison shows that the differences between all estimated rotational axis errors are within 1 arc second. The differences of most of the translatorical errors are less than 1 micrometer. Consequently, both error mapping methods can be used alternatively. Moreover, the paper will show that the multilateration approach can cover a long range of the working volume of machines, is easy for handling, and reduces the time of measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Leo Van Biesen
METROLOGY EDUCATION IN THE CURRICULUM OF THE ACCREDITED BACHELOR IN ENGINEERING PROGRAMME OF THE “VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL”
The Bologna process has induced an important change in the curricula building of the university bachelor and master programmes towards a sustainable, transparent and quality driven European education system. In Belgium, engineering education has completely been revised. The transformation of the former system, leading to the degree of academic engineer after 5 years of study, into the typical Bologna 3+2 structure leading to the academic degrees of respectively Bachelor in Engineering and Master in Engineering has created opportunities to completely reconsider and restructure the Engineering education at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. One of the main objectives of the new programme has been to meet the requirements with respect to the education output contained in the "Dublin descriptors" and that of present-day society at large. In this paper we will report on the experience in this transformation and we will focus on lecturing metrology in the bachelor of engineering programme in particular.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

S. S. K. Titus, Kamlesh K. Jain, S. K. Dhulkhed, Poonam Yadav
DESING AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION ARTIFACT FOR DISSEMINATION OF LOW FORCES OF 1 N AND 2 N
This paper describes the preliminary results of the design, development and characterization of precision artifacts for the measurement of low forces of 1 N and 2 N. For designing the elastic element, we carried out the finite element analysis (FE) to determine the stress and strain distribution on the elastic element for appropriately identifying the location for fixing the strain gauges. In order to obtain optimum performance and sensitivity, the strain gauges are emplaced on the identified location using a high quality curing adhesive. Characterization of these artifacts are performed on a recently developed low force dead weight machine having an estimated best measurement capability (BMC) of ± 0.0012% (k = 2). The repeatability and reproducibility of the developed artifact are found to be within ± 0.003% and ± 0.006% respectively.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Olivier Pellegrino, Andreia Furtado, Eduarda Filipe
LINEAR FITTING PROCEDURES APPLIED TO REFRACTOMETRY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Two linear fitting procedures are applied to internationally reference data in refractometry of solutions. Least square linear regression is compared to linear interpolation in the intervals of the two successive referenced data. The formulas and the validity of the procedures are shortly presented. The results are comparable, but for faster results, the linear regression method is preferred to the interpolation by intervals, albeit their bigger uncertainties values.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tomáš Hajduk, František Stanek, Dominik Pražák, Jirí Tesar, Zdenek Krajícek
TRENDS OF DENSITY MEASUREMENT BY INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF NATURAL GAS - DIRECT OR INDIRECT MEASUREMENT?
Czech Republic has a tradition in the international transport of Russian type natural gas into the states of West Europe. The accurate measurement of the transferred amount belongs to the long term priorities of both the operator and the state, which ensures correctness and uniformity of the measurement in this legally regulated sphere of metrology.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pasquale Arpaia, Carlo Manna, Giuseppe Montenero
ANT-BASED SEARCH STRATEGY FOR INDUSTRIAL MULTIPLE-FAULT DIAGNOSTICS
A swarm-intelligence solution to industrial problems of automatic multiple-faults diagnostics is proposed. In particular, drawbacks of swarm-based algorithms in heuristic search strategy related to the mutual dependence of solutions are overcome by a likelihood-based trail intensity modification of ant-colony optimization. Experimental results of comparison tests with an evolutionary state-of-the-art solution of a case study on an advanced industrial system for remote monitoring, diagnostics, and maintenance are reported.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

G. Andria, Giuseppe Cavone, L. Fabbiano, Nicola Giaquinto, M. Savino
AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS WITHOUT BUILT-IN COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
In this paper a solution for metrological calibration of digital instruments without built-in communication interface (DIWIs) is presented. The solution is based on the conversion in numerical data of video camera images of DIWI display. The paper describes the vision algorithm used, illustrates the functionality of the realized software (in LabVIEW environment), and presents the results of an actual calibration experiment performed on a Fluke model 189 True RMS digital multimeter.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Artur Dybko
AUTOMATED MEASURING SYSTEM BASED ON OPTICAL SENSORS FOR WATER ANALYSIS
The paper presents a construction of a system for measurements of pH, concentration of calcium ions and concentration of heavy metal ions in water. Three fiber optic sensors in flow configuration were designed and tested. The system is fully automatic and can be used for water quality monitoring.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alistair B. Forbes, Joăo Alves e Sousa
ESTIMATION OF POSITIVE PARAMETERS IN FORM AND ROUGHNESS ASSESSMENT
The assessment of the geometry of artefacts in length metrology is concerned with estimating dimension, form and roughness. While all three are positive quantities, the evaluation of form and roughness are problematic, mainly because the values of the parameters to be measured are often of the same order as the measurement uncertainty. Furthermore, random effects associated with a measurement system will in general bias the estimate of parameter. This paper discusses these issues, using a Bayesian approach in which prior distributions are used to ensure parameter estimates are physically meaningful.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Davor Zvizdic, Martti Heinonen, Tomislav Veliki, Daniel Sestan
NEW PRIMARY LOW-RANGE DEW-POINT GENERATOR AT LPM
This paper describes the new primary low-range dew-point generator at LPM developed in cooperation with MIKES through EUROMET project no.912. The generator is designed for primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale from -70 °C to +5 °C. The principle and the design of the generator are described in detail and schematically depicted. Results of the preliminary efficiency tests of it's saturator show that it is efficient enough for a primary realisation of the dew-point temperature scale. Standard uncertainties due to the non-ideal saturation efficiency are estimated to be 0.02 °C.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Youngbeom Kim, Youngkyu Lee, H. Suh
REAL TIME DISTRIBUTION USING RADIO TIME TONES OF COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING SYSTEM
In a modern control system, real time information is essentially required to assure reliable operation of the system. In this work, we propose a small-sized module, which is synchronized to a timecast provided by commercial broadcastings, for the purpose of distributing the accurate time information to the industrial field. The measurement results of a prototype module show that time difference from the national standard time is kept in thirty milliseconds under the normal condition.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maurizio Bovi, Maria Pia Toni, Isabelle Aubineau-Laničce, Jean-Marc Bordy, Joăo Cardoso, Bruno Chauvenet, Frantisek Gabris, Jan-Erik Grindborg, Antonio Stefano Guerra, Antti Kosunen, Carlos Oliveira, Maria Pimpinella, Th
TRACEABILITY TO ABSORBED-DOSE-TO-WATER PRIMARY STANDARDS IN DOSIMETRY OF BRACHYTHERAPY SOURCES USED FOR RADIOTHERAPIC
In the current brachytherapy practice, the procedures to determine the absorbed dose imparted to the patient are affected by an uncertainty higher than in radiotherapy with external beams. That could reduce the success of brachytherapy treatments. Most of the uncertainty is due to a lacking metrology: no absorbed-dose primary standards are so far available to assure direct traceability in dosimetry of brachytherapy sources. This paper outlines the project "Increasing cancer treatment efficacy using 3D brachytherapy", co-funded in the framework of the project iMERA-Plus according to the Grant Agreement No. 217257 between the European Commission and the European Association of National Metrology Institutes. The aim of the project is to develop methods for the direct measurement of the absorbed dose to water and to extend the use of this reference quantity to brachytherapy dosimetry with an uncertainty on the dose delivered to the target volume less than 5% (k = 1) at clinical level. The present project will potentially increase the accuracy and safety of brachytherapy to a level comparable to that typical of radiotherapy with external accelerator beams.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vadim Geurkov, Valeri Kirischian, Lev Kirischian
SIGNATURE TESTING OF ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS
When testing an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) by automatic test equipment (ATE), the latter is capable of performing extensive processing of output responses of the ADC. This allows detection of virtually any fault. However, the cost of ATE is quite high. As well, the external bandwidth of ATE is normally lower than the internal bandwidth of the ADC being tested, which makes it difficult to accomplish at-speed testing. It is important, therefore, to embed test hardware into ADC itself. The methods employed at ATE are complex and inconvenient for built-in realization. More advantageous are the methods exploiting accumulation of output responses. The size of the accumulator depends on the number of responses. In order to achieve greater fault coverage, this number is kept large, complicating the implementation. On the other hand, signature analysis used in digital systems testing is well suited for compaction of "lengthy" responses, and it is characterized by small hardware overhead and low aliasing probability. In this work, we apply signature analysis principle for compaction of output responses of an ADC. The permissible tolerance bounds for a fault-free ADC are determined and the aliasing rate is estimated. Examples are given.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jorge Trota Filho, Renato Reis Machado, Sérgio Pinheiro de Oliveira, Cláudio Afonso Koch, Islei Domingues da Silva
ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN ROCKWELL HARDNESS DIAMOND CONE INDENTERS
This work aims to validate the creation of a relationship between the direct and indirect calibrations of Rockwell C hardness diamond cone indenters. The resulting modelling allows the prediction of the indenters behaviour based on direct calibration. The uncertainty of indenters was obtained from the graph of uncertainty related to the Primary Hardness Standard Machine as a function of the uncertainty related to the Primary System for Calibration of Indenters. For mounting the experimental set-up it was necessary to use a lot of indenters, and their characteristics helped to model the behaviour of any other indenters. The majority of the results showed a good agreement between the uncertainty obtained from the indirect calibration and the uncertainty from the graphs used to create the mentioned model.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jay H. Hendricks, Douglas A. Olson
NIST EXPERIENCE WITH NON-ROTATING FORCE-BALANCED PISTON GUAGES FOR LOW PRESSURE METROLOGY
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Low Pressure Manometry Project maintains and operates primary standard ultrasonic interferometer manometers (UIMs) over the pressure range of 1 mPa to 360 kPa. Over the past decade a new type of customer gauge, the non-rotating force-balanced piston gauge or FPG (model 8601, DH Instruments, a Fluke Company has been introduced to the standards community that covers the range of 1 Pa of 15 000 Pa and is capable of both absolute and differential measurement modes. Since 2002, NIST customers have requested that four different FPG units be compared to the NIST primary pressure manometer standards (UIMs). The results of the comparisons were that all four FPG units were within manufacturers stated uncertainty (0.008 Pa + 30 × 10^-6 × P for absolute mode) when compared against the NIST UIMs at pressures between 10 Pa to 15 000 Pa (absolute mode). At pressures between 5 Pa to 10 Pa, the results were generally within manufacturer’s specifications. Below 5 Pa some of the FPG units were outside of manufacturer’s uncertainty specifications. The use of an isolating capacitance diaphragm gauge (CDG) was necessary during the comparisons to prevent humidified gas from the FPG from entering the NIST 160 kPa mercury UIM primary pressure standard. The results of these four different comparison tests will be discussed in detail, along with test conditions, equipment set-up, and test uncertainty analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jorge Trota Filho, Sérgio Pinheiro de Oliveira, Islei Domingues da Silva, Renato Reis Machado, Cláudio Afonso Koch
STUDY OF THE BEST MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY IN ROCKWELL SCALE AT THE BRAZILIAN NMI INMETRO'S PRIMARY HARDNESS STANDARD MACHINE
This paper shows the actual status of an on-going metrological research that aims an upgrade of the current Rockwell C hardness scale´s best measurement capability (BMC), e.g. 0.3 HRC, referred to the Primary Hardness Standard Machine installed at the Brazilian NMI INMETRO. This value complies with the ISO hardness standards and the GUM uncertainty guide as well as the main eight uncertainty sources and respective sensitivity coefficients for the direct calibration method, detailed in the EURAMET hardness guide. This work shows that an increasing knowledge of the actual calculated sensitivity coefficients yields a consequent reduction in the BMC. These experimental coefficients were estimated by the use of up to six uncertainty sources. In this case, the BMC changed to 0.17 HRC (two significant digits) or 0.2 HRC (one significant digit).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Inseok Yang, Yong-Gyoo Kim, Chang Ho Song, Kee Hoon Kang, Kee Sool Gam
LOW TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION FACILITIES AT KRISS
We review the low temperature calibration facilities at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science. For the calibration of capsule-type standard resistance thermometers, open and sealed cells of cryogenic fixed points and their realization system were manufactured and used. A sealed cell of the triple point of Argon for long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers was also manufactured. For calibration by comparison, a controllable comparison cryostat and a nitrogen boiling point temperature block were made. We also review our traceability scheme and supporting international key comparisons for the dissemination of low temperature standards.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Augusto P. Cunha, Ronaldo N. Azeredo
LEGAL METROLOGY AND THE AUTOMOTIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN BRAZIL
This paper will present metrology's role on air pollution control in Brazil, the benefits for society and how Inmetro's Legal Metrology Directorate (Dimel, in its Portuguese acronym) is developing this work. Automotive vehicles are very significant air pollution source in Brazil. To change this situation, two years later the Federal Government established the Automotive Vehicles Air Pollution Control Program (Proconve, in its Portuguese acronym), providing to the car manufacturers a gradual schedule to the implementation of cleaner automotive technologies on new vehicles. Today the exhaust emissions reduction for these vehicles is up to 97%.
For in-use vehicles, Proconve demanded to all Brazilian states the implementation of an Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Program. At least once a year these vehicles should be submitted to an I/M authority to check its general conditions and to measure its exhaust emissions.
The emissions measurement is performed with two different instruments: gas analyzers (for spark ignition engines) and opacimeters (for Diesel engines). Both instruments are under legal metrological control and are submitted to type evaluation and verification, performed by National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Monique K. K. Figueiredo, Rodrigo P. B. Costa-Felix, André V. Alvarenga, Luiz E. Maggi, Marcio F. Portilho, Marcio N. Souza, Gilberto A. Romeiro
STUDY, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE OF BIPHASIC ATTENUATION SYSTEMS USING ULTRASOUND
These papers describe the first set of experiment conducted to validate a measurement system for physical-chemistry analysis of fluids using ultrasound as principle. Frequencies of 2.25, 3.00, and 3.50 MHz were used, with the emission-reception technique with a pair of transducers. Experimental results showed excellent agreement with the theory for attenuation of glycerol at 99.5% of concentration. The system is able to be used in other liquids, being biofuels particularly of interest for this project.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yoshihiro Fujioka, Kouta Miyake, Jianxin Sun, Toshiro Ono
DEVELOPMENT OF ACCURATE WEIGHING SYSTEM USED UNDER THE VIBRATION - LIKE MOVING CONDITIONS VERIFICATION OF WEGHING SYSTEM WITH 3 ACCELEROMETERS
This research deals with a weighing system used under the conditions in which various movements exist. These various movements are heaving motion, rolling motion, pitching motion, etc. In this paper, these various movements are collectively called as "vibration-like movements". The term of "vibration-like moving conditions" means the conditions in which vibration-like movements exist. In a previous paper, the weighing system which has 3 dummy loadcells is discussed. "Dummy loadcell" is the loadcell which observes the vibration-like movements. We manufactured the weighing system and made several experiments with the weighing system. As a result of those experiments, it is confirmed that the proposed method is able to weigh under the vibration-like moving conditions accurately.
The purpose of this research is the practical realization of the weighing system. In order to put the weighing system into practical use, it is needed to reduce the size and weight of the weighing system. Accelerometers are substituted for the dummy loadcells. Generally, accelerometers are lighter and smaller than loadcells. This research verifies the effectiveness of the weighing system with "dummy accelerometers".
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Cleonilson Protásio de Souza, Tiago Pontes Pereira, Raimundo C. S. Freire
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM BY MOBILE PHONE: A COMPRESSION METHOD FOR SMS
The increasing development on mobile communication allows the design of new applications in different areas. Telemedicine is one of these areas and studies and researches on it are of extremely importance to the society. An important application in telemedicine is the use of electrocardiogram (ECG) to transmit ECG test remotely in a compact or portable way. However, ECG transmission technology available today is still expensive and is based on use of modems and, recently, PDAs. On this context, a portable ECG device based on mobile phone is welcome. A basic mobile service is the Short Message Service (SMS) that is present at all mobile phone at extremely low cost. To take advantage of SMS on design of a mobile ECG, it is need efficient compression methods to compress the ECG signal into a message. In this work is present a compression method that allows mobile phone to transmit ECG signal via SMS.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eric Benoit
PROPERTIES OF FUZZY NOMINAL SCALES
Fuzzy nominal scales were introduced in order to propose a formalism to the representation of empirical quantities by fuzzy subsets of words. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible relations and operators that can be used on measurements performed with this kind of scale. Then an extension of these scales, named fuzzy metric scale, and based on the definition of a distance between measured values is given. As examples of operators, a medium operator and a median filter are given. Finally a comparison procedure of 2 fuzzy metric scale is given.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wang Jian, Yao Hong, Zhang Yue, Cai Changqing, Ding Jingan
INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE QUANTITY FOR READING STABILITY ON MAGNETIC SUSCEPTOMETER
According to the measurement principle of weight magnetic parameter, the influence of reading stability for measuring magnetism is analyzed, and the key influence of reading stability is presented in the measurement process. The magnetism of weight is measured by the magnetic susceptometer with capacity of 5.1g and resolution of 0.1 g. At the same time the change of environmental vibration at the laboratory and the fluctuating of ambient magnetic field are measured respectively. The experimental results show the fluctuating of ambient magnetic field that is the key influence of weight magnetism measurement.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Paulo R G Couto, Jailton C Damasceno, Luiz Henrique Paraguassú de Oliveira, Jackson S. Oliveira
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF THE DEFORMATION COEFFICIENT OF A PRESSURE BALANCE USING THE GUM APPROACH AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION METHODS
Uncertainty estimation results are presented for the intercept and slope of the deformation coefficient of a piston-cylinder set of a Budenberg pressure balance operating in the range of 16100 psi (111 MPa) by using the GUM approach and Monte Carlo simulation methods. A study of the influence of the correlation between quantities that define the deformation coefficient on the value of its uncertainty is shown. Monte Carlo simulations are done by using the commercial software Crystal Ball®.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

T. Ferreira da Silva, I. B. Couceiro, H. P. H. Grieneisen, Jean Pierre von der Weid
TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SINGLE-PHOTON DETECTOR ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION SYSTEM WITH CORRELATED PHOTON-PAIRS
An experimental system using correlated photon pairs for absolute measurements of single-photon detectors quantum efficiency has been set up at the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology (INMETRO). The establishment of this methodology is of special significance for the absolute calibration of detectors, especially for near infrared range as an alternative to the conventional radiometric methods. This paper describes the preliminary implementation of this absolute calibration method. Our first experimental results are reported and the optimization of the system is pointed out for obtaining further improvements the near future.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Petr Beneš, Miroslav Uher
IDENTIFICATION OF LIQUID BOILING BY ACOUSTIC EMISSION
Comparisons of the acoustic emission signals from the pool and microlayer boiling and water drop evaporation are the aim of the paper. The main relationships, dependences and research results will be presented. The mechanism of acoustic emission generation in liquid boiling and evaporation is discussed. Based on a theoretical analysis, a set of random process characteristics in time and frequency domain has been selected. Their suitability for the description of the dependence of the generated acoustic emission on liquid overheating is verified by experiment. The original arrangement of the experiment enabled us to reach the critical heat flux in liquid boiling in laboratory for different type of vaporization (pool, microlayer, drop) and simultaneously scans acoustic emission with contact and contactless sensors.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Nuno B. Brás, P. A. F. Martins, Raul C. Martins, A. Cruz Serra
REQUIREMENTS OF A MECHANICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR BIOLOGICAL IMAGING USING MAGNETIC INDUCTION TOMOGRAPHY
Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) is an imaging technique that allows mapping the complex conductivity structure of a body by measuring the magnetic field generated by currents induced within the body. Typically, MIT systems are static since their sensing positions and the angular incidences of the main magnetic field do not change. Recently the authors from IT developed an experimental setup with movable coils and body to increase the number of measurements. In this paper, a new moving system of sensing coils and body plate is analysed and its importance is highlighted. The accuracy and the measurement requirements for the positioning setup are studied, namely the influence of the displacement error on the measured electromotive signal at the sensing coils for each position. Results from the implemented experimental system are reported and its overall importance is highlighted.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mário Alves, J. M. Dias Pereira, Helena Geirinhas Ramos
CAN PROTOCOL: A LABORATORY PROTOTYPE FOR FIELDBUS APPLICATIONS
An integrated solution based on CAN protocol, for industrial measurements and control, is presented. Main characteristics of CAN protocol are underlined in terms of OSI model taking particular attention to hardware implementation, messages types, collision resolution mechanisms and timing synchronization. The paper also includes references to another high level industrial protocols that use the physical and logical data layers of CAN protocol. Experimental results based on a developed prototype applied to a level control loop system and main protocol characteristics are analyzed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Filomena C. Mouro, Sandra C. Calisto, Maria Ascensăo Trancoso
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY FOR THE MOISTURE AND DRY MATTER MASS FRACTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES AND SLUDGES
Moisture mass fraction, w_H₂O, and dry matter mass fraction, w_DM, are analytical parameters required by environmental European regulations. The metrological quality, namely measurement uncertainty, comply the fitness for purpose and enhances the comparability of analytical results. In this work, the component by component approach for measurement uncertainty estimation of w_H₂O and w_DM is reported and the input quantities assessed. The measurement uncertainty of method’s precision, under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, f(precision)_Rw, was the only significant influence quantity when w_H₂O > 0,10 g g^-1 for both ranges. In case of w_H₂O = 0,10 g g^-1, the mass of the capsule containing sample after the drying step, m_(C+S)dry, has also a relevant contribution. Simplified models are proposed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Samuel E. de Lucena
PORTABLE MP3 PLAYER AS LOW-COST DATA LOGGER
Non-audio signals have been recorded in the flash ROM memory of a portable MP3 player, in WAV format file, to examine the possibility of using these cheap and small instruments as general-purpose portable data loggers. A 1200-Hz FM carrier modulated by the non-audio signal has replaced the microphone signal, while using the REC operating mode of the MP3 player, which triggers the voice recording function. The signal recovery was carried out by a PLL-based FM demodulator whose input is the FM signal captured in the coil leads of the MP3 player's earphone. Sinusoidal and electrocardiogram signals have been used in the system evaluation. Although the quality of low frequency signals needs improvement, overall the results indicate the viability of the proposal. Suggestions are made for improvements and extensions of the work.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

A. Bounouh, F. Blard, H. Camon, D. Béličres, F. Ziadé
MICROSYSTEMS FOR ELECTRICAL AC VOLTAGE METROLOGY
In the framework of developing MEMS devices to fabricate AC voltage references for electrical metrology and high precision instrumentation, several first devices have been designed and fabricated using a Silicon On Insulator (SOI) Surface Micromachining process. The measured MEMS AC voltage reference values have been found to be from 5 V to 100 V in a good agreement with the calculated values performed with Coventor and Comsol finite elements software. Second set of devices with improved characteristics has also been fabricated. The stability of the MEMS out-put voltage at 100 kHz has been found very promising for the best samples where the relative deviation from the mean value over almost 12 hours showed a standard deviation of about 6.3 ppm.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zygmunt Lech Warsza, Marian Jerzy Korczynski, Maryna Galovska
SHIFTED UP COSINE FUNCTION AS MODEL OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
The shifted up one period of cosine function with field under it normalized to 1 is proposed to be use as the unconventional model of probability density function (PDF). It could also approximate Normal probability distribution in the range ± 2.5 standard deviation with accuracy of about ±0.02, which is fully acceptable in the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. In this paper the properties of the above cosine based PDF are considered. The possibility of its applications in the routine data assessment and in virtual instruments with automatic uncertainty calculations is recommended.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Beata Palczynska, Jacek Wyszkowski
ANALYSIS OF TIME-VARYING LOW-FREQUENCY MAGNETIC-FIELD EMITTED FROM THE SHIP’S INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR
This paper focuses on the analysis of low-frequency magnetic-field emissions (MFEs) in ship's environment, in reference to admissible levels for exposures to time-varying electromagnetic field (EMF), proposed by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). It concerns the special case of simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields, when a summation formula (from ICNIRP guidelines) has been applied. Due to a time-varying behavior of the sinusoidal components of the magnetic flux density (MFD), the time-frequency analysis based on the short–time Fourier transform (STFT) was performed. The level of the magnetic field intensity was evaluated, in reference to the standard for occupational environments, which takes into account the people's protection against the excessive emission of the low-frequency magnetic field. The selected results of the off-line analysis of the recorded magnetic flux density near by the ship's inverter-fed induction motor are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Bernd Siebert, Anna-Lisa Hauswaldt
NOVEL AND ESTABLISHED CONCEPTS FOR CONSIDERING CORRELATION IN UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION
Modern uncertainty evaluation is based on both the knowledge about the measuring process and the input quantities contributing to the measurement result. Very often, two or more of the input quantities are not independent from each other. The combined uncertainty can be enhanced or decreased by such correlation. In everyday practice, however, correlation is often ignored since the relevant uncertainty documents do not provide ready-for-use procedures for proper treatment of correlation. The paper provides practical techniques for identifying and quantifying correlation in measurements. Starting from a systematic modelling procedure, a concept is presented that allows to easily include correlation in the measurement model and to properly estimate correlation coefficients or correlated fractions of the related input quantities either from existing (statistical) data or from other (non-statistical, logical) knowledge. Three possible ways to take correlation into consideration when evaluating measurement uncertainty are described and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dietrich Hofmann, Gerhard Linss, Olaf Kuehn
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE IN MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
The main purpose of the paper is to present the new convenient, reliable and affordable possibilities of the Internet to use software as a service for the solution of complex measurement problems in quality control. The focal point is directed on innovative vision sensor systems for fast, contactless and non-destructive measurements of dimensions and colours. For these systems new developed intuitive see & click programming instructions will be introduced and explained. During the oral presentation of the paper a hands-on application of vision sensors for quality inspections with software as a service (SaaS) will be demonstrated.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pablo Juan-García, Josep M. Torrents
MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE IN MORTAR USING A COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE
Increasingly more non-destructive testing methods are being developed in a civil engineering context, but many of them cannot be applied when only one surface of the structure can be accessed. In order to measure moisture level in such concrete structures as dams or tunnels, a coplanar line was designed, capable to measure the permittivity evolution as well as the loss factor. Measurements on salinity of water and setting of mortar were performed, showing a dependence on physical magnitudes of interest with the electrical parameters measured.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Septimiu Crisan, Valentin Dan Zaharia, Leonard Voicu Brender, Titus Eduard Crisan
A MULTI-TOUCH COLLABORATIVE SOLUTION FOR MEASUREMENT DATA VISUALISATION
Multi-touch devices and their applications are one of the newest trends in human interaction research. While this approach has been envisioned more than 20 years ago, advances in computational power and display resolution have allowed the implementation of impressive hardware devices with virtually unlimited tracking capabilities. A large number of eye-catching applications have been implemented around the world but there is a clear need for practical engineering applications in order to allow this technology to become appealing even for industrial and academic purposes. This paper tries to address this issue by proposing a complete hardware and software solution for multi-touch multi-user data visualisation. A new interface for analysing measurement data as well as manipulating virtual instruments has been created in the belief that it will help students and researchers alike.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

David Sarriá, Joaquín del Río, Antoni Mŕnuel, Xavier Roset, Jacopo Aguzzi, Francesc Sardŕ
A NEW TRACKING SYSTEM TO STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF SPECIES
A tracking system with RFID technology has been developed to measure the activity and behaviour of species in laboratory. It consists of different controllers which handle different RFID antennas. The controllers send the data received from its antennas to a host computer that computes the tracking of the different individuals. The system has a tracking resolution of centimetres and was specifically designed to respond in hostile environments and to allow an easy configuration and expansion.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

L. Skrzypczak, Domenico Grimaldi, R. Rak
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIGBEE AND SIMPLICITI MODULES TO USE IN MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
The main goal of this paper is to experimental examine some of the properties of two different wireless communication modules, ZigBee and SimpliciTI, which are employing two different transmission standards. This paper is a part of wider research aimed to examine and evaluate the different wireless transmission standards to use in distributed measurement systems.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marjanen Kalle, Ojala Petteri, Mäkinen Martti
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCES OF LOG ENDS FOR CAMERA BASED ANNUAL RING WIDTH MEASURMENTS
The wood quality measurement methods are of increasing importance in the wood industry. One of the main goals of the wood industry is to produce new high quality products with higher marketing value. The wood strength and stiffness are significant factors considering wooden products. These factors are related to the wood species, to the number and type of knots and to the mean annual ring width and its deviation to name a few. The logs can be measured and imaged in the forest machinery and thus the measurement based decisions can be made as early as possible on the production chain. This paper focuses on an aspect of the annual ring width estimation from the images taken in forest machinery. The focus is on the spectral reflectance of the log ends for optimal annual ring visibility. The average spectral reflectance of the log end does not indicate how well the annual rings are visible. Therefore a more sophisticated analysis of the annual ring visibility is performed to four tree species based on the two-dimensional spatial spectral analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pekka Kumpulainen, Mikko Kylväjä, Kimmo Hätönen
IMPORTANCE OF SCALING IN UNSUPERVISED DISTANCE-BASED ANOMALY DETECTION
One of the key applications in mobile network monitoring is to detect anomalous phenomena in the network. Distance-based methods are commonly used in unsupervised anomaly detection. The results are dependent on the distance metrics used and the scaling of the variables. In many cases very simple methods can provide sufficient performance if the variables have been scaled properly. In this paper we discuss the importance of scaling in distance-based methods and the possibility to incorporate a priori knowledge of the relative importance of the variables by scaling. We present an example of a priori scaling on performance data measured from the radio interface in a mobile telecommunication network. The results are compared to those obtained by using traditional normalization.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roald Taymanov, Ksenia Sapozhnikova
PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY IMPROVEMENT IN METROLOGY
The paper is devoted to some problems related to the development of an international vocabulary of terms in metrology. Using terms from Section 3 of VIM, it is shown that in many cases, on one hand, the same terms are interpreted in a different way; but on the other hand, different terms are used to express the same ideas. The origins of ambiguity are analyzed. Proposals which could contribute to softening the problems of terminology development are given.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Robert Schmitt, Niels König, Guilherme Francisco Mallmann, Frank Depiereux
MEASUREMENT OF ROUNDNESS AND RUN-OUT WITH DISTRIBUTED FIBER-OPTICS SENSORS
The quality inspection of products poses a challenge towards existing production metrology techniques in terms of accuracy and speed, especially when it comes to inline or in-process measurements. In this terms, optical metrology proves its capabilities, in particular for sensible and fragile work pieces. For the inspection inside small spaces and cavities or for complex geometries, many optical metrology system are to inflexible or cannot be miniaturized enough. Within this work a set-up for a fiber-optic low-coherence interferometer system is described. Due to the high degree of miniaturization of the sensing probe, the system can be used for demanding measuring tasks like roundness of small drilling holes or the run-out of shafts. Different evaluation measurement are presented, which underline the potential of the described system for highly accurate, non-contact inspection of rotational parts.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Warsza Zygmunt Lech, Galovska Maryna
THE BEST MEASURAND ESTIMATORS OF TRAPEZOIDAL PDF
The basic estimators of trapezoidal probability distributions of the measured data are considered and approaches for theirs evaluation are proposed. For symmetrical trapezoidal PDF of straight as well curved sides, using Monte-Carlo method of simulation, the standard deviation (SD) of some chosen 1- and 2-component estimators are evaluated It is established that in the ratio of upper and bottom bases of trapezoidal PDF in the range from 1 to 0.35 the most accurate is the mid-range value. Below this range smaller is the standard deviation (SD) of the mean value. The best for the whole family of the symmetric linear trapezium PDF are two-component (2C) estimators as the linear form of the mean and mid-range values of the sample. Their coefficients are found, properties discussed and formulas of SD are given. The new simplified 2C-estimator of equal coefficients is also proposed. These estimators successfully extend estimation of the measurand value as the sample mean and description of its accuracy by the uncertainty type A recommended in the international guide ISO GUM. Approaches of investigation could be effectively applied for some other models of PDF.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jiri Keprt, Petr Beneš
PRIMARY CALIBRATION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SENSORS
The paper reviews the background of the primary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors and the determination of uncertainty in the calibration. The main sources of uncertainty in practical usage of calibration results are discussed. The comparison of the results of the reciprocity primary calibration, step-force and reciprocity calibration with broadband-pulse excitation method is presented. The shape of calibration characteristics corresponds well up to 300 kHz. The calculation of the uncertainty in all the calibration methods is described. The problem of propagation of uncertainty in the fast Fourier algorithm was solved. Uncertainty of measurement by primary calibration is determined and the influence of selected sources of uncertainty for each used method of calibration is presented and practically measured results are discussed. Piezoelectric AE sensor PAC UT1000 was used as the sensor under test. The big influence on uncertainty in calibrations was the influence of remounting sensors and influence of precision of measuring device. This influence is possible to suppress by correct and precise mounting of the sensors and using of more accurate measuring device with high resolution.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vítor Viegas, J. M. Dias Pereira, Pedro Silva Girăo
SMART TRANSDUCER BLOCK ENABLES PLUG & PLAY TRANSDUCERS
The paper presents a dedicated IEEE 1451.1 Transducer Block that enables plug & play transducers according to the recommendations of the IEEE 1451.4 standard. The Transducer Block is self-configurable based on the information stored in the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS): basic TEDS and transducer type templates are used for transducer self-identification; and calibration templates are used for transducer self-calibration. The Transducer Block is also network-enabled by exposing its functionalities through a set of Web Services.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniel Homrich da Jornada, Carla Schwengber ten Caten
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MEASURMENT UNCERTAINTY GUIDELINE FOR ISO/IEC 17025 LABORATORY ASSESSORS
This paper presents the implementation of a measurement uncertainty assessment guideline applicable to laboratory assessors. Measurement uncertainty is a relevant subject for all laboratories as well as for accreditation bodies since it consists in an elementary requirement for ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation. Therefore, it is crucial to assure that all technical assessors have an adequate level of knowledge about measurement uncertainty and know how to proper assess it. Researching the literature, it is possible to observe that all measurement uncertainty guidelines are focused on the laboratory perspective, to help them implement GUM's concepts. This work, on the other hand, was focused on the implementation of a new measurement uncertainty guideline intended exclusively to help laboratory assessors improve their knowledge about this subject and better prepare them to carry out laboratory assessments. The guideline was implemented in Rede Metrológica RS (RMRS), a regional accreditation body from southern Brazil. Simultaneously to this measurement uncertainty assessment guideline, it was also prepared a measurement uncertainty check-list to help assessors conduct their laboratory assessments. As a result, an improvement on the level of knowledge about measurement uncertainty was observed among RMRS assessors. The improvement was possible to verify through the application of written exams about measurement uncertainty, before and after the training on the new guideline. Exams showed the improvement of assessors' knowledge, demonstrating the relevance of this innovative work.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jan Chajda, Miroslaw Grzelka, Lukasz Madry
DYNAMIC DEVIATION ERROR IN SINGLE FLANK GEAR TESTING
Total dynamic deviation completely describes the influence of geometrical errors of gear on their dynamic behavior during operation in a gear box. At present, commonly used dynamic load factor model is just approximation, it is not precise. A procedure of total dynamic deviation determination takes into consideration the influence of such independent errors as circumferential pitch deviation, basic radius deviation and geometrical eccentricity deviation. The knowledge of total dynamic deviation would enable to construct the gears with better dynamic parameters (wear resistance, quietness and so on).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jaroslav Zuda
MASS AND DENSITY DETERMINATION OF OIML E1 WEIGHT SET IN CZECH METROLOGY INSTITUTE
In this article we introduce the results of density and volume measurements of sub-gram and 1 kg weighs. At first the theoretical principles of such experiments are described. These include the uncertainty calculations. Sub-gram weights were measured in volume and mass comparators. The results are shown in the last part of this paper. The result is, that our primary mass laboratory can measure the density of milligram weight with uncertainty below 2000 kg/mł (k = 2).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ireneusz Jablonski, Andrzej Czajka, Janusz Mroczka
QUANTIFICATION OF THE RESPIRATORY TIME-SERIES REGULARITY AND COMPLEXITY USING APPROXIMATE ENTROPY AND SAMPLE ENTROPY
The objective of this article is an attempt to measure complexity and regularity of the physiological signals during sleep in direction of detection and classification of the sleep apnoea syndrome. We use approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) to assess diversity of consecutive breathing patterns. Experimental investigations are preceded by the theoretical and computer analysis for the example of stochastic process MIX(P) and the cardiorespiratory PNEUMA model. Realisation of the research procedure resulted in the statement of the potential of the algorithms to distinction between normal and pathological respiratory conditions during sleep and quantitative evaluation of the observed changes. In conclusion, some important directions were outlined for the future studies.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eduardo Pinheiro, Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girăo
DIGITAL NOTCH FILTERS IMPLEMENTATION WITH FIXED-POINT ARITHMETIC
Many studies have been developed aiming to improve digital filters realizations, recurring to intricate structures and analysing the error´s behaviour. The work presented in this paper analyses the feasibility of fixed-point implementation of classical IIR notch filters (Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and elliptic), and also the effect of the quality factor and normalized cut-off frequency in the number of significant bits necessary to represent the coefficients, to scrutinize the deformations the filters suffer for distinct design specifications.
The work focuses especially in the implementation of power line notch filters used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in biomedical signals. The obtained results, when quantizing the digital notch filters, show that by applying second order sections decomposition, low-order digital filters may be designed using only part of double precision capabilities, while high-order notch filters with harsh design constrains are implementable using double precision, but only in second-order sections. Thus, it is shown that to optimize computation time in real-time applications, an optimal digital notch filter implementation platform should have variable arithmetic precision.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Euler C. T. Macedo, José G. A. Lira, Edson G. Costa, Raimundo C. S. Freire, Benedito A. Luciano, Marcelo J. A. Maia
INDUCTIVE CURRENT SENSOR BASED ON NANOCRYSTALLINE ALLOYS
In this paper are described the design and application of an inductive magnetic sensor based on nanocrystalline alloys. The sensor is adjusted for measurement and monitoration of currents with intensities from some microamperes to miliamperes. Its functional behaviour, performance and a specific application are described. One of the biggest advantages of this current sensor is its non-invasive characteristic, it means, is not required any direct contact with the circuit that is being monitored. It becomes appropriated for diverse applications where this requirement is necessary. An example of this sensor application is the metal oxide surge arresters leakage current monitoring.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ireneusz Jablonski, Adam G. Polak, Janusz Mroczka
A COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AS A TOOL FOR THE METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERRUPTER TECHNIQUE
The paper presents the issue connected with the construction and simulations of the complex mathematical model of the respiratory system for the interrupter technique. Combining morphometric data for the consecutive segments of the object (assumption on symmetrical structure of the bronchial tree) with information on existence and proportions between the processes, proper for the interrupter experiment, resulted in an exact imitation of the occlusion conditions, both in the time and frequency domain. It is expected that the model will be a base for design of the simple and reliable diagnostic test dedicated to the respiratory mechanics measurement. From this point of view, the proposed complex mathematical analog of the respiratory system during airflow interruption is a forward model in the forward-inverse scheme of cognition.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Gianfranco Miele, Luca Rossi
THE USE OF TRADITIONAL SPECTRUM ANALYZERS TO MEASURE THE ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION GENERATED BY WiMAX DEVICES
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), based on the IEEE 802.16 standards, is a technology that offers mobile broadband access to multimedia and internet applications at low cost for operators and end-users. Similarly to cellular phone or other Radio Frequency devices, WiMAX has to be considered as a possible source of electromagnetic pollution and so, monitoring its emission, could be necessary to verify the compliance with the applicable limits. Generally, the monitoring of the electromagnetic pollution is performed by means of a suitable measurement chain constituted by an antenna connected to a traditional spectrum analyzer. The use of this kind of device to measure the power of digital modulated noise-like signals, such as WiMAX, requires to carefully set many instrument parameters to obtain reliable measurement results, otherwise a significant underestimate or overestimate of the human exposure can be obtained.
In this framework, this paper presents a suitable measurement method and spectrum analyzer proper settings able to warrant reliable measurements of electromagnetic emissions due to WiMAX devices.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Raghu N. Kacker, Rüdiger Kessel, Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Xin Bian
COMPARISON OF STATISTICAL CONSISTENCY AND METROLOGICAL CONSISTENCY
The conventional concept of consistency in multiple evaluations of the same measurand is based on statistical error analysis. This concept is based on regarding the evaluations as realizations from sampling probability distributions of potential evaluations which might be obtained in contemplated replications. The expected values of the sampling distributions are regarded as unknown but the standard deviations are assumed to be known. The multiple evaluations are said to be statistically consistent if their dispersion agrees with the hypothesis that the sampling distributions of potential evaluations have equal expected values. As the science and technology of measurement advanced, the limitations of the statistical error analysis view of uncertainty in measurement became a hindrance to communication of scientific and technical measurements. Therefore, a new concept of uncertainty in measurement was established by the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). In the GUM view, an evaluation and uncertainty are, respectively, measures of centrality and dispersion of a state-of-knowledge probability distribution for the measurand. Statistical consistency is not compatible with the GUM concept of uncertainty in measurement; however, metrologists continue to use it as an approximate rule of thumb because no suitable alternative has been available until recently. The concept of metrological consistency is compatible with the GUM concept of uncertainty in measurement. It is a pair-wise concept. A pair of state-of-knowledge distributions are said to be metrologically consistent if the ratio of the absolute difference between evaluations and the standard uncertainty of the difference is less than some chosen benchmark. As the concept of metrological consistency becomes more widely known and its benefits realized, it should become the dominant approach to test consistency of multiple evaluations of the same measurand.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jan Chajda, Bartosz Gapinski, Krzysztof Matlinski, Roman Staniek, Michal Wieczorowski
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE APPLICATION FOR MACHINE TOOL CORRECTION
Coordinate measuring machines in various branches of industry within last years became very common. Measuring machines can be used e.g. for direct determination of correction values for machine tools in production cycle. In the paper a description of closed loop of machine tool and coordinate measuring machine was given. Thus CMM generates a correction file with data including crankshaft geometry. Position of crankshaft during measurements was analyzed and holder for crankshaft was designed and made. Probe pins configuration was prepared and measuring program was elaborated. As a result even a non-skilled operator can easily prepare a floppy with correction file.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

M. A. Moreira, Amauri Oliveira, C. R. T. Dórea, P. R. Barros, José Sérgio da Rocha Neto
SENSORS CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS BASED ON THERMORESISTIVE SENSORS KEPT AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE
This paper proposes the use of feedback linearization for the characterization of thermoresistive sensors and for the control of measurement systems based on thermoresistive sensors kept at constant temperature. Two important benefits brought by feedback linearization are: regarding sensor characterization, it allows the determination of static and dynamic parameters by a single experimental test; concerning temperature control of the measurement system, it makes the controller design simpler and prevents linear controllers from losing performance due to changes in the operation point. A simple PI controller in combination with feedback linearization is then applied to the system. Experimental results for sensor characterization and temperature control are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Victor F. M. B. Melo, Adaildo G D'Assunçăo Jr, Alfredo Gomes Neto, Raimundo C. S. Freire, Glauco Fontgalland
THE NEW CONFIGURATION OF MEASURE PCB ELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY USING DE RING RESONATOR
In this work it is proposed new configurations for the ring resonator to determine with accuracy the dielectric permittivity of printed circuit boards operating at high frequencies. The procedure is determining the resonance frequency of the ring and its relation with the permittivity of the material. The results obtained are compared to the ones known for the classic configuration of the ring.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Thomas Bruns, Frank Blume, Angelika Täubner
LASER VIBROMETER CALIBRATION AT HIGH FREQUENCIES USING CONVENTIONAL CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT
The calibration of Laser vibrometer is an increasing demand in industry and research. The equipment suggested for use in particular for high frequency calibration, however, is typically of prototype stage and not commercially available. This is due to the demand of the employed homodyne quadrature method for a certain minimum displacement, typically a quarter of a wavelength, of the vibrating object. The authors demonstrate that this is not necessarily a compulsory condition. With conventional, commercially available components it is possible to set-up a system for Laser vibrometer calibration up to 90 kHz. This could be achieved by employing a distinctive optical set-up combined with an unusual (dual frequency) excitation and an improved or extended signal processing.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Krzysztof Konopka, Tadeusz Topór-Kaminski
IDENTIFICATION OF MEASUREMENT DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHM COEFFICIENTS PRESENTED ON SELECTED FORM OF FFT ALGORITHM
Nowadays measurement data coming from all kinds of measurement systems is usually processed by algorithms. These algorithms are often delivered to the user as complex program and their numerical structure is not known. Therefore also influence of algorithm on an accuracy of processed data is not known. Coefficient matrix of algorithm represents its numerical operations and it can be a basis to algorithm accuracy evaluation. The paper presents a method how to identify this coefficient matrix. As an example this method is used to identify an FFT algorithm implemented in LabVIEW.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

L. A. Di Salvio, A. F. Orlando
THE CALIBRATION OF A DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCER AT THE OPERATING PRESSURE WITH A PRESSURE AMPLIFIER
The measurement of the differential pressure is widely employed in the petrol industry for determining the flow rate, level, blockage of filters and the oil-water interface. The calibration of the differential pressure transmitters is usually made at atmospheric pressure, since there is little concern about the static pressure influence on the transducer performance. As a main contribution, this paper presents a calibration methodology of differential pressure transmitters. The ranges of the studied static pressure (from 0 to 20000 kPa) and differential pressure (from 40 to 250 kPa) cover Petrobras production and exploration operating conditions. To achieve the results, a pressure amplification device was developed and used at each port of the pressure transmitter. Thus, during the calibration of a pressure transmitter, the pressure differential at the transmitter ports is deduced from the measured value at nearly atmospheric pressure and the amplification factor. The uncertainty of the results was estimated and the methodology was used for the calibration of a pressure transmitter, showing that its calibrating curve varies with the operating pressure.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mateusz Szymanski, Robert Porter
ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOASSAY FOR CARDIAC MARKERS WITH MAGNETIC PARTICLES AS A SOLID PHASE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES AS AN ELECTROACTIVE BIO-LABEL
This paper introduces a novel electrochemical detection method for measuring the formation of an immunological complex. The described electrochemical immunoassay consists of several consecutive steps. First the sample is mixed with silver colloid and magnetic particles both previously conjugated to appropriate antibodies. The analyte from the sample binds to both silver and magnetic beads forming a sandwich immunocomplex: magnetic particle – analyte – silver nanoparticle. That complex is separated from the sample with the use of magnetic field and then washed to remove any unbound silver nanoparticle. The bound silver nanoparticles are dissolved electrochemically into silver ions. This process is extensively investigated and the detailed mechanism of nanoparticles dissolution is presented. After the silver dissolution the released silver ions Ag⁺ are detected with anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and the ASV signal of silver oxidation is proportional to the analyte concentration. This approach allows for fast detection of cardiac markers like myoglobin and troponin in low volume, turbid samples with the detection limit of 200 and 150 pg/mL respectively.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Erik Molino Minero Re, Mariano López, Antoni Mŕnuel, Alfonso Carlosena, Xavier Roset
AN EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE DYNAMICAL MODEL FOR IMPACTS BETWEEN RIGID OBJECTS
The main purpose of this work is to propose a dynamical model for simulating the response of different metallic objects when impacted by another rigid body. In addition, a methodology for estimating the model parameters is presented and discussed. Results from real experiments shows that by assuming certain characteristics on impacting objects, the dynamic model can reproduce the transient dynamics during contact time.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giovanni Battista Rossi, Birgitta Berglund
MEASUREMENT RELATED TO HUMAN PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION – STATE OF THE ART AND CHALLENGES
Measurement of characteristics related to human perception and interpretation is discussed. After a review of the historical framework current research activities are surveyed, on the basis of the authors' experience in European projects and coordination actions. Then future research needs and challenges are addressed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vaclav Papez, Jaroslav Roztocil, Stanislav Dado
SINE WAVE SIGNAL SOURCES FOR TESTING HIGH-SPEED HIGH-RESOLUTION A/D CONVERTERS
The paper deals with conception of a sine wave signal generation for dynamic testing high-speed (1 MSa/s to 100 MSa/s) analog-to-digital converters with high-resolution (14 to 20 bits). An oscillator designed with respect to minimal phase noise is described.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ludovít Kolláth, Martin Halaj, Eva Kureková
POSITIONING ACCURACY OF NON-CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION MACHINES
The paper deals with machines employing parallel-kinematics structures (PKS). They represent a relatively new generation of machine tools. Depending on the number of struts, the machines are referred to as hexapod or tripod machines. Such machines offer several advantages comparing to the conventional machine tools with serial kinematics, such as high flexibility, high stiffness, and high accuracy. It is very suitable for High-Speed-Machining (HSM), light machining and has received a wide interesting in manufacture industry. To achieve a desired positioning accuracy and stability, the static and dynamic properties of the machine must be searched and mathematically described. The calculation of the estimate of positioning deviation, including respective uncertainty and covariances, is much more complicated task comparing to the serial kinematics.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Cleonilson Protásio de Souza, Cláudio Leăo Torres, Raimundo C. S. Freire, Francisco M. de Assis
ADC FUNCTIONAL TESTING USING ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Artificial immune systems have been considered one of the most promising nature-inspired technique used for novelty detection systems, optimization, identification, etc. One of the main tools of these systems is the Negative-Selection Algorithm that is based on the natural self-nonself discrimination which has made possible the body distinguish any foreign cell from the body's self cell. In this work, it is used the Negative-Selection Algorithm to perform functional testing of analog-to-digital converter. In this way, the evaluation of the converter is performed by a set of immune-based detectors which can detect faulty output responses. Using the immune-based detector set, experimental results have been shown the effectiveness of the proposed method.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

L. Zamora-Peredo, M. Hernández-Sustaita, Ivan C. Hernández, V. H. Méndez-García, M. López-López
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF QUANTUM HALL EFFECT DEVICES BY PHOTOREFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Internationally, an electrical resistance standard is based on quantum Hall effect devices and, usually, these are based in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures. In this work we report the study of a set of quantum Hall effect devices by photoreflectance spectroscopy at 300 K. An optical signal associated to the electric field build in the 2DEG region was found and it was used to identify the samples with superior electron mobility. With this study, is possible to offer an excellent nondestructive method before to make electrical contacts and magnetoresistance measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Bruno Andň, Salvatore Baglio, Angela Beninato, Giorgio Fallica, Vincenzo Marletta, Nicola Pitrone
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUCTIVE BIOSENSORS FOR MAGNETIC IMMUNO ASSAY
In this paper an inductive integrated sensor for biomedical applications is investigated through analytical models and numerical simulations such to obtain an optimized device design. This biosensor addressed here is based on the use of magnetic particles that suitably coated act as markers of the bio-molecule to be detected. The sensing principle of the device is related to the magnetic field thickening determined by the presence of magnetic particles in the active device area. An accurate finite element numerical simulation is therefore necessary to optimize the sensor performances; simulations have been performed by representing the magnetic particles with an equivalent volume having the same magnetic properties. The simulations have allowed analysing the influence of the different device parameters on the sensor response. An optimized design procedure has been therefore sketched and the results are reported in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vladimir Vujicic, Ivan Župunski, Zoran Mitrovic, M. Sokola
MEASUREMENT IN A POINT VERSUS MEASUREMENT OVER AN INTERVAL
The paper reviews and discusses two strategies of digital measurements: measurement in a point and measurement over an interval. The first strategy, widely employed, has represented the backbone in measurement evolution and has become a standard method. For high accuracy measurements, it presents demanding requirements on technology regarding processing of measured signals. The second strategy, recently developed, carries clear advantages in three challenging areas of measurement theory and practice: measurement at high frequencies, measurement of noisy signals and measurements that require high linearity and high accuracy. These three advantages can be combined, as can be seen in the reviewed literature. This paper highlights the most important characteristics of the two measurement strategies.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Rüdiger Kessel, Raghu N. Kacker
CORRELATION IN UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT - A DISCUSSION OF STATE OF THE ART TECHNIQUES
The Guide to the expression of uncertainty has been around for 15 years and has been widely adopted by science and industry. Over time more and more complex measurements are evaluated based on these principles. As a consequence the correlation between quantities has become an important issue in the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. In this paper we will give an overview about covariance and correlation and the different state of the art techniques to handle them during the uncertainty evaluation. We will discuss the handling of observations by extending the well known calculus for the degrees of freedom for correlated cases. Next we will discuss the difficulties and limitations in handling correlations with Monte Carlo simulations together with a practical algorithm to ensure that correlation matrixes are positive semi-definite.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maria Luísa Reis, Joăo Batista Falcăo, Giuliano Paulino, Cláudio Truyts
AERODYNAMIC LOADS MEASUREMENT OF A SOUNDING ROCKET VEHICLE TESTED IN WIND TUNNEL
In wind tunnels, aerospace vehicle models are tested in order to analyze their performance in real flight situations. The forces and moments exerted by the airflow on the surface of the test article are measured using multi-component balances. The balance measures the aerodynamic loads by using strain-gages. It is calibrated prior to the tests, resulting in the estimation of the parameters of the polynomial mathematical modelling relating the strain-gage readings to the aerodynamic loads. This paper presents the aerodynamic load values acting on a sounding rocket vehicle under test in a transonic aerodynamic facility. The force and moment coefficients and corresponding uncertainties are also estimated. The vehicle was tested in low Mach number conditions, with the airflow being supplied by the injection system. The second stage of the model was fitted with three different fin deflections. The measured quantities are total pressure, static pressure and total temperature of the flow, as well as the strain gage readings supplied by an internal balance. An analysis of the contribution for the uncertainties in the aerodynamic loads revealed that the measurement precision is the dominant component. The intermediate measurement precision of the tests was also considered.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

J. Volf, P. Novak, K. Vitek, M. Novak, J. Vlcek, J. Stastny, R. Nedela
MULTI-AXES FORCE TRANSDUCER USING THE SYSTEM FOR ACTING PRESSURE IMAGE VISUALISATION
The special compact transducer has been developed – to be better known the force's and pressure's effects by transporting the loose materials. The projects of these transporting devices often demand to know not only the normal force's effect, but the effect of the lateral forces "the shearing or slip forces", too. The transducer creates two parts. First one is calibrated as Vector signal analyser – to be caught the elementary forces F_x, F_y, F_z (Cartesian system). The strain gauges are used on the special deformation "S–shape" element. Worth seeing - the second part of transducer - what is the small visualisation system. As the sensor - the conductive elastomer is used in matrix arrangement with the 286 sensing elements, to be caught the acting media pressure distribution. The signals digitising allows the onboard Image Preparation. The developed SW enables the PC–visualisation in real time; or the Digital Image Acquisition. By synchronising both parts, the other advances can be realised as: to record the elementary forces waveforms by dynamic mode, to analyse the pressure distribution up to 30 Hz (snaps/s), histogram 3D, auto-calibration, image correction etc.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

F. Corręa Alegria
USING SINUSOIDAL INSTEAD OF TRIANGULAR STIMULUS SIGNALS IN THE IEEE1057 STANDARD RANDOM NOISE TEST OF ADCS
The random noise test of analogue to digital converters (ADCs) recommended by the IEEE 1057 Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders recommends the use of a triangular signal to stimulate the ADC under test. Here it will be shown that a sinusoidal stimulus signal can be used instead. This gives greater flexibility when carrying out the test and allows sine fitting algorithms to be employed to determine the initial phase of the two data records that need to be acquired. The knowledge of this initial phase can be used to align the two records and reduce the errors introduced by additive noise in the instant of acquisition trigger.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Florbela A. Dias, Tânia Farinha, Fátima Dias, Eduarda Filipe
CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION OF BREATH ALCOHOL DETECTORS IN PORTUGAL
In recent decades the ethanol metrology has became of significant importance, particularly in the area of individual's blood alcohol control.
Portuguese Institute for Quality is responsible for the calibration and metrological control of breath analyzers. This is done by means of comparison with mixtures of certified reference materials, which are traceable to IPQ and NMi primary standards.
This work aims to demonstrate the importance that the operations of calibration and metrological control of breath analyzers has in our society today, and also to present the calibration and verification procedure, errors calculations and the estimation of expanded uncertainties.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

F. Corręa Alegria
ERROR IN THE IEEE 1057 STANDARD RANDOM NOISE TEST OF ADCS
The random noise test of analogue to digital converters recommended by the IEEE 1057-2007 Standard for Digitizing Waveform Recorders is studied highlighting the estimation error and the influence of stimulus signal offset and amplitude on the estimation.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Bruno Andň, Salvatore Baglio, S. La Malfa, Nicola Pitrone
A REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM TO IMPROVE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENTS
A tool that could improve the quality of the assistance perceived by the visually impaired students, during a PC laboratory teaching session, is presented in this paper. The work of qualified supporting teachers could be highly improved by the use of suitable software and hardware facilities allowing for remote monitoring of students' physical and working condition. This could highly reduce the need for a continuous presence of a tutor, that might downgrade students' self estimate.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

F. Corręa Alegria
BIAS IN ADC TERMINAL BASED GAIN AND OFFSET ESTIMATION USING THE HISTOGRAM METHOD
It is demonstrated that, when using the Histogram Test Method to test an analogue to digital converter, the presence of additive noise in the test setup or in the converter itself causes a bias in the terminal based estimation of the gain but not in the estimation of the offset. This will be demonstrated here by analytically determining the estimation error as a function of the sinusoidal stimulus signal amplitude and the noise standard deviation. A closed form approximate expression will be proposed for the computation of the bias of terminal based gain. The results presented are numerically validated using a Monte Carlo procedure.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

F. Corręa Alegria
COMPARISON OF THE PRECISION OF GAIN AND OFFSET ESTIMATIONS OBTAINED WITH THE HISTOGRAM TEST OF ADCS
The Histogram Method of analogue to digital converter testing can be used to estimate their gain and offset error. There are two commonly used definitions for these parameters, namely "Terminal Based" and "Independently Based". In this paper the precision of those two different estimators is compared with the goal of assessing which one is more precise for the same number of samples and the same amount of additive noise.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dan Mihai Stefanescu, Valentin Butoescu
EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON FLAPPING WINGS
Present work is devoted to the experimental determination of the non-steady aerodynamic forces acting on the flapping wings of the micro air vehicles (MAVs). At the National Institute for Aerospace Research from Bucharest, Romania, a multidisciplinary collective of scientists performed both theoretical and experimental research on flapping flight. In this work we present some aspects concerning the force measurement procedure in the range of small forces. The moment components given by the forces acting in two directions (perpendicular and parallel to the wing plane) are tensometrically measured while the flapping and pitching angles are determined using two precision potentiometers. All signals are transmitted to computer via a multifunction DAQ National Instruments PCI-6221, Windows compatible. LabVIEW SignalExpress LE together with NI-DAQmx can gather, register, export and visualize experimental data. The analysis includes the extraction of the inertial forces which are the predominant ones, making possible the accurate determination of the aerodynamic forces on the flapping wings.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pasquale Arpaia, Vitaliano Inglese, Giuseppe La Commara
SOFTWARE QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FLEXIBLE FRAMEWORK FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS AT CERN
The paper deals with the measurement of software quality in frameworks for automatic test systems. In particular, the quality characterization of software components inside the Flexible Framework for Magnetic Measurements, developed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), is illustrated with respect to the ISO 9126 reference model through the introduction of suitable metrics. Experimental results for code quality assessment are finally reported.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Albert Garcia Benadí, S. Shariat-Panahi, Joaquín del Río, Antoni Mŕnuel
A SEMI-AUTOMATION PROCEDURE FOR DIAL COMPARATORS CALIBRATION
In this article an improvement of a calibration process of measurement equipment in the field of dimensional metrology is presented. Devices under calibration process are dial comparators. The semi-automated process is focused on the acquisition and treatment of the calibration data. The aim of the semi-automated implementation is the improvement of the process performance for error minimization produced by human factors and a reduction of time.
We have implemented semi-automated process is as the operator experience and knowledge also brings quality to the calibration process itself.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

M. G. Cox, Alistair B. Forbes, P. M. Harris, I. M. Smith
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION ASSOCIATED WITH CALIBRATION FUNCTIONS
Calibration procedures are widely implemented in metrology. This paper considers the evaluation of measurement uncertainty associated with the use of a calibration function. Three methods for uncertainty evaluation are described and the differences in the results returned are discussed. A simple calibration function is used to illustrate these differences.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Robert Schmitt, Susanne Nisch
KNOWLEDGE-BASED OPTIMISATION OF THE TACTILE SCANNING PROCESS ON CMM
Today the scanning-technology on coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) is used for tactile detection of form deviations. Many companies apply CMMs instead of form measuring devices because of their high flexibility and the possibility of fast workpiece inspection. However, the kinematic of CMMs is more complex than the one of specialized form measurement devices. Dynamic effects, like centrifugal force of roundness measuring, result in a rising measurement uncertainty. The right setup of scanning parameters, like point density and scanning speed, is a challenging task. It is up to the machine operator because guidelines for the setup of optimal parameters do not exist. The dynamic characteristics of the used CMMs are not sufficiently identified and the detection of the measuring task dependent uncertainty is very complex. At the chair for Production Metrology and Quality Management of RWTH Aachen University the characteristic behaviour of tactile scanning CMMs are analysed. These studies built the basis for the practical and object oriented optimisation of the measurement strategy. An actual research project deals with the development of optimisation strategies by considering the maximum allowed measurement uncertainty. A knowledge-database was defined containing basic information about the used CMM, ranges for parameters and the main dynamic characteristics based on experiments.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zbigniew Moron, Tomasz Grysinski
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VAN DER PAUW METHOD APPLIED FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS
The four-point probe method, elaborated by van der Pauw, can be applied also in absolute measurements of electrical conductivity of electrolyte solutions. Conductance cells designed and used according to the method have their cell constant dependent on a single geometrical dimension only – the height. One of such designs, with electrodes located in chambers separated from the measuring space of the cell by narrow gaps, has especially advantageous properties as a calculable cell. This was presented in the previous works of the main author of this paper. The analysis performed there indicates that the consistency between theoretical and experimental results is limited by non-ideal properties of applied instrumentation rather than by the principle of the method. This paper presents later experimental examinations of the cell, carried out in the measuring arrangement improved on the basis of the conclusions presented in the former works. Absolute determinations of electrolytic conductivity of 0.01 and 0.1 kmol/mł NaCl solutions were performed. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the cell constant of such a cell can be determined from its height with uncertainty of the order of a few hundredths percent.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Darko Vasic, Silvano Perkovic, Vedran Bilas
ELECTROMAGNETIC GAUGE OF TUBE INNER RADIUS COMPENSATED FOR MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND COIL RADIAL OFFSET
Low-frequency electromagnetic measurement of inner radius of metal tubes is indispensable in their production and condition assessment. Two challenges in such a measurement are corrections for variations in electromagnetic properties of a tube and coil radial offset. The authors investigate adaptation of the single-coil method for measurement of inner radius to a small scale embedded system based on a DSP microcontroller. The electromagnetic gauge can be used for both magnetic and nonmagnetic tubes and its performances are comparable to the laboratory implementation of the method based on a precision RLC meter.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Joaquín del Río, Daniel Toma, Antoni Mŕnuel, Helena Geirinhas Ramos
EVALUATION OF IEEE1588 APPLIED TO SYNCHRONIZED ACQUISITION IN MARINE SENSOR NETWORKS (MSN)
Marine Sensor Networks (MSN) and ocean observatories are complex data acquisition systems where in many cases, synchronized acquisition is needed between the different networked nodes. In the development of OBSEA project, (EMSO CAC-2007-09) distributed acquisitions nodes based in low power embedded systems have to be synchronized. This paper presents the evaluation results obtained using IEEE 1588 standard as the synchronization protocol for the networked acquisition devices and a IM3220 microprocessor based embedded system.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

S. Shariat-Panahi, F. Corręa Alegria, Antoni Mŕnuel, Joaquín del Río
TIME DRIFT OF OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOMETERS (OBS)
During the past decades, Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) have played a key role in permanent seismic activity monitoring at sea as well as allowing a better understating of the earth interior. Data collected by the instrument can provide information on the ocean bottom sub-layers down to a depth of 40 km beneath the ocean floor. The accuracy of the results directly depends on the time drift of the equipment due to change of environmental conditions. Time base of the OBS is given by a unique stable crystal oscillator.
This paper presents the time drift study of an Ocean Bottom Seismometer in real environmental conditions. By means of a climate chamber, temperature and humidity tests of a general purpose time base generator were carried out and crystal temperature stability and time drift were calculated. Furthermore, the behaviour of the time drift of the instrument has been evaluated in order to correct the data in the data processing stage.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Luís Rosado, Telmo Santos, Moisés Piedade, Pedro M. Ramos, Pedro Vilaça
NEW NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST TECHNIQUE ON METAL INSPECTION
In this paper a new non-destructive testing (NDT) system focusing on micro size superficial defects in metals is presented. The innovative system is composed by a new type of eddy currents probe, electronic devices for signal generation, conditioning and conversion, automated mechanized scanning and analysis software. The key original aspect of this system is the new type of eddy currents probe. This new IOnic probe provides enhanced lift-off immunity and improved sensitivity for micro size imperfections. The probe concept was studied using a Finite Element Modeling (FEM) tool and experimental verified using a standard defect.
The testing results on some Friction Stir Welding (FSW) specimens clearly show that the system is able to detect cracks about 50 µm depth, which significantly increases the actual state of the art in NDT reliability for micro imperfections detection. The system can be applied to a broad range of industries which include manufacturing, maintenance and engineering companies.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mariolino De Cecco, Marco Pertile, Luca Baglivo, Giorgio Parzianello, Massimo Lunardelli, Francesco Setti, Antonio Selmo
MULTI-STEREO COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR 3D SHAPE ESTIMATION
A method for the reconstruction of a 3D shape is described and applied to a practical measurement case. Multiple stereo systems are employed to measure a 3D surface with superimposed colored markers. The described procedure comprises a detailed uncertainty analysis of all the measurement phases, and a statistical compatibility analysis of the colored markers measured by different stereo pairs. The compatible acquired markers are statistically merged in order to obtain a measurement of a 3D shape and an evaluation of the associated uncertainty. The obtained results show that the selected experimental set-up allows to considerably reduce the uncertainty associated to the fused points. The selection of a limit distance, that divides compatible points from not compatible ones, is also presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

David Samper, Jorge Santolaria, Jorge Juan Pastor, Juan José Aguilar
A COMPREHENSIVE SIMULATION SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING CAMERA CALIBRATION
This paper describes the Metrovisionlab computer application implemented as a toolbox for the Matlab program. It is designed for learning the key aspects of camera calibration techniques in dimensional metrology applications such as laser triangulation sensors and photogrammetry or stereovision systems. The software is used in several industrial vision courses for senior undergraduate mechanical engineering students. The application:
1) simulates a virtual camera, providing a simple and visual understanding of how the various characteristics of a camera influence the image that it captures;
2) generates the coordinates of synthetic calibration points, both in the world reference system and the image reference system, commonly used in camera calibration; and
3) can calibrate with the most important and widely-used methods in the area of vision cameras, using coplanar (2D) or non-coplanar (3D) calibration points. Thus, the main goal is to have a simulation tool that allows characterizing the accuracy, repeatability, error mechanisms and influences for different measurement conditions and camera calibration algorithms.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jaidilson Silva, Antonio Marcus Lima, Franz Neff, José Sérgio da Rocha Neto
VIBRATION ANALYSIS BASED ON HAMMER IMPACT TEST FOR MULTI-LAYER FOULING DETECTION
The easy detection of fouling in duct systems is a persistent problem and remains a relevant demand for the chemical, oil, food and pharmaceutical industries. This work presents preliminary research results of vibrational hammer excitation for easy to use external non-invasive, non-destructive multi-layer fouling detection in pipelines and other large scale duct systems. Data were taken from the vibration amplitude and frequency variation in presence of an inner pipe fouling layer using acoustic accelerometer and microphone detection.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jae-Hyuk Choi, Min-Seok Kim, Yon-Kyu Park, Yun Won Kim, Dae-Im Kang
KRISS APPROACH TO PICO-NEWTON STANDARD FORCE REALIZATION
We report the status and progress of Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) in pico-newton standard force realization. To produce and measure discrete magnetic force on a superconducting ring in proportion to the number of flux-quantum, an instrument and facilities are being developed to provide multi-conditions such as low temperature, high field-gradient, high vacuum, vibration isolation, and so on. Design and construction of sub-systems are presented as well as expected and tested specification for each sub-system.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Renato Teixeira, Hamilton Vieira, Rodrigo Silva
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN OPEN ZINC CELL CONSTRUCTED AT INMETRO
The Inmetro Thermometry Laboratory uses fixed-points cells defined in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) to calibrate thermocouples and standard platinum resistance thermometers. In order to meet this, the laboratory counts on reference fixed-point cells from the Argon triple point (-189,3442 şC) to the Copper fixed-point (1084,62 °C). In a quest to improve its best measurement capability and to disseminate this, the laboratory has been investing in the manufacture of its own primary standards. This process was started with water triple point cells, mercury triple point cells and pure noble metal thermocouples which have results validated through comparisons and are part of the laboratory standards regularly used in calibrations. The following step came to be an open metal cell. Zinc was chosen for being relatively inexpensive. In late 2005 the first cell was assembled following NIST design. The methodology and the corresponding results achieved were published in 2006. Later, another zinc cell was made . However, results of both cells were considered unsatisfactory. Going on with this task, the laboratory constructed a third Zinc cell in early 2008. All Inmetro cells are open, and they were compared to the three commercially available cells the laboratory previously had. The materials, methodology, uncertainty evaluation (impurity effect estimates) and results are discussed in the present paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Noara Foiatto, Christine Tessele Nodari, Joăo Miguel Lac Roehe, Marcus Vinicius Viegas Pinto
AUTOMATIZATION OF TAMPERING IDENTIFICATION IN INDUCTION ELECTRICAL POWER METERS
Technical irregularities found in electrical power meters due to tampering, which are classified as fraud, are responsible for the most part of the energy loss experienced in the sector of electrical power distribution. The cost of energy theft is shared with all consumers in the form of non-technical losses. This work suits that context, by means of combating fraud in electric power meters in order to reduce losses due to the strengthening of effective punishment of cheaters. For that is proposed a systematization model of the process for verification of irregularities in electric power meters and the respective issuance of audit reports. The proposed systematization is based on a database containing standardized irregularities which were hierarchically arranged and also from information obtained from metrological calibration audits, thus ensuring the reliability of the results. The proposed model was tested in samples of tampered power meters provided by the electrical distribution utilities in southern Brazil. A main outcome of this research is a customized software that organizes the procedures of technical audit in a legally binding basis as applied to power meters. From the results of analysis conducted on sample power meters audited, it was possible to settle the software's report.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wojtek Bock, Tinko Eftimov, Predrag Mikulic, Jiahua Chen
NOVEL FIBER OPTIC SENSOR BASED ON IN-LINE CORE-CLADDING INTERMODAL INTERFEROMETER AND PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER
We propose a simple all-fiber structure based on intermodal interference between a core and a cladding mode of an endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber section sandwiched between a lead-in and lead-out SMF-28 fiber. The sensitivities to strain, pressure and temperature are measured. The interferometer is compared to an interferometer based on LP₀₁-LP₀₂ SMF-28 fiber and to a PCF-based tapered LPG.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ana Madeira, Florbela A. Dias, Eduarda Filipe
ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTANTS GAS ANALYZERS
Air pollution exists where there are quantitative variations in the air composition or by the introducing of new pollutants. With the automobiles and industrialization increase there has been a need to control gas emissions before loading them into the environment. To this end, environmental and pollutants gas analyzers are used and it is necessary calibration by competent entities.
The main proposal of this communication is to demonstrate the importance of the calibration operation of these instruments as well as the calculation of associated uncertainties.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jorge Santolaria, Juan José Aguilar, Agustín Brau, Francisco Javier Brosed
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PROBING SYSTEMS IN DATA CAPTURE FOR KINEMATIC PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OF ARTICULATED ARM COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
This paper presents a comparison of different techniques to capture nominal data for its use in later verification and kinematic parameter identification procedures for articulated arm coordinate measuring machines (AACMM). By using four different probing systems (passive spherical probe, active spherical probe, self-centering passive probe and self- centering active probe) the accuracy and repeatability of captured points has been evaluated. The nominal points are materialized by a ball-bar gauge distributed in several positions of the measurement volume. By comparing these systems it is possible to characterize the influence of the force over the final results for each of the gauge and probing system configurations. The results with each of the systems studied show the advantages and original accuracy obtained by active probes, and thus their suitability in verification (active probes) and kinematic parameter identification (selfcentering active probes) procedures.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alistair B. Forbes
ADJUSTMENT OF A NETWORK OF FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS
This paper considers the analysis of observational data associated with the fundamental constants, in particular looking at issues of consistency and sensitivity.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Chiara Boveri, Francesca Durbiano, Danilo Serazio
DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOW-THROUGH CELL FOR ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS OF LOW ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY
The present paper focuses on the development of a flow-through cell and a closed circuit that permit to carry out measurements of low electrolytic conductivity of aqueous solutions under flowing condition. The traceability path has been set as follows: samples with conductivity between 200 mS cm^-1 and 50 mS cm^-1 have been employed for the calibration of the geometric constant of the new cell, by comparison with the primary cell of Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (I.N.Ri.M.). Then the flow-through cell has been used to measure values with decreasing conductivities down to 1 mS cm^-1. The measurement system capabilities have been evaluated to be limited by contamination effects.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eliane Cristina Pires do Rego, Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
IMPLEMENTATION, VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF A METHOD OF EVALUATION OF URINARY 1-HYDROXYPYRENE AS A INDICATOR OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL
Epidemiological studies have shown that the exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increases the risk of several kinds of human cancers. In this way the use of biomarkers to evaluate PAH exposure is of interest. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPy) that is the major metabolite of pyrene has been considered as a suitable biomarker of exposure to PAHs as a group, but there are few data about urinary 1-OHPy in Brazil. The objectives of this study were the implementation and validation of a method for the evaluation of urinary 1-OHPy and its application to individuals submitted to environmental exposure to PAHs in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Sixty individuals were studied. The study group was composed of 27 smokers and 33 nonsmokers individuals. The determination of 1-OHPy was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The concentrations of 1-OHPy were corrected by dividing them with the concentrations of urinary creatinine. Row data were statistically evaluated and invalid data or outliers were discarded. The mean concentration of urinary 1-OHPy for smokers (0,387 µg of 1-OHPy/g of creatinine, n = 25) was more than three times larger than that found for non-smokers (0,116 µg of 1- OHPy/g of creatinine, n = 27).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zeljka Lucev, Igor Krois, Mario Cifrek
A MULTICHANNEL WIRELESS EMG MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASED ON INTRABODY COMMUNICATION
In this paper we present the novel implementation of the intrabody communication (IBC) system that was specially designed for electromyography (EMG) measurements in kinesiology, sports medicine and rehabilitation. We propose a novel approach to the wireless EMG monitoring system design, which prolongs the battery life by minimizing the power consumption requirements for data transmission. This goal was achieved by a capacitive IBC approach and by developing special-purpose ultra-low power hardware modules, which perform tasks of digital signal modulation and demodulation at a very low-level. We investigate the optimal electrodes placement for IBC and present the results of in vivo measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Xavier Roset, Montserrat Carbonell, Antoni Mŕnuel, Spartacus Gomáriz
SEA SEISMOMETER COUPLING ON THE SEDIMENT
We can obtain the performance of the marine seismometer upon the sediment to know its coupling in the bottom sea. This paper deals with the coupling parameters in order to obtain the geophone response through the frequency. The use of the shake table and vibration calibrator allows to deduce the coupling transfer function between the geophone and the sediment sea without using a detailed model of interaction sensor/seabed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcantonio Catelani, Valeria L Scarano, Francesco Bertocci, Roberto Singuaroli
COMPARISON BETWEEN THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF SILVER CONDUCTIVE ADHESIVE AND Sn-Ag-Cu SOLDER JOINTS IN A MEDICAL ULTRASOUND ARRAY TRANSDUCER
The RoHS and WEEE European Directive, recently introduced, represent focal points for the environmental regulation in the field of electronics industry. While removal of some material of concern has been relatively straightforward, the reduction or quite elimination of Lead (Pb) has caused significant disruption to the electronics manufacturing supply chain. This materials and technological conversion will increase the risk for premature product failures and degraded performances. As known, the Sn-Pb solder joint has over 50 years of manufacturing, field experience and knowledge; the Pb-free solution, instead, needs accurate studies voted both the characterization of performances and electronic properties of material. To this aim the paper presents preliminary results about new materials for soldering process and, in particular, a comparison between silver conductive adhesive and Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC). As an application, a medical ultrasound array transducer with new soldering materials, between a platelet of piezoelectric and fingers, brass micro-connections between the substrate of piezoelectric material and the printed circuit, is also presented in the paper. Factors, which influence the soldering process, like the thickness of soldering and the polymerization or reflow temperature, the duration of the process, are taken into consideration in order to realise samples for the experimental tests. In order to verify the samples behaviour under thermal stresses, measurements of electrical resistance, parameter chosen like failure pointer, were carried out.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jana Parilkova, Jaroslav Vesely, Jiri Pavlik, Radek Stoklasek
MONITORING OF THE SOIL STATUS USING ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROMETRY METHOD DEVELOPED IN PROJECT E!3838 OF THE EUROPE INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM EUREKA
The non-traditional method for the soil status and its change monitoring was used. The method is electrical impedance spectrometry (below EIS), which is developed within the Europe international project E!3838 of EUREKA program. EIS monitors electrical impedance in complex form and its changes caused by the load of the environment or construction by water. For this work was developed and realized unique apparatus Z-meter with 128 monitoring channels. Using the EIS method, progress of water infiltration and deformations outside or inside of the dike body can be indicated.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Lorenzo Ciani, Marcantonio Catelani, Lorenzo Veltroni
SINGLE EVENT UPSET (SEU): DIAGNOSTIC AND ERROR CORRECTION SYSTEM FOR AVIONCS DEVICE
In aerospace applications, Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Field programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is becoming increasingly attractive by offering low-cost solutions, simplicity and flexibility.
This research faces the problem of disturbance induced by high energy particles on electronic devices. Based on detailed analysis of this phenomenon, the work is divided into two parts: in the first part evaluation of effects of the Single Event Upset (SEU) has been carried out with the aim of determining diagnostic techniques and the mitigation of this disturbance, taking into account the fact that testing is one of the fundamental points in electronic programmable devices; in the second part a fault tolerant technique has been devised so as to achieve the requirements demanded on a real avionic system.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Isabel Castanheira, Elsa Vasco, Cristina Flores, Inęs Coelho
QUALITY CONTROL MATERIALS FOR ANALYSIS OF VITAMINS IN FOOD
One of priorities in research undertaken to support Food Composition Analysis was the production of a range of reference materials relevant to determine nutrients in selected foods.
This paper describes the implementation and outcomes of activities on reference material production program and their contribution to international developments in the harmonization of Quality System of Food Composition Databanks.
In order to enhance the quality assurance of analytical result. Infant formula as food matrix was evaluated to check for the suitability as quality control matrices for the analysis vitamin B2 and vitamin E.
Homogeneity and stability of samples was evaluated by means of official methods of analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out to check for significant differences between results. Results showed that both nutrients were homogeneous for all selected parameters. Regarding stability, the infant formula under study can be used inhouse quality control materials at different temperatures and for different periods of time.
The results have demonstrated that quality control materials prepared under the frame of ISO 34 and ISO 17025 standards can fit the purpose of measurement process of nutrient values that enter in food composition database.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gregor Geršak, Irena Nancovska Šerbec, Valentin Batagelj, Janko Drnovšek
CONCEPT OF PERSONALISED BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; CASE STUDY - BLOOD PRESSURE
In this paper we are introducing the concept of personal instrumentation. Personal instrumentation stands for a measuring device, which includes also calculative algorithms and measuring methods and techniques, which along measuring of physiological parameters enable also collecting other types of data for a certain patient in a certain condition at a certain time. Therefore such devices would be a useful tool for the physician to better diagnostically evaluate the state the patient is in, and that in a holistic manner. The evaluation of the concept of personalised instrumentation is discussed in the field of non-invasive blood pressure measurements.
The majority of nowadays home-use, GP and clinical practice non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement devices use the oscillometric principle of measurement. In this paper we are discussing and describing an oscillometric device including also other forms of collecting data. Its aim is to produce correction factors, which would enable calculative corrections of the measured systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels to better suit the patient current status.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Octavian Postolache, Artur Lopes Ribeiro, Helena Geirinhas Ramos
WELD TESTING USING EDDY CURRENT PROBES AND IMAGE PROCESSING
This paper proposes an eddy-current non-destructive weld testing solution that uses a sensing probe including an excitation coil and a giant magneto-resistance sensor. The testing system control and the acquisition tasks are performed using a PXI system that includes a sinusoidal signal generator, a data acquisition module and a XY scanning stage control interface. For different positions of the sensing probe on the aluminum weld plane the eddy currents are detected and the acquired signals are processed. The signal processing is based on the LabVIEW tone measurement function in order to obtain an image representing the detected voltages as a function of the xy coordinates. An image processing block was designed and implemented in order to detect the weld zone anomalies. This block includes normalization, grayscale image filtering and image segmentation algorithms. Results on weld zone characterization for different tested specimens are included in the paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Septimiu Crisan, Ioan Gavril Tarnovan, Bogdan Tebrean, Titus Eduard Crisan
CORELLATION OF NEAR AND FAR INFRARED VEIN RECOGNITION FOR UNIFIED PROCESSING AND SIMULATION
Near infrared radiation has been successfully used in scanning vein patterns for biometric applications. While the method has been proven as highly reliable, few studies have been conducted using medium or far infrared radiation to assess the viability of a biometric scanning technique based on different wavelengths. With the constant decrease in prices for thermographic devices, the goal of this research was to determine if far infrared radiation is suitable for vein detection and to develop techniques for image processing and parameter extraction. Efforts have been made to integrate both methods (near and far infrared) in order to unify the data processing algorithms for real acquisitions and to provide enough information for performing visual reconstruction of blood vessels in simulation and database generating applications.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vesna Geršak, Gregor Geršak
NIRS: MEASURING CHANGES IN MUSCLE OXYGENATION AND THE DETECTION OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY
NIRS (Near Infrared Spectrophotometry) is a non-invasive optical method for continuous measurement of tissue oxygenation and hemodynamic, which can be observed as relative changes in the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood and thus indirectly the oxygen content in the blood, ie tissue oxygenation.
In our experiment, we wanted to determine the practical limitations of NIRS method and correlation with an increase in muscle activity in the case of isometric muscle contraction (m. tibialis anterior). Simultaneously a more commonly used EMG (electromyography) method was employed. EMG is a method for the observation of muscle activity, based on the measurement of changes in electrical potential across the membrane of muscle fibres.
We found that the use of NIRS device NIRO2-X2 is impractical for use in the sports field and unreliable for a reproducible measurement. Our results show that in the case of momentary increase of voluntary isometric muscle contraction both NIRS and EMG signals are adequate parameters to determine the beginning of muscle activity increase.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gonçalo Baptista, Florbela A. Dias, Eduarda Filipe
ETHANOL PRIMARY GAS STANDARDS PREPARATION
In this paper it will be discussed the gravimetric method to produce ethanol primary gas standards according to the international standard ISO6142.
The ethanol gas standards are prepared by vaporizing ethanol in nitrogen and compressing them in a pressurized cylinder. During the preparation process careful control of weighing and all parameters that can influence it, such as air temperature, pressure and humidity, shall be made.
The standards composition are further analysed by the analytical method non dispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR). The traceability is assured comparing the composition with national standards of mass, pressure, temperature and other national/international amount of substance standards.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Aleksandar Nikolic, Ilija Stevanovic
POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Power quality measurement analysis of the electrostatic precipitator in thermal power plant under different working conditions is presented in the paper. Control of electrostatic precipitator is realized by digitally controlled antiparallel thyristors. In the first regime (continual) the constant firing angle of thyristor is set in dependence of the reference current. In other regime (intermittent) the ON/OFF period is set. For both control strategies the measurement of the content of higher harmonic of voltage and current is performed. Analysis of the measured results is done according to the methodology based on EU power quality standard EN 50160. The plant under investigation is electrostatic precipitator in the largest thermal power plant "Nikola Tesla A" in Serbia, but the obtained results could be used for any similar power plant.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jerzy Sladek, Marcin Krawczyk
MATRIX METHOD FOR LCMM — CONNECTION BETWEEN SUBSPACES OF REFERENCE POINTS
The article describes the transplantation of Matrix Method as an assessment of accuracy of coordinate measurement for Large CMM. The method of the synthetic description of the accuracy is used successfully for small and medium-sized CMMs. It is implemented for large measurements as research project nr: PB 5T07/D03824. The issue involves many problems, especially from a technical point of view. This article presents experiments concerning connections between reference subspaces – the crucial elements for implementation of Matrix Method.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Francesco Crenna, Giovanni Battista Rossi, Luca Bovio
MEASUREMENT SET UP FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS OF HOPPING
Hopping is a gesture that, though simple, is apt to providing precious information on human-body dynamics, including dynamic stability. Currently available studies are normally based on a limited set of sensors and scarcely provide metrological details. This paper presents a new multi-sensors measurement set-up, including acceleration, force, angles and image-based positions. The metrological characteristics of the system are discussed, including systematic and random uncertainty contributions, measurement conditions and procedure. The same experimental apparatus may be used for studying other motion gestures, such as stepping down, forced hopping or cycling, thus providing a flexible experimental tool.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Francesco Crenna, Giovanni Battista Rossi
MEASUREMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION OF VIBRATION EXPOSURE OF OPERATORS IN A SHIP CONTAINER TERMINAL
The measurement of the vibration transmitted to the human body is key for the prevention of the risk of spine damage, in the long run, for operators of industrial vehicles. Even if no such risk exists, such information is important for assessing the comfort and, consequently, for ensuring proper ergonomic conditions. In this paper we discuss important issues concerning the measurement of vibrations transmitted to operators by vehicles used for moving and handling containers in a maritime terminal. Sensor installation is considered, with particular attention to interfacing problems, proposals for improving the reliability of the measured values are presented and factors influencing the variability of measurement results are analysed. Lastly, experimental results are presented and discussed, with particular attention to characterising parameters used for exposure evaluation.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Enrico Marcuzzi, Giorgio Parzianello, Massimiliano Tordi, Massimo Bartolozzi, Massimo Lunardelli, Antonio Selmo, Luca Baglivo, Stefano Debei, Mariolino De Cecco
EXTRINSIC PARAMETERS CALIBRATION OF A STRUCTURED LIGHT SYSTEM VIA PLANAR HOMOGRAPHY BASED ON A REFERENCE SOLID
Structured light systems are widely used for three-dimensional shape reconstruction. The accuracy of the vision system parameters is of paramount importance for the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction. Often the extrinsic parameters change over time due to environmental conditions, in order to compensate for structured light parameters change, a self-recalibration method based on planar homography is proposed in this paper. The method uses the planar homography of corresponding points in two camera views to identify the relative position and orientation between the two cameras: one is the "real" camera, while the other is a reference solid considered as a "pseudo-camera". The laser plane of the structured light vision system is the constraining plane for the two cameras corresponding points.
In order to assess the metrological quality of the method an evaluation of the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction is performed by a two step Monte Carlo simulation. In a first step it is estimated the extrinsic parameters accuracy obtained by self-recalibration. In a second step the intrinsic parameters accuracy and the extrinsic one previously computed are used to evaluate the accuracy of 3D shape reconstruction. In the final version of the paper, the overall accuracy will be verified experimentally by a proper calibration setup.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

M. Joăo Nunes, M.J. Guiomar Lito, M. Filomena Camőes, Eduarda Filipe
PORTUGUESE PH INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON
The first interlaboratory comparison at national level for pH measurement of a primary standard phosphate buffer solution was carried out. The main aim of the exercise was to verify the way laboratories are planning and performing pH measurements and evaluates the performance of each laboratory. Seven laboratories have participated in this study.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vukan Ogrizovic, Violeta Vasilic, Sinisa Delcev, Jelena Gucevic
TESTING THE STABILITY OF GPS OSCILLATORS WITHIN SERBIAN PERMANENT GPS STATIONS NETWORK
Periodic tests of quartz oscillators incorporated in GPS receivers in Serbia are performed in accredited metrological laboratories by the procedure adopted in metrological laboratory ML160. However, receivers of Serbian permanent stations network (AGROS) are permanently mounted on the top of roofs of local cadastral offices, spread along territory of Serbia. They cannot be taken to a metrological laboratory for calibration because of need for constant work. A method for testing their oscillator stability is presented in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Oliver Mack, Sascha Mäuselein
RECOMMENDED FOR THE REVISION OF TEST PROCEDURES FOR LOAD CELLS IN LEGAL METROLOGY
Load cells (LC) used in weighing instruments under legal control can be tested separately as a module according to the OIML recommendation R60 (R60). R60 prescribes the principle metrological static characteristics and static evaluation procedures for LCs used in weighing instruments for legal metrology. Since the 1^st revision of R60 published in 2000 further developments of LCs lead to new experience and requirements.
This paper presents abnormalities of LCs observed on single test patterns like the influence of the force introduction, eccentricity effects, effects of excitation voltage variations, drying effects of the strain gauge sealing but also effects of temperature gradients that may strongly affect the metrological characteristic of LCs.
The effects have to be discussed and taken into account for a planned 2^nd revision of R60 if needed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tomáš Radil, Pedro M. Ramos, A. Cruz Serra
SINGLE-PHASE POWER QUALITY ANALYZER BASED ON A NEW DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM
This paper describes a simple power quality analyzer based on a digital signal processor. In this analyzer, a new algorithm for detection and classification of power quality events is implemented. The analyzer detects and classifies in real-time transients, waveform distortions, sags, interruptions and swells.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Renato Reis Machado, Cláudio Afonso Koch, Rafael Soares de Oliveira, Ana Rosa Martins, Carlos Rodrigo Roesler, Ieda Caminha
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS THAT INFLUENCE THE UNCERTAINTY SOURCES IN ORTOPHAEDIC IMPLANTS FATIGUE TESTS
Orthopaedic implants should be designed and manufactured in such a way to protect the patient and user against imperfections and damages. These medical devices require specific tests to evaluate their performance like: tensile strength, resistance to wear and fatigue, among others. These tests represent a way to ensure that the implants are both reasonably safe and effective for their intended use. Due to design requirements dictated by the anatomy, and physiology of the skeletal structure of the human body, these devices present complex geometric forms and so fatigue tests often involve applying complex load profiles under multi-axial conditions using specialized test fixtures. In this context, the uncertainty evaluation of the fatigue test assumes a relevant role to ensuring that the mechanical qualification of the orthopedic implant is been performed in agreement with the metrological requirements. This study presents an inter-institutional working plan to evaluate the testing machine performance and the uncertainty associated with fatigue tests of orthopaedic implants, including the identification and quantification of uncertainty sources and the first steps leading to the development of a methodology for dynamic force calibration.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Luca Callegaro, Vincenzo D'Elia, Bruno Trinchera
CALIBRATION OF CAPACITANCE STANDARDS WITH A QUADRATURE BRIDGE
National Metrology Institutes employ the quadrature bridge in the traceability chain to derive the farad from the ohm (represented with the quantum Hall effect). The bridge calibrates the capacitance product of the two capacitors being measured; a separate measurement with a ratio bridge is usually required to estimate each capacitor independently.
We describe here a method which, by measuring three capacitance standards with the quadrature bridge only, permits to derive the value of each capacitor without resorting to other measurement systems. The method has been checked with an automated quadrature bridge at the level of 1 nF, and verified by measurement on a ratio bridge.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Albert Weckenmann, Teresa Werner
DEVELOPMENT OF USER GROUP SPECIFIC TRAINING CONCEPTS FOR METROLOGY IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Measurement results provide important information about the measured objects. In industrial application, this is used to inspect products and control processes. To enable reliable statements based on the measurement results, all concerned employees need sufficient competences to fulfil their specific tasks, e.g. a correct execution of the measurement task, but also a proper interpretation of measurement results or inspection-oriented and functional dimensioning.
So far, many training offers for operators in metrology have been developed. But other user groups in an industrial enterprise also need appropriate training regarding fundamental knowledge and a basic understanding for metrological concerns. Thus, specific offers have to be designed, directed at the particular needs of typical user groups in an industrial enterprise, in order to enable informed communication and support cooperation among all employees concerned with the application of measurement results.
To ensure an efficient and comprehensive approach, a methodology for the development of advanced vocational training has been defined. Following this, a systematic analysis of the metrological competences needed by each user group has been executed. Combined with the results of a user needs analysis, requirements and constraints are defined as a base for the development of user group specific training concepts.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gustavo Ripper, Ronaldo Dias
ANALYSIS OF TYPE A UNCERTAINTIES IN PRIMARY ACCELEROMETER CALIBRATIONS APPLYING THE SINE-APPROXIMATION METHOD
This paper discusses the effect of residual components on type A uncertainties determined by multiple linear regression of quadrature homodyne output signals. Primary accelerometer calibrations employing the sine-approximation method allow the determination of the fit uncertainty through the covariance matrix. Frequency components that are not included in the regression model lead to increased uncertainties. The uncertainty obtained from the regression is therefore not exclusively due to random data variance at the calibration frequency, but due to deterministic error of the model. Analysis of the regression residues and a correction method is proposed to obtain more realistic uncertainty values. Some results obtained from simulated data sets are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Koichiro Hattori, Yutaka Seino, Takashi Usuda
A CONTACT POINT DETECTION FOR INDENTATION TEST OF LOW-K FILM
In the instrumented indentation test including nanoindentation, the mechanical parameters are calculated by test force and indenter contact/surface area. The area is determined as a function of depth, which is measured as the displacement from surface of sample. Therefore how to determine the surface is important, however, it is not easy to determine sample surface exactly during the test. Because nanoindentation machines detect the surface as a velocity decreasing point or stiffness increasing point with monitoring the indenter motion at the surface finding process. The detected surface point much deeper than the original sample surface and varies with depending on the mechanical properties of the sample.
In this report, we observed the surface contact behaviour of sapphire and low-k film using commercial indentation tester ENT-1100a (Elionix Co.). In the small penetration depth, observed results show the good agreement with Hertz's contact theory for both hard and very soft material. Then the first portion of the loading curve is fitted to the elastic theory, and surface point is determined as zero-force point of the fitted curve. We applied the proposed surface correction method for the elastic modulus measurement of low-k films, which have 150, 200, 300, 500 and 700 nm thickness on silicon substrate. The variation of estimated film modulus for each thickness sample was obtained as 6 - 11 GPa without correction and as 5 - 7 GPa after the proposed correction.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roberto Buccianti, Marco Cibien, Luca Mari, Bruno Rebaglia
ACCURACY, TRUENESS, AND PRECISION: CONSIDERATIONS BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL VOCABULARY OF METROLOGY (VIM, 3RD ED.) AND RELATED STANDARDS
The paper analyzes the concept of accuracy, and the related ones of trueness and precision, as aimed at characterizing the behavior of measurement processes, and highlights how such concepts, as currently defined by some relevant standards, should be reformulated to guarantee their consistency. Finally, some preliminary suggestions are proposed to this goal.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Norbert Greif, Graeme Parkin
AN INTERNATIONALLY HARMONISED MEASUREMENT SOFTWARE GUIDE: THE NEED AND THE CONCEPT
Software is an intrinsic part of measurement. It is used in instruments to control experiments, store and process measurement data, analyse and display results and to implement mathematical techniques. Some innovations in measurement have been enabled through the use of software for simulations or complex analysis. For example, the international temperature scale ITS90 requires the processing of high order polynomials and can only be implemented using software. Given this reliance, improvements in the quality of software and reduced cost of its development are vital to the effective delivery of metrology.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Elsa Batista, Nelson Almeida, Eduarda Filipe, Peter Lau
EURAMET REGIONAL KEY COMPARISON - VOLUME COMPARISON AT 20 L
The EURAMET Key comparison "Volume comparison at 20 L", between fourteen National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), was performed with a gravimetric method procedure. This paper describes the data evaluation (determination of the reference value and a chi-square test) and uncertainty analysis of the results.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jorge C. Torres-Guzmán, Salustiano Ruiz, Pablo Olvera, MŞ. Nieves Medina
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE COMPARISON FROM 20 Pa TO 3 500 Pa BETWEEN CEM-SPAIN AND CENAM-MEXICO
The results of a comparison in differential pressure between CEM-Spain and CENAM-Mexico are presented here. The comparison was performed in 2008. A high accuracy digital manometer was used for the comparison. The manometer had good behaviour during the period of the comparison, having a small drift which had no effect in the comparison. The results of the measurements showed very good agreement between the measurements performed by CEM and CENAM. For the range of the comparison it can be said that CEM and CENAM have equivalence of measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Li Tao, Dai Ming, Lin Jing, Zhang Yue, Zhang Zhimin
THE TORQUE STANDARD MACHINES IN CHINA
This paper describes the development of torque standard machines in China, its measurement range and its measurement uncertainty information etc. Also, the situation of torque standard machines which are in building process or will be built in the future is described in this document. In 1970's, the first standard machine for measuring torques was developed in Shanghai and it initiated the history of torque measurement in China. In the whole development process, there appeared four types of machines, which are:
a) the rolling bearing type,
b) the knife-edge type,
c) the air-bearing type and
d) the flexible supporting type. Nowadays, the torque standard machines in China are developing to the direction of large torque, super-large torque, small torque and mini torque ranges, and they are stepping into the international level rank.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jian Wu
REALISATION OF A PRIMARY AIR VELOCITY STANDRAD USING LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER AND PRECISION WIND TUNNEL
A primary air velocity meter calibration standard comprising of a precisely controlled wind tunnel system and a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) system was developed for the calibration of air velocity meters from 0.2 m/s to 60 m/s with measurement uncertainties of less than 0.18% to 0.63%. The LDA system is used to verify the wind speed in the test section of the wind tunnel, and provide traceability to the SI for air speed measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Petr Fidler, Petr Beneš
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE DISPLACEMENT EXCITED BY EMAT TRANSDUCER
The article discusses the measurement of surface displacement of an electrically conductive solid material. Deflection is excited by electro-magneto-acoustic transducer (hereinafter referred to as EMAT). Measurement is realized by laser interferometer. In our research the precise surface displacement measurement is necessary for two reasons. First is EMAT transducer numerical model convergence verification, second is the experimental optimization of EMAT transducer parameters such as sensitivity, frequency and direction characteristics. Used laser interferometer allows the accurate assessment of surface displacement in a relatively small item, which gives an advantage over using piezoelectric acoustic emission sensors that are limited by aperture effect at small wavelengths. In addition, laser interferometer is capable of surface displacement measuring directly under the EMAT device, which is very difficult with using other methods.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vesna Spasic Jokic, Milan Orlic
ESTIMATION OF PATIENT EFFECTIVE DOSE FROM ¹³¹I USING MONTE CARLO CALCULATION
During the oral application of radionuclide therapy it is from the vital importance to measure effective dose in stomach in which the Na¹³¹I therapeutic capsule stays during the 15 minutes which is long enough to make risky exposure. As it is not possible to determine it by direct measurements there is a strong recommendation to estimate the dose by calculation. The main goal is to calculate effective dose and risk as a result of ¹³¹I capsules remaining in stomach before the absorption starts. Monte Carlo code MCNP4b was used to model the transport of gamma and beta particles emitted by radionuclide ¹³¹I treated as a point source at the bottom of the stomach. Absorbed energy per unit transformation in stomach and surrounding organs has been calculated. The dose equivalents in these organs have been calculated in aim to determine the effective doses using appropriate tissue weighting factor values. The local doses in stomach wall reached the values in order of several hundreds of grays in a very short time. In such case the traditional concept of risk is not applicable, so it becomes necessary to create the very new concept which is able to cover higher risks under presented circumstances.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Riadh Hannachi, Zaccaria Silvestri, Daniel du Colombier, Patrick Pinot
USE OF MIRAGE EFFECT FOR THE DETECTION OF ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE Pt – 10% Ir ALLOY OF MASS STANDARD
One among factors responsible of the instability of mass standard is the adsorption and desorption induced by the cleaning products. An optical non-contact method based on mirage effect is proposed to investigate the adsorption/desorption of cleaning solvents on the surface of mass standards at conditions close to normal temperature and pressure (NTP). A model developed for the mirage effect when physical adsorption occurs on a non-porous sample under NTP conditions is recalled. The experimental results of the mirage deflection obtained, in the case of platinum iridium alloy with ethanol itrogen and ether itrogen mixture, and the relation between the phase of the mirage deflection and the adsorption isotherm allow the measurement of the parameters characterizing the adsorption process, such as the amount of adsorbed matter in the first monolayer.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maria Ascensăo Trancoso, Sheila Alves, Margarida Correia dos Santos
TRACEABILITY STATEMENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CHROMIUM MASS FRACTION IN SERPENTINE SOILS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
The purpose of this work is to contribute for the metrological traceability statement of chemical measurements. Traceability statement for total chromium mass fraction in serpentine soils was developed. Accordingly, the quantity values requiring a high degree of control are calibration and quality control standard solutions, matrix certified reference material and the calibration curve model fit.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gaber Beges, Janko Drnovšek
FLAT SURFACE TEMPERATURE PROBE INFLUENCE ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
This paper deals with the influence of the flat surface temperature probe measuring temperature. Different measurement approaches for measuring surface temperature are possible. For the purpose of safety testing of household appliances surface temperature measurements are very important. General requirements are presented in European standards, which support requirements in European Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EC. Paper introduces comparison of temperature measurement between attached thermocouple on the measured surface and measurement with flat surface temperature probe. As a heat generator an oven and a temperature artefact are used. Probes and thermocouples are applied to the surface in horizontal and vertical position, using also different force for application of probes. Reference temperature was measured by J-type fine-wire (0.2 mm) thermocouple. Two probes were homemade according to requirements in [2], but one with fine-wire (0.2 mm) thermocouple and one with 0.5 mm of thermocouple wire diameter. The third compared probe was a commercial one not in accordance with the standard requirement for dimensions. Results showed that only probe with fine-wire thermocouple can be used for the measurement of surface temperature. It's deviation from the reference thermocouple attached to the surface was the lowest. The other probes also influenced the unit measured so that the temperature dropped.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Carlo Carobbi, Guido Pellicci, Simone Vieri
ERROR MODELING OF STATIC ENERGY METERS
The scope here is to derive a model of the measurement error of static energy meters. The model proposed is based on three error parameters: gain, phase and bias error. The validity of the model is confirmed through the statistical analysis of the measurement results obtained during the calibration of a commercial energy meter, compliant with the Measuring Instruments Directive 2004/22/EC. The experiments also involved operating conditions of the meter beyond those required by the calibration procedure prescribed by the relevant standards. A further analysis is offered aimed at verifying the statistical significance of the parameters of the model.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Domen Hudoklin
INTERNET-BASED REMOTE CONTROL OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE BY A THIN CLIENT
Measuring equipment is often complex and expensive. So training on a simulation in virtual experiments is in many cases a good idea, especially if it is conducted over the internet. On the other hand, mathematical models, needed for the simulation of a complex measuring device and complex measuring phenomena have limited efficiency. For this reason a remote control of the real equipment, in this particular case the oscilloscope, is presented in this article. The training efficiency is increased by time sharing the instrument over the internet. Another goal was also to develop a realistic web-based interface that could be used by thin clients, such as an ordinary internet browser without the need for installation of supporting applications. Article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of such approach.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Klaus Oppermann, Bernhard Zagar
MATERIAL CHARACTARIZATION FOR A TERNEOL-D BASED FORCE SENSOR
In this paper the magneto-elastic effect is taken under further investigation, to determine the utility of the novel material Terfenol-D in force sensor applications. A measurement set-up is designed and the characteristic material parameters like magnetization diagram, butterfly diagram and the reluctance dependent on the applied mechanical load is determined. The results demonstrate that it is possible to sense both static and dynamic forces with only a single read out coil. The resultant simple arrangement of the set-up combined with the not fully utilized overload capability given by the elastic range of the sensing material Terfenol-D guarantees its robustness.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

H. Röck, Felix Koschmieder
ADVANCED PHASOR CONTROL FOR A CORIOLIS MASS FLOW METER (CMFM)
Advanced control of Coriolis Mass Flow Meters (CMFM) is crucial in situations with multiphase flow and absolutely necessary to prevent the meter from stalling. A high dynamic response of the meter is also of great importance in order to realize advanced features s.a. parameter identification for self-diagnosis or detection of changes in sensitivity and zero. In [4] a cyclic stimulation of the coriolis-mode of the CMFM, representing a virtual mass flow, is presented for generating diagnostic data and marks a major step towards the realization of such features. The presented phasor control scheme for phasors with quasi stationary frequencies reduces the cycle time by a factor of two with respect to [6] and allows to handle situations with multiphase flow. The control performance is much better than reported before but can still be enhanced if the scheme is extended to time-varying frequencies.
In the paper only the drive-mode of the CMFM(single straight pipe) is investigated. The control objective is to stimulate the oscillation system in its a priori unknown eigenfrequency ω₀₁ by phase control and to allow for phase and amplitude control simultaneously. This is different to conventional control schemes where phase and amplitude control have to be separated in time in order to work properly. The control scheme is tested in simulation and realized in an experimental setup of a CMFM.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tadej Podgornik, Valentin Batagelj, Jovan Bojkovski, Janko Drnovšek
NONLINEARITY TESTING OF EQUIPMENT USED IN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
In this paper the nonlinearity testing of seven resistance instruments used to measure temperature is presented. Tested were four multi-meter type instruments which use the UI method to determine resistance and three resistance bridges that measure resistance as a ratio between a resistance thermometer and a standard resistor.
The device used to measure the nonlinearity of the instruments was a RBC100 resistance bridge calibrator. The device is a passive four resistor matrix that enables for 35 different resistances to be generated by parallel/series switching of the four base resistors. The device had been previously automated for easier use. This eliminates the need for an operator to be present during calibration, the device can also be placed in an thermally stable enclosure and switched from within it. The software that was purposely developed for the automated work with the RBC100 controls both the calibrator as well as gathers measurements from the instrument under test. The software also calculates non-linearity and keeps record of the measurements that were performed.
During testing, two rounds of measurement sets were performed. During each round 3 sets of all 35 combinations were measured on every instrument under test. The multi-meter type instruments nonlinearity was measured to be far lower than the declared uncertainty. The linearities of the resistance bridges were in most cases equal to the declared uncertainty value. This was however to be expected, since bridge nonlinearity accounts for the major part of its uncertainty. Non-linearities were in the range from 380 µΩ (6 ˝ digit multi-meter) down to 2 µΩ (best resistance bridge).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Holger Nicklich, Martin Brucke, Michael Mende
THE NEED FOR CONTROLLED SHOCKS - A NEW TYPE OF SHOCK EXCITER ALLOWS TO APPLY WELL DEFINED MECHANICAL SHOCKS
Shock exciters available on the market today suffer from a lack of control of the generated shocks. This paper will present a new type of shock exciter developed by SPEKTRA which is based on the well known Hopkinson-Bar but using a piezoelectric actuator to apply the force pulse input (* patent pending). It will be shown that a piezoelectric actuator driven Hopkinson-Bar generates well defined shocks allowing the control of pulse width and amplitude independently over a wide range. Furthermore the spectrum of the applied shocks can be controlled accurately by shaping the input force pulse coming from the actuator. Thus this new shock exciter is a valuable tool for shock calibration in metrology as well as for sensor characterisation in development departments.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Agnieszka Bialek, Alistair B. Forbes, Teresa Goodman, Ruth Montgomery, Martin Rides, Gerie van der Heijden, Hilko van der Heijden, Gerrit Polder, Krista Overvliet
MODEL DEVELOMPENT TO PREDICT PERCEIVED DEGREE OF NATURALNESS
This paper presents the development of a mathematical model to predict the perception of naturalness for a range of materials, based on an understanding of the relationship between the physical attributes of the material and the human sensory inputs. The work is being carried out under an European Union project called 'Measurement of Naturalness' (MONAT), which focuses on understanding the relationships between the physical properties of natural and synthetic materials and the visual and tactile sensory processes that lead to perceptual judgments of naturalness. Integral to the project is the development of novel measurement facilities with dynamic ranges and sensitivities that are relevant for the human sensory systems. The input data to the model are derived from psychophysical and physical studies on pre-selected wood, textile and stone samples.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ranny Michalski, Marco Nabuco, Gustavo Ripper
UNCERTAINTY INVESTIGATION OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF AIRBORNE SOUND INSULATION
Sound insulation is very important for the acoustic quality of buildings. The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, ABNT, published a set of standards concerning the evaluation of the performance of buildings up to five floors, ABNT NBR 15755, and sound insulation is one the considered topics. Minimum, intermediate and superior values are presented for some acoustic parameters. In order to make measurements carried out by different professionals comparable with the values established in the standards, the uncertainty of the results shall be expressed. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, ISO/IEC Guide 98 (GUM), is the international document that standardizes how to assess the uncertainty of a measurement result.
In general, two types of methods are used to measure sound insulation parameters: the classical method and the new method or impulsive response method. However, there is not an established and simple procedure to obtain the measurement uncertainty. Uncertainties estimates are available only for the classical method.
Measurements of airborne sound insulation between rooms were carried out in field conditions with the impulse response method and the work presents a study of the estimate of the uncertainties of the results, in accordance with the GUM.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Leszek Rozanski, Stanislaw Poloszyk
INFLUENCE OF RADIATION DIFFRACTION UPON METROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE IR LINE SCANNER
The influence of IR radiation diffraction upon geometrical resolution of the IR line scanner has been analysed in the paper. Analysis of IR line scanner properties in band 3 – 5 µm and 8 – 12 µm proved that when applying the aperture diaphragms the influence of the radiant diffraction upon geometrical resolution may be significant. This influence is stronger for larger f numbers N in the applied optical systems. It was shown that for large values of f numbers the thermal resolution of the IR line scanner can be improved by reducing the bandwidth of the electronic system of the scanner, without considerable deterioration of geometrical resolution.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ales Hribernik, Maja Bauman, Aleksandra Lobnik
APLICATION OF 2^k FACTORIAL DESIGN IN WASTEWATER DECOLORIZATION RESEARCH
This research deals with the decolorization of synthetic wastewater prepared with 1:2 metal complex textile dye C.I. Acid Blue 193 by AOP ozonation (O₃) and H₂O₂/O₃ process. In order to minimize the number of experiments, experiments were performed using the 2⁵ factorial design. Five influential parameters were examined: initial dye concentration, ozone flow rate, initial pH value, decolorization time and H₂O₂ addition. According to the variance test analysis, only the first four parameters and their first and higher order interactions are significant, while the fifth factor, i.e. H₂O₂ addition, proved insignificant within the range examined in our tests. With the help of the significant factors, a regression model was constructed and model adequacy checked. The obtained regression polynomial was used to model the relation between absorbance and influential process parameters by fitting the response surface. Response surface may be used to predict absorbance resulted from a set of influential parameters, or it can be rearranged in such a way to predict the set of process decolorization parameters, necessary to reduce the absorbance of wastewater with the given initial dye concentration below the prescribed limit. It is also shown that 2^k factorial design can be suitable to predict ozonation operating expenses.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Craig Coull, Edmund Spearman, Jason Laidlaw
REAL LIFE ULTRASONIC FLOWMETER VERIFICATION FOR UPSTREAM CUSTODY TRANSFER METERING NATURAL GAS
Ultrasonic gas flowmeters (USM) employing multiple paths and transit time technology are becoming established in the upstream oil and gas industry for custody transfer flow measurement. This is mainly due to the advantages of wider flow range capability, and lower pressure loss over that of conventional differential pressure type flow meters such as orifice plates.
It is now more than a decade since ultrasonic meters were first applied to high accuracy gas flow metering, and standards and guidance documents have developed much in this time. However in the area of on-going measurement verification procedures, there is still minimal standardisation. Current standards provide guidance but leave ongoing verification procedures to the parties involved. Industry regulators such as government departments, pipeline operators etc require that flow measurements are verified on an ongoing basis to the required uncertainty levels.
This paper describes a custody transfer USM metering station (measurement uncertainty of ±1%) installed on the Petrojarl Banff an FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offload vessel). It describes the specifically developed verification techniques, and reviews verification data collected over 4 years of operation.
The verification procedures applied have been successful in satisfying the pipeline operator of the suitability of the ultrasonic metering station. It is proposed that the procedures described could form the basis for industry standard USM verification.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Hamza Alkhatib, Ingo Neumann, Hansjürg Kutterer
EVALUATING UNCERTAINTIES OF LASERSCANNER MEASUREMENTS BY USING A JOINT MONTE CARLO AND FUZZY APPROACH
The evaluation of uncertainties according to the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" is presented in this study based on a novel Fuzzy-random-variables approach. Whereas the classically proposed methods like Monte Carlo techniques treat all uncertainties as having a random nature, the fuzzy technique distinguishes between aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties. The aleatoric components are modeled in a Monte Carlo framework, and the epistemic uncertainties were treated with fuzzy techniques. The applied procedure is outlined showing both the theory and a numerical example for the evaluation of uncertainties in an application for terrestrial laserscanning.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniel Schwind, Torsten Hahn
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF CARRIER FREQUENCY OR DIRECT CURRENT VOLTAGE IN FORCE CALIBRATIONS
This paper describes analysis and evaluation of calibration of several force transducer types, each transducer first calibrated by a precision amplifier at 5 V 225 HZ carrier frequency excitation voltage and second by a precision amplifier at 5 V direct current excitation voltage. Some calibrations were made according to ISO 376 in order to determine the uncertainty; much more calibrations were performed in two series with changing amplifier in order to detect the influence of the excitation voltage. There were two goals of the investigation: The first goal was to achieve confidence of the different calibration equipment for carrier frequency and direct current voltage by statistical data, the second goal was to experience the interchangeability of two different amplifier types on different transducer types.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sara Lietz, Falk Tegtmeier, Dirk Röske, Rolf Kumme, Daniel Schwind
INVESTIGATION AND CALIBRATION OF A FORCE VECTOR SENSOR WITH A CALIBRATION ARTEFACT
This paper deals with the investigation of a new type of force vector sensor developed by Gassmann Testing and Metrology (GTM). The measurements were performed in the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig. The new force vector sensor is capable of measuring the main axial force and six secondary components: two side forces perpendicular to the main axis, three axial forces arranged in a triangle parallel to the main axis and furthermore a moment with the main axis of the sensor as axis of rotation. With these components one can describe the force as a vector giving the amplitude of the force vector, its direction and the force application point.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Fabrizio Ciancetta, Edoardo Fiorucci, Giovanni Bucci, Carmine Landi
EVENT-BASED DISTRIBUTED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR PQ MONITORING APPLICATIONS
The problem of locate disturbance sources in power network is a critical task. Several methods based on multi point measurement techniques have been proposed in the last few years proving a good contribution on this filed. In this paper an event-based distributed measurement system for power network has been developed. The system adopts a hierarchical approach to monitor the power network: the sensing parts are measurement systems which perform the monitoring of Power Quality (PQ) parameters such as Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Root Mean Square (RMS); the management part is a supervisor node which uses an asynchronous symmetric communication protocol to exchange information with the devices connected to the network. When an abnormal behaviour has recorded, the measurement system notifies the supervisor node which begins to download the data from every smart sensor connected to it. To give much more freedom end flexibility to the sensors network, the smart sensors use the Web services technology to export its services and functionalities. In this paper, the main parts of the system are explained in details and some experimental results are reported.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roberto Buccianti, Marco Cibien, Luca Mari, Bruno Rebaglia
MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION: CONSIDERATIONS BASED ON THE INTERNATIONAL VOCABULARY OF METROLOGY (VIM, 3rd ED.) AND RELATED STANDARDS
Following the publication of the 3^rd edition of the International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms, the paper gives a comprehensive analysis of specific issues concerning the calibration operations of a measuring instrument and the proper application of the many relevant concepts.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giancarlo Golluccio, Pasquale Arpaia, Marco Buzio
MEASUREMENT OF EDDY CURRENT TRANSIENTS IN FAST-CYCLED LINAC QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS AT CERN
The paper deals with a fast measurement technique of electromagnetic transients due to eddy currents in fast-cycled magnets for linear particle accelerators. First the context of the problem, related to the need for accurate control of the magnetic field quality in order to ensure the stability and performance of the particle beam in dynamic conditions (field ramps up to about 700 T/s) is outlined. Then the measurement technique and the setup employed are described by referring to a case study on a quadrupole magnet for Linac4, a new linear particle accelerator currently being built at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Finally, the results of the measurement campaigns carried out on a quadrupole magnet and on a reference air-core solenoid are discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jürgen Czarske, Thorsten Pfister, Lars Büttner
LASER DOPPLER DISTANCE SENSOR FOR FAST SHAPE MEASUREMENTS AT ROTATING OBJECTS
For monitoring the shape of fast rotating objects such as turbo machine rotors, contactless and compact sensors with a high measurement rate as well as high precision are required. We present a novel laser Doppler distance sensor for shape measurements of rough technical surfaces. This novel sensor offers concurrently high distance resolution in the micron range and high temporal resolution in the microsecond range. Especially the distance measurement uncertainty is, in principle, independent of the lateral object velocity. In order to prove its operational capability shape measurements of fast rotating objects are demonstrated in comparison with conventional sensors.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Željko Alar, Mladen Franz, Tamara Aleksandrov, Sanja Šolic
INSTALLATION AND UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF REFERENCE HARDNESS STANDARD OF CROATIA
Reference hardness standard with HV1 – HV50 measuring range was installed at LIMS (Laboratory for Testing Mechanical Properties) at the end of 2007 with the aim of providing continuous improvement of the metrology infrastructure of Croatia. The evaluation of the measurement uncertainty is one of the most important tasks for establishing this reference standard. Therefore, the influence quantities contributing to the uncertainty were determined and the machine calibrated by direct and indirect method. In this paper the results of the measurements are presented and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Dobrogowski, Przemyslaw Lisowski
THE DEPENDENCE OF THE INRUSH CURRENT OF A TRANSFORMER UPON SWITCHING OFF/ON PHASES
The relation between the level of the inrush current of a single phase transformer and the phases of disconnecting the transformer from AC source and then connecting it to the same source is investigated. The measurement setup is presented. Results of the experiment are discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eyüp Bilgiç, Enver Sadikeglu, Baki Karaböce, Cafer Kirbas, A. Izzet Turan
PRIMARY ACCELEROMETER CALIBRATION IN UME BY SINE APPROXIMATION METHOD
The traceability of the vibration measurements to SI units is maintained through the calibration of the reference transducers. Primary calibration of the reference transducers in the field of mechanical vibration and shock is performed in accordance with the international standard ISO 16063-11. In some applications beside magnitude of the transducer’s sensitivity, the knowledge of phase shift is also required. Magnitude and phase shift of the complex sensitivity of the reference transducer could be obtained by applying the sine approximation method, described in ISO 16063-11 standard. In general, this method is applied in many leading National Metrology Institutes in the world. However, experimental implementation of the method varies from one institute to another. The experimental setup constructed in Turkish National Metrology Institute for the realization of sine approximation technique and calibration results for reference standard accelerometers are presented in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
LOW NOISE DC POWER SUPPLIES
Some measuring systems are very sensitive on disturbances incoming from power supplies. If no accumulators are used for their power supply, which ensure a minimum signal noise and transmission jamming signal from power network, special power supplies have to be constructed for them. An example of a possible influence of a disturbance, which spreads along to the power supply on high pure sine-wave signal source, is presented in our contribution, whereas the requirements on the power supply are also specified. Furthermore, an analysis of the construction of these sources is effected and a sample of the source construction and records are introduced.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL NETWORK NON-LINEARITY IN A METROLOGICAL LABORATORY
Test signals that are used by high precise measuring have to contain minimum harmonic components of basic frequency. All non-linearity in electronic circuits may be sources of harmonic components in testing signals. Traditional methods and new method for the small nonlinearity measuring of electronic components and circuits are described in this paper. There are presented examples of measured intermodulation product levels on transmission lines components.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jaroslav Bohacek, Radek Sedlacek, Jan Kucera
FOUR TERMINAL-PAIR COAXIAL STANDARDS OF CAPACITANCE
Four terminal-pair coaxial capacitance standards with nominal values of 1 pF and 10 pF have been realized and, using a uniform transmission line model, their frequency dependences have been evaluated. 1:1 comparisons against reference capacitors with known frequency dependence (Agilent 16381A and Agilent 16382A) have shown that the values of the 1 pF and the 10 pF standard change by 0,04 % and -0,05 % respectively when frequency increases from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Miloslav Ohlidal, Ivan Ohlidal, Petr Klapetek, D. Necas
PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION OF NON-UNIFORM THIN FILMS BY IMAGING SPECTROSCOPIC REFLECTOMETRY
A new method of imaging spectroscopic photometry enabling us to perform the complete optical characterization of thin films exhibiting area non-uniformity in optical parameters is presented. An original imaging spectroscopic photometer operating in the reflection mode at normal incidence is used to apply this method. A CCD camera serves as a detector in this photometer. Therefore the spectral dependences of the reflectance of the films characterized are simultaneously measured in small areas of the films surface corresponding to the individual pixels of the CCD camera. These areas form a matrix along a relatively large part of the films surface. The spectral reflectance measured by the individual pixels of the CCD camera is treated separately using the formulae for the reflectance corresponding to the uniform thin films. Using these formulae it is possible to determine the values of the local thickness and local optical constants for every small area of the matrix. In this way it is possible to determine distributions (maps) of the local thickness and local optical constants of the non-uniform films simultaneously in principle. The method described was used to characterize carbon-nitride thin films exhibiting only the thickness non-uniformity deposited by the method of dielectric barrier discharge onto the silicon single crystal substrates.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sascha Mäuselein, Oliver Mack, Roman Schwartz, Gerd Jäger
INVESTIGATIONS OF NEW SILICON LOAD CELLS WITH THIN-FILM STRAIN GAUGES
This paper discusses the usability of load cells (LCs) made of single crystalline silicon (Si) mechanical springs with sputtered-on thin-film strain gauges (SGs) as sensors for force and weighing measurements. Experimental investigations of the characteristic line in a temperature range from -10 °C to 40 °C concerning reproducibility, hysteresis and linearity are presented. The results offer the usability of the Si LC in the range of precision measurement if temperature behaviour of sensitivity and linearity are compensated.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tassanai Sanponpute, Pramann Chantaraksa, Nattapon Saenkhum, Nittaya Arksonnarong
SUSPENDED-FULCRUM TORQUE STANDARD MACHINE
National Institute of Metrology Thailand (NIMT) has designed and developed suspended-fulcrum torque standard machine. The main design is to replace air bearing with the 30-µm-sheet metal as a fulcrum. The advantages of the design are the lower cost and maintenance than air bearing-fulcrum type. The experiment was done to evaluate the sensitivity of the suspended fulcrum, which is directly affected by the bending stiffness of the thin metal sheet. Also, the different between left and right arm length is calculated from the trimmed mass used for equilibrium balancing at each applied torque. Finally, all the uncertainty of fulcrum, weight set and arm length are used to calculate the relative expanded uncertainty of torque measurement, which is 5 × 10^-5.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jacek Piskorowski, Roman Kaszynski, Miguel Angel Gutierrez de Anda, Arturo Sarmiento-Reyes
A NEW APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF POST-DAC FILTERS
In many measurement applications, it is required to have digital-to-analog converters (DAC). All DACs use a reconstruction (anti-imaging) filter as the final step in the conversion process. Without this filter, generating a continuous-amplitude signal would not be possible. This paper presents a new theoretical concept of a post-DAC continuous-time filter. The proposed filter was designed so as to provide both a constant group delay over the desired frequency band and a maximally flat magnitude response. Moreover, the filter coefficients were varied in the time in order to accelerate the filter response. Results verifying the effectiveness of the proposed approach are presented and compared to the performance of a traditional lowpass reconstruction filter.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniel Belega, Ciprian Dughir
ACQUISITION SIGNALS FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD-METERS USING DIGITAL MULTIMETERS WITH EVENT LOGGING MODE
The portable digital multimeters (DMMs) frequently recommended to be used for data acquisition from electromagnetic field meters are the data logging DMMs. In this paper it is shown that it is better to use for this task the DMMs with event logging mode instead of the ones with the data logging mode. The advantages obtained using these DMMs are presented. The performed experimental results prove that the DMMs with event logging mode performed the best.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
CONTACTLESS DIAGNOSTICS OF THIN FILM LAYERS
Thin layer resistance measurement using the change of complex coil impedance is a contact-less method for conductive layer diagnostics. The analysed sample is inserted into the leakage field of the coil. Our conclusions of a theoretic analysis have been verified in experimental arrangement with a measuring coil and a vector impedance meter. The layer sheet resistance is evaluated by electronic system. A special algorithm, ensuring the explicit evaluation of the measuring, is used for determination of the layer sheet resistance.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Burcu Binici Gökçen, Fatma Akçadag
DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN TOMATO AND EVALUATION OF PROFICIENCY TESTING RESULTS
In this study proficiency testing (PT) scheme on determination of organochlorine pesticides in tomato which is organized by TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), is evaluated. Participating laboratories are supposed to analyse Endosulfan I, Endosulfan Sulfate, Alpha-BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin and 4,4 DDD pesticides in tomato. The aim of proficiency testing scheme organization is to evaluate of performance of laboratories which analyse the pesticide residue in tomato.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Valentin Batagelj, Jovan Bojkovski
NOISE AND INTERFERENCE IN THERMOMETRY RESISTANCE BRIDGES
This paper analyses the influence of interference from non-ideal laboratory environment on the resistance-bridge operation. Interference can be either the result of thermal emf, electromagnetically induced voltage or harmonic distortion of the power supply voltage. Interference is manifested as the increased measurement dispersion or even as non-negligible change in the measured resistance.
Thermal emf is the voltage generated by the temperature gradients on junctions of different metals. Resistance bridges are cancelling this effect by using either alternating current or DC current reversal.
Electromagnetic interference is air transmitted interference that generates induced voltage in the thermometer, connecting cables and/or bridge circuits. This effect results not only in unstable bridge operation and increased noise, but can also produce an offset in bridge readings.
Ideally, AC power supply voltage would be pure sine with constant frequency, phase and amplitude, but in practice it is often distorted. Higher order harmonics and/or subharmonics may interfere with the bridge operation.
Experiments with interference sources were conducted on the DC resistance bridge MI6010 and the AC resistance bridge ASL F900. The results were compared and advantages and not only disadvantages of AC and DC principle were outlined, but also some practical recommendations for the reduction of interference are given based on practical observations and experiments.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jovan Bojkovski, Valentin Batagelj, Janko Drnovšek, Vincencij Žužek
PRACTICAL LIMITS OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES IN CALIBRATION OF STANDARD PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS BY COMPARISON
Usually, SPRTs are calibrated at fixed points, but due to the high cost of a primary realization of physical quantities and time needed for the calibration at fixed points, it can be reasonable to calibrate them by comparison at the highest level.
The calibration by comparison is a technique most widely used to calibrate measuring instruments, not only in industry but also in many secondary calibration laboratories. Calibration procedures of a typical secondary laboratory are based on the use of transfer standards, which are usually calibrated in a primary laboratory, thus providing traceability to (inter)national standards through a process of dissemination of a unit with an associated uncertainty.
The aim of the paper is to show that temperature calibrations by comparison, in the range from –95 °C up to 300 °C, can result in a calibration uncertainty (k = 2) of 0,005 °C, which is sufficiently low for many industrial applications and secondary calibration laboratories.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

M. Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, Ryszard Hypszer, Bogdan B. Kosmowski
OPTIMIZATION OF THE FIBER-OPITC FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETER CONSTRUCTION
In this article authors present the optimization of fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer to attain the maximum resolution and accuracy of the sensor. The low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometer working in reflective mode has been implemented. This interferometer was chosen for optimization because using it can have a lot of applications in practice. Its advantages are: relatively simple configuration, potentially low cost, high resolution and low inertia on temperature changes. Furthermore, because of its small size it is possible to make nearly point wise measurement. Authors present theoretical analysis and experimental results of optimization of the fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer, which has been designed and elaborated at our laboratory.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrea Cataldo, Emanuele Piuzzi, Giuseppe Cannazza, Egidio De Benedetto, Luciano Tarricone
ON THE USE OF DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF VEGETABLE OILS
Quality control of vegetable oils is becoming more stringent, and related laws are being enforced, especially for avoiding adulteration. As a result, there is a substantial need for methods of analysis that could provide real-time in-situ monitoring, especially for quality control purposes during production process. In this regard, the present paper investigates the possibility of monitoring qualitative characteristics of vegetable oils through microwave dielectric spectroscopy, which is a highly versatile investigative approach. In particular, the Cole & Cole frequency-domain dielectric parameters are known to be strongly related to the compositional characteristics of various substances. This way, starting from traditional Time Domain Reflectometry measurements performed on oils, the corresponding frequency domain information is retrieved. Successively, through a minimization routine, the Cole & Cole parameters of each considered oil are extrapolated. Results show that different dielectric characteristics can be associated with different oils. It is important to point out that the characteristics of the proposed procedure can be automated and, therefore, it may represent a promising solution for practical monitoring applications.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Elena Iliescu, Sorin Bercea, Aurelia Celarel, Constantin Cenusa
A METHOD FOR THE CALIBRATION OF THE TRACK DETECTORS USED IN RADON ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT
The measurement of the radon in the environment became during the last years an important field of radiation protection. That is why, the necessity of calibration standards for the radon measuring devices became very important. This paper presents a way of radon track detector calibration wich was developed in the National Institute of R&D for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Francesco Adamo, Filippo Attivissimo, Anna M. L. Lanzolla, Maurizio Spadavecchia
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
The main purpose of this work is to analyze the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methodologies used in non-invasive clinical investigation, with the aim of developing suitable denoising filtering techniques to improve the image quality and to allow the reduction of the acquisition time during an health examination. In this way the number of tests that can be performed in the same amount of time can be increased.
This work was carried out in collaboration with the staff of Martina Franca Hospital (Italy), which provided ourselves the material necessary for the development of the simulation algorithm and the sample images on which the algorithm has been tested.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mladen Banovic, Josip Butorac
AUTOMATIC DIAGNOSIS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS BASED ON DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS - FIRST LEVEL OF DIAGNOSIS USING VAC AND VSC INFERENCE METHODS
Assessment of power transformer condition is very important for utilities, to ensure continuous power transmission and power supply. Therefore, different techniques are used for condition assessment, as off-line diagnostics and on-line monitoring. The off-line diagnostics has some time period between consecutive diagnoses, and during that period the condition is unknown. Diagnostic tools in monitoring system usually comprise comparison of values of monitored quantities to preset limits, and alarming if these limits are exceeded. In this way weak diagnostic capabilities are achieved.
Therefore, a new diagnosis model for assessment of condition of oil immersed power transformers was developed. This model is aimed to continuously and automatically diagnose transformer condition. The diagnosis principle is interpretation of dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data using several standardized interpretation methods. Then, on the basis of obtained diagnoses an overall diagnosis is inferred using VAC, VEV or VSC inference methods in a similar way as it is done by the human diagnostician.
The diagnostic model shows excellent application flexibility, high robustness and significant diagnostic accuracy.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Kozarski Maciej, Krzysztof Zielinski, Krzysztof, Jakub Palko, Dominik Bozewicz, Marek Darowski
THE HYBRID PNEUMATIC-NUMERICAL MODEL OF LUNGS – METROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN
The main purpose of this paper is presenting the new hybrid (pneumo-numerical) model of lungs as well as some results of its successful experimental examinations. This kind of models enables simulation of different lung properties including rheological and nonlinear features and may be also applied to develop different lungs mechanics measuring systems. The presented model design approach is based on the linear impedance transformation from the numerical to pneumatic signal environments.
Some metrological aspects of the model design and function are considered e.g. statical and dynamical accuracy of the impedance transformation.
The hybrid lungs model was experimentally verified in the typical respiration-model set-up evidencing its good dynamical and statical properties.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ryota Kudo, Shin Usuki, Satoru Takahashi, Kiyoshi Takamasu
FUNDAMENTAL VERIFICATION FOR 2-DIMENSIONAL SUPER-RESOLUTION OPTICAL INSPECTION FOR SEMICONDUCTOR DEFECTS BY USING STANDING WAVE ILLUMINATION SHIFT
Semiconductor design rules and process windows continue to shrink, and developing new processes to accommodate parameters such as less-than-50nm design rules and a 300mm wafer becomes increasingly challenging. Next-generation defect inspection is urgently demanded. Optics and electron beams have been the main technologies for detection of the critical defects, but both have their disadvantages. Optical inspection is generally not sensitive enough for defects at 100nm geometries and below, while SEM inspection has low throughput because it takes a long time to scan 300 mm. In order to find a solution to these problems, we propose a novel optical inspection method for critical defects on semiconductor wafers. Until now, 1-dimensional resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit has been theoretically studied and experimentally bought to realization by a method called super resolution. To apply the proposed method to a sample with 2-dimensional structure, we have altered the proposed method making a standing wave shift in 2 directions, and carrying out super-resolution in each shifting direction. We carried out a fundamental verification of this method by computer simulation and experiment. As a result, we discovered the possibility of resolving a 2-dimensional structure which can't be resolved by the normal imaging system.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Lech Hasse, Janusz Smulko
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING IN DIAGNOSTICS OF HIGH-VOLTAGE VARISTORS
High voltage varistors that consist of grained ZnO have to be tested before assembling. The recommended method for standard industrial testing of varistors demands application of high voltages and intensive currents that is inconvenient and needs extensive power consumption. Nondestructive methods for varistor quality and endurance evaluation have been proposed. They rely on the application of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and nonlinearity testing. The parameters of assessment have been proposed and the results of measurements performed for several hundreds of varistor samples are quoted.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vytautas Giniotis, Ramutis Bansevicius, Mindaugas Rybokas
MECHATRONIC APPROACH IN PRECISION MEASUREMENTS
This paper deals with a new application of mechatronic means for precision mechanics, usually used in precision instrumentation and measurement equipment. Angle calibration means have been developed using mechatronic elements. Mechatronic arrangements for systematic error correction in mechatronic positioning systems and information – measuring systems are explained pointing out the main advantages of such systems applied for specific purposes.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Lech Hasse, Janusz Smulko
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF METAL OXIDE VARISTORS BY NOISE SPECTROSCOPY
The noise spectroscopy in a frequency domain has been used as a diagnostic tool of high-voltage varistors consisting of grained ZnO. The electrical properties of tested specimens have been described. In this experimental study, we present the applied measurement system and the results of noise spectrum measurements for the selected structures of 280 V varistors. Noise properties are related to electrical characteristics of measured samples. It is suggested that the proposed procedure can be applied as an effective non-destructive testing method focused on defects and structural inhomogeneity detection in tested objects.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Umberto Pogliano
CHOICE OF THE MEAUREMENT POINTS FOR A CALIBRATION IN A RANGE
Calibration of instruments like modern programmable instruments is generally made in specific points within each range, even if the desired result is the general calibration of the instruments. This paper is considering the problem of how many points are needed for a correct calibration of a range, and, by means of a statistical approach, the method propose evaluates a confidence interval where the difference between the measured and the calibrated can be confined with an assigned probability.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andraž Miklavec, Valentin Batagelj, Jovan Bojkovski, Igor Pušnik, Janko Drnovšek
AUTOMATED CALIBRATION BENCH FOR CALIBRATION OF RADIATION THERMOMETERS
In order to improve and optimize the procedure for calibration of radiation thermometers, an automated calibration bench was developed. Manual calibration with the help of special stands is time consuming and less reliable compared to automated calibration. The developed calibration bench has 5 degree of freedom (DOF) (3 translation joints and 2 rotation joints). For each axis we have used motorized movement control by means of a stepper motor. Stepper motors control circuit has built-in microcontroller, which controls the speed and direction of rotation of the stepper motors and communicates with the PC. The user interface is implemented as a virtual instrument in LabVIEW programming environment.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Satu Kärki, Miika Kiiski, Matti Mäntysalo, Jukka Lekkala
A PVDF SENSOR WITH PRINTED ELECTRODES FOR NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESS MEASUREMENTS ON SOLE
We have tested a method of printing electrodes on the unmetalled polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) material to construct a matrix version of a sensor for normal and shear stress measurements on sole. A commercial PVDF material with silver ink metallization has previously been used to manufacture a single sensor prototype. With the metal-coated PVDF material, a matrix sensor is challenging to construct; the metallization should be removed from the certain areas of the material to form an electrode grid pattern or a number of identical separate sensors should be cut off from the material sheet. Hence, a new method is explored here. The sensor is manufactured from unmetalled PVDF material and an array of electrodes with desired size and shape is printed on the material surface. This study concentrates on the characteristics of single sensors manufactured with this method. Based on the results, the sensitivity seems to be decreased due to the thermal stress caused by the electrode printing process. In the normal force direction the sensor sensitivity was found to be about fifth and in shear force directions about tenth of the corresponding values measured with the sensor with commercial electrodes. The sensitivity in this case, however, is still adequate for stress measurements on sole.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Takao Sugimoto, Yohsuke Yoshida, I. Yoshida
ESTIMATION METHOD FOR CONSUMPTION ENERGY FOR HUMANS IN DAILY CYCLE
Estimation method of consumption energy for human daily cycle was studied using triple axes attached on the sternum. It is important to estimate the posture and movement in order to get reliable values of consumption of energy. Consumption of energy for various postures and movements was obtained in relation to consumption of oxygen during respiration. In our 24 hour daily cycle, the most common postures and movements are walking, running, standing still, standing with a little movement, sitting still, reclining, and sleeping. And consumption of energy for our living depends on the type of movement. Consumption of energy for human movement is varied, but appropriate data could be obtained by accelerometer to estimate consumption of energy. Additionally, type of movement and consumption of energy could be shown to have a correlation.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Filippo Attivissimo, Andrea Cataldo, Laura Fabbiano, Nicola Giaquinto
TYPE A EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY DUE TO SYSTEMATIC EFFECTS IN DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES
The paper presents a type A (experimental) evaluation of the uncertainty due to systematic effects. After a brief discussion about the general problem of choosing a proper mathematical representation for systematic effects in the context of uncertainty evaluation, a pragmatic approach, based on the familiar random variable theory and the ISO 5725 norm is proposed. The approach is called "inter-instrument experiment", on the analogy of the "inter-laboratory experiment" of the ISO 5725. Preliminary experimental results, relevant to commercial digital oscilloscopes, are presented and discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zbigniew Czaja, Michal Kowalewski
AN APPLICATION OF TCRBF NEURAL NETWORK IN MULTI-NODE FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHOD
This paper presents the new self-testing method for diagnosis of analog parts in mixed-signal embedded systems controlled by microcontrollers. The tested analog part is stimulated by a sinus-wave supplied by the onboard generator and its responses are sampled in selected nodes by microcontrollers ADC. The measurement space is represented by differences between values of selected node voltages. Fault detection and localization is performed by a Two-Center Radial Basis Function (TCRBF) Neural Network. The diagnosis procedure was implemented and simulated in a PC.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giuseppe Cavone, Laura Fabbiano, Nicola Giaquinto
CLOSED-FORM EQUATIONS TO DESIGN SINGLE SAMPLING PLANS FOR ISOLATED LOTS
In this paper, the problem of designing simple sampling plans by attributes for isolated lots is considered. The customary design procedure is based on numerical tables like those reported in the ISO 2859 norm, or on iterative algorithms implemented in a computer software, not suitable for inclusion in a norm. The paper proposes a procedure based on quite simple closed-form equations, yielding the required sample size and the acceptance number for any consistent set of specifications on the operating characteristic, in terms of AQL, RQL, PR, CR. The equations are derived using a Gaussian approximation of the hypergeometric distribution. It is shown that the proposed design procedure, besides being very simple, is accurate (i.e. the specification are accurately met) and universal (i.e. the method is valid for a wide range of specifications).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Unhauzer Attila
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL FLICKER METER AND SPECIFICATION OF DISTURBANCE PROPAGATION DIRECTION
The number of the non-linear equipments connected to the electrical energy distribution system is rising continuously. These equipments generate harmonic currents and voltages in the network impedances and they are added to the base signal deforming the value and the shape of the main voltage. The distorted voltage increases electrical strain and temperature load of the equipment (engines, transformers, capacitors, links, and cables) connected to the network. Moreover the operation of certain equipments connected to the electrical networks can be disturbed due to distorted voltage caused by noise generation.
These days the appearance of disturbance effects has greater and greater significance since entirely new regulations, standards and requirements of the EU have been emerged. On one hand the mentioned standards extend to the measurement methods of electrical networks and on the other hand to the limits of the most important electrical parameters as well. Consequently, it is apparent that more and more modern measurement methods and procedures are regulated which influence indirectly the human health and the continuity of industrial operations.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Richárd Bátorfi
ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM
Today and in the future electrical energy is a significant energy source in all area of life therefore its quality and consumption has more and more importance in practical and also scientific means. Latest standards for power analysing demand high data acquisition rate and strict acquisition rules which can only be achieved with advanced measurement equipments. Using these equipment and "state of the arts" computers we created a complex flexible measurement system for diagnostic electrical power according to IEC standards. We have already used our system at different kind of power networks to characterize quality of the energy and efficiency of its consumption.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Argiris Theopoulos, Anthi Papadopoulou, Theodora Tika, Theodoros Laopoulos
AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF SHEAR WAVES VELOCITY IN SOIL
An automated measurement system which aims to improving the method of "Bender Elements" for measurements of soil specimen characteristics is presented in this work. This is a well-known method for the estimation of the propagating velocity of shear waves in soil by measuring the travelling time of these waves. The system developed offers an automated acquisition and signal analysis tool which includes appropriate filtering of the incoming signal, automated identification of certain characteristics of the incoming waveform, automated measurement of the flight time of the signal, and calculation of other parameters in the soil specimen. Full range recording for all data and parameters of measurements, and measuring flexibility by using a wide set of initial parameters is also featured by this tool.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Man-Yong Choi, Su-Un Kim, Jeong-Hak Park, Kee-Hwan Jee, Sung-Woo Shin
CALIBRATION OF DETECTION SYSTEM OF CRACK IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
The investigation of concrete structure typically relies on visual inspection which is one of the basic inspection techniques. Image processing techniques play a crucial role in the growing field of automatic surface inspection technique. However, kinds of inspection equipment, environmental condition and detection algorithm have much influence on the reliability of inspection result. This paper proposes a verification method and testing procedure for the reliability of inspection results and surveys characteristics of image acquisition systems and crack inspection algorithms.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Hideo Furuhashi, Javier Valle Mayorga, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Akihiro Kono
PHASE MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL WAVEFRONT BY AN SLM DIFFERENTIATION FILTER
A system is proposed that employs a spatial light modulator as a differentiation filter to measure the phase of an optical wavefront. The pattern, position and orientation of the filter can be controlled electrically. This system measures the phase derivative of a wavefront that passes through a transparent phase object. The 3D shape of the object can be calculated by integrating the phase derivative.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Brüge Andreas, Röske Dirk, Mauersberger Dietmar, Adolf Klaus
INFLUENCE OF CROSS FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS ON REFERENCE TORQUE SENSORS FOR TORQUE WRENCH CALIBRATION
Effects of disturbing components on reference torque sensors – transducers and torque wrenches – in torque wrench calibration facilities are discussed. Different mounting conditions during the superior calibration of these sensors and their application in the torque wrench calibration machine induce deviations in the sensitivity and affect the best measurement capability of the machines. With standard sensors and mounting situations, methods for investigating and estimating possible effects of cross forces and bending moments are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roland Füßl, Gerd Jäger
THE INFLUENCE OF THE FORCE FEED-IN SYSTEM ON HIGH-ACCURACY LOW FORCE MEASUREMENT
Forces are vectorial values which can be detected only by measuring their effects. Thus, a force sensitive element for the conversion into another measurable value is needed. If a force in a definite direction is to be detected, a force feed-in system is necessary. Its task is to separate forces from other directions. In the case of low force measurement the feed-in system has a significant influence on the accuracy of the whole force measuring system. This paper analyses the requirements for the force feed-in system depending on the properties of the force sensitive element. The results are shown for three different force sensor types.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Masayuki Fujitsuka, Makoto Yamaguchi, Shigeru Ueno, Genichiro Kamiyama, Shigeo Katayama
APPLICATION OF PSI/SCM MICROSCOPE FOR NANOINDENTATION TESTER
Instrumented indentation test is a simple and effective method for evaluating the mechanical properties such as elasticity/stiffness, hardness and adhesion. Generally it is the method that doesn't have to observe the residual impression and around the indentation area. However, it is necessary to observe the residual impression and surface of test piece to obtain the material behaviour such as pile-up/sink-in, crack. Recently atomic force microscope (AFM) and 3-D scanning electron microscope (3-D SEM) are used as the techniques for measuring the residual impression and surface of test piece in the three-dimensions. Especially, AFM is used mainly, however, it is necessary to correct shape in the point of cantilever in measuring procedure. And also, measuring them by AFM precisely, the vacuum atmosphere and clean environment and so on are needed. As for 3-D SEM, it is similar.
In this paper, authors focused the phase shifting interferometer (PSI)/ scanning confocal microscope (SCM) combined optical system for nanoindentation tester to observe the residual impression and the surface of the test piece. The utility of this optical system is confirmed, and the nanoindentation tester that is able to be the three-dimensional shape observation is developed. This tester is able to observe the three-dimensional shape easy and quick in complete noncontact and measuring in various environmental conditions. The observation data of residual impression and the surface of the test piece are obtained at the nano-meter order.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pingyu Zhu, Jan Peter Hessling, Rongrong Wan
DYNAMIC CALIBRATION OF A BUS
In this study we present a dynamic calibration of an automobile bus. The characterization consists of measuring the vertical acceleration signals during passage over a short bump. Non-parametric identification is then adopted to determine digital 'vehicle' filters, which mimics the dynamic behavior of the bus. Such filters are required for performing our earlier presented synthesis and analysis of speed limiting road humps. The combination of these methods provides a complete set of unprecedented tools for analyzing existing humps, as well as finding their optimal profile.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Angela Varadine Szarka
DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE CONTROLLED VIRTUAL LABORATORY
Nowadays the remote controlled industrial systems has more and more importance. Use of the internet has become general and the Ethernet cabling has been entirely spread in the industry. This paper presents the possibilities provided by the Ethernet in the measurement technology, through simple examples. The virtual laboratory is developed to introduce users into the use of most sophisticated remote controlled measurement systems The laboratory includes two parts: one is built on Fieldpoint and the other on GPIB basis, both can be used for measuring and control. Software are developed in LabVIEW. The system is used mostly in engineering education although it is suitable for presentation of the virtual technology to any Internet user interested in the subject.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Adam W. Cichy
A SIMPLE, VIRTUAL PHASE SHIFT METER
Phase shift measurements are nowadays typically made in programmed measurement systems. Many of them are realized as virtual instruments, so called VI’s. There are many algorithmic methods of phase shift measurements described in the literature, but sometimes these methods are complicated. In this paper an idea of a simple method of phase shift measurement has been presented. The method uses derivatives of measurement signals and inverse trigonometric functions. A simple function allows calculating of the measured phase shift. The method has been implemented as a virtual instrument using the LabVIEW packet. The implementation is very simple and the virtual instrument can become a part of a more complicated measurement instrument. The inaccuracy of the phase shift measurement is maximal 3 deg. It is not very accurate instrument, but in some applications the accuracy can be accepted.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jan Peter Hessling, Anders Mannikoff
DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF HV VOLTAGE DIVIDERS
Recently we proposed an approach based on digital filtering for evaluating dynamic non-stationary contributions to the measurement uncertainty. A dynamic simulator instead of a digital filter bank is here utilized for deriving the dynamic measurement uncertainty of mixed capacitive voltage dividers. These are used for lightning impulse measurements, during a calibration measurement of a standard lightning impulse.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Kazuhiro Enami, Tatuya Kume, Yasuo Higashi, Kenji Ueno
3D MEASUREMENT OF INNER SHAPE OF A CAVITIY
We strive to develop a 3D coordinate measuring machine, which can measure the inner shape of a cavity with a complex shape. Currently, the ILC (International Linear Collider) project is progressing through international collaboration. The major goal of ILC is to produce and investigate Higgs bosons. ILC consists of two linear accelerators facing each other, and will hurl some 10 billion electrons and positrons toward each other at nearly the speed of light. The cavity is an important component to accelerate particles to near light speed. A cavity’s inner 3D shape influences the accelerating performance. Therefore, it is important to measure the inner 3D shape of a cavity. However, it is difficult to measure the inner shape of cavities with complex shapes like a bellows. We are developing a highly accurate, inner shape measuring machine using triangulation and a measuring method.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andre Buß
STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT OF FORCE TRANSDUCER'S DEFORMATION UNDER LOAD
At PTB, one designed and investigated measurement setups to determine the deformation of force transducers while applying a static or dynamic force. To measure the deformation, a differential vibrometer is used which is integrated in the measurement setups. Using the deformation results one is able to calculate the transducers stiffness. An evaluation of the measurement uncertainty is presented as well as first experimental results.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dragana Naumovic-Vukovic, Slobodan Skundric, Dragan Kovacevic, Srdjan Milosavljevic
CALIBRATION OF HIGH ACCURACY CLASS STANDARD CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Main characteristic of high accuracy class current transformers is very small amplitude and phase errors (approximately 10 ppm). Such an error is a reason of complexity and sensitiveness of that metrological task. This paper presents a new method for high accuracy class current transformers calibration simultaneously with two different measuring apparatus. The method is presented as well as measuring scheme and calibration results. Estimation of uncertainty of measurement shows that this method has better results than separated calibration methods.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Kimmo Konkarikoski, Risto Ritala
ELEMENTS OF STATISTICAL DECISION MAKING
Measurements are the key to rational decision making. Measurement information generates value, when it is applied in the decision making. Normative decision making considers all decision tasks as optimization problems, typically with multiple objectives and uncertainties. Therefore in normative decision making the decision task must first be formulated mathematically and then the resulting optimization problem is solved. This paper considers the elements of decision making under uncertainty based on statistical decision theory.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jean-Claude Krynicki
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEYS: A SIMPLIFIED METHOD TO CREATE A LEVERAGE INDEX USING QUALITATIVE DATA
When analyzing customer satisfaction data it is very often requested for the metrologist to provide a leverage index in order to identify which attribute of the product or service (predictor) needs to be improved to increase the satisfaction level (dependant variable).
This is usually done by the means of a questionnaire with many items each covering an attribute and performing a quantitative analysis using partial least square, Theil’s index or neural networks.
In practice it is observed that long questionnaires give very few responses (5-10%). Shorter questionnaires are poor in information but increase drastically the response rate (20 to 40%) and more interestingly the customer comments are quite systematic (up to 90% of opened questions are documented).
Facing such behavior leads to the question of creating a leverage index out of qualitative data.
This paper will present a method to categorize the verbatim in such a way that a numeric contribution of product or service attributes can be measured.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yohan Kondo, Kazuyuki Sasajima, Sonko Osawa, Osamu Sato, Tsukasa Watanabe
ADVANCED CALIBRATION METHOD FOR PITCH ARTIFACT
The pitch measuring accuracy for gear measuring instruments (GMIs) is evaluated by measuring a calibrated artifact. We proposed a novel artifact which called multiball artifact (MBA). The MBA is composed of the pitch balls assumed to gear teeth and the reference axis assumed to a center axis of gear. The MBA can be calibrated more accurate than a conventional pitch artifact. When the MBA is calibrated, it is important to eliminate an error of measuring instrument; therefore we calibrate the MBA adapting the multiple-orientation technique. In the multiple-orientation technique, the MBA is set up in difference orientations around the reference axis and the measurement error is eliminates by averaging the measurement value for all orientations. There are, however, Fourier components of the measurement error that can not be eliminated depending on the total number of orientations. In this paper, we propose the advanced calibration method; the error separation method for the multiple-orientation technique is improved and the total number of orientations can be reduced. The superiority of the proposed method is clarified from the calibration results using the MBA.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zbigniew Czaja, Wojciech Toczek
FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF FULLY DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUITS IN ELECTRONIC EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
A new Built-In-Self-Test scheme for diagnosis of analog fully differential circuits in embedded mixed-signal microsystems is presented. The measurement procedure is realized by the internal resources of the microcontroller. The real and imaginary parts of the output differential voltage are measured with common-mode excitation of the circuit under test (CUT). The diagnosis procedure is based on the fault dictionary stored in the memory of the microcontroller. The dictionary is created in polar coordinates during the design of the system.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Michal Pawlowski, Bartosz Gapinski, Miroslaw Rucki
EXPERIMENTAL CHECK OF THE SIMULATED CYLINDER’S GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED FROM THE EXPERT PROGRAM
In the paper, the issue of the form deviation measurement with coordinate measuring machines is being discussed. As an example, the out-of-cylindricity was taken, and their dependence on the various factors, that affect the final results of measurement and could expand its uncertainty. The supporting expert program Valetz is presented, too. It was designed to simulate the measurement of out-of-cylindricity with various input data, and to analyze the possible final uncertainty. In the paper, the simulation results are compared with the experimental measurement with CMM, and also with reference measurement with specialized device. Comparative analysis contained the evaluation of the relative error of the method.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sam-Yong Woo, In-Mook Choi, Han-Wook Song, Boo-Shik Kim
DEVELOPMENT OF WEIGHT HANDLING DEVICE FOR APMP ABSOLUTE PRESSURE INTERCOMPARISON, APMP.M.P-K9
This paper describes a newly organized APMP absolute pressure inter-comparison and a weight handling device used for this comparison. The device is specially developed for stability monitoring of transfer gauge. The pressure range of comparison is from 10 kPa to 110 kPa in the absolute mode.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jiun-Kai Chen, Chao-Jung Chen, Yeu-Jong Huang, Hsin-Chia Ho
TWO SHOCK MACHINE SIMULATIONS PRESTUDY FOR PRIMARY LOW LEVEL SHOCK CALIBRATION SYSTEM
From a view of human safety and product improvement, precise and reliable calibration facilities are the index of industrial development. In NML (National Measurement Laboratory), shock accelerometer is calibrated by comparing to a reference transducer with acceleration range from 1000 m/s˛ to 10000 m/s˛. For the Taiwan's industrial demand of low shock calibration and decrease the inconvenience due to transfer the standard from foreign primary shock calibration Lab. NML prepare to develop a low shock calibration system during 2009. We set up two simulations to confirm the ISO 16063-13. First simulation is to set up a simple pendulum instead of rigid body motion, and second one is to generate shock waveform using a shaker. Two realistic simulation results show the feasibility of the constructing primary shock calibration system and provide a well experiment to our future work.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mitsuru Takahashi, Manabu Gouko, Koji Ito
MUSCULAR SENSATION INDUCE EVENT RELATED DESYNCHRONIZATION (ERD) ON FOOT MOTOR AREA
Strokes are a leading cause of adult disabilities, and training in voluntary movement has been effective in rebuilding the motor skills of stroke patients. We are developing n EEG-FES system that can assist in the reconstruction of a closed loop between motor commands ans sensory feedback in stroke patients. The system uses a event-related desynchronization (ERD) to reflect motor intentions. We did a pilot study on RD before applying for stroke patients. This study focused on how FES (sensory feedback) affects ERD. Research has showed that sensory feedback affects ERD, but it is unclear which sensory inputs (tactile, muscular, tendinous or articular) are the main causes. We examined how ERD is affected by functional electrical stimulation (FES) of both feet of healthy subjects. The results indicated that the ERD increases as the FES was increased. The ERD was greater under the leg-free condition than under the leg-fixed condition, which suggests that muscular and articular sensations induce ERD in the foot motor area (Cz). This results show that our EEG-FES system can be applied for rehabilitation of stroke patients.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sonko Osawa, Osamu Sato, Yohan Kondo, Masaharu Komori, Toshiyuki Takatsuji
A NOVEL ARTIFACT FOR EVALUATING ACCURACIES OF GEAR PROFILE AND PITCH MEASUREMENTS OF GEAR MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Evaluation of measurement performance of a gear measuring instrument (GMI) is not easy task since a master gear with sufficient accuracy has not been available. The manufacturing the master gear with an ideal involute form is very difficult and the accuracy of the master gear is not able to be estimated. Therefore, we have proposed a new artifact named Double Ball Artifact (DBA) which consists of a base plate and two balls for evaluating the gear profile measurement performance by the GMI. It has advantages of inexpensive, accurate, and calibrated with traceability. The DBA, however, is able only to evaluate the profile measurement capability of the GMI. In this paper, we describe a novel artifact evaluating the profile and the pitch measurement performances of the GMI simultaneously.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Cleumar Moreira, Arlindo Barreto Neto, L. C. Oliveira, Antonio Marcus Lima, F. C. C. Loureiro, Helmut Neff
A LOW-COST AUTOSAMPLER FOR SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOSENSOR PLATFORMS
A low-cost autosampler for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor platforms has been designed and applied for the determination of the mutual diffusion coefficient of ethanol in water. Its configuration is simple and based on a motorized carousel-type set-up. The sample loading process comprises a Z-drive, along with a syringe type analyte extractor. Furthermore, a commercial peristaltic pump is used to circulate the analyte through the microfluidic cell of the biosensor. A microcontroller connected to a PC provides control of the set-up. Theoretical aspects and experimental results are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tohru Iuchi, Atsushi Gogami
UNCERTAINTY IN THE TEMPERATURE OF SILICON WAFERS MEASURED BY RADIATION THERMOMETRY BASED UPON A POLARIZATION TECHNIQUE
The emissivity behaviour of a silicon wafer under various conditions was theoretically and experimentally investigated. As a result, the quantitative relationship between the ratio of p-polarized radiance to s-polarized one, and polarized emissivities was obtained irrespective of the emissivity change of wafers due to the oxide film thickness under the wide variations of resistivity. Based on the result, we propose a new radiation thermometry method that can measure both the temperature and the spectral polarized emissivity of the silicon wafer, and estimate the uncertainty of the measurements. Currently, the uncertainty of the temperature measurement is estimated to be 3.52 K (k = 2) and 3.80 (k = 2) for p-polarization and s-polarization, respectively, in the temperature range over 900 K.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Han-Wook Song, Yon-Kyu Park, Sam Yong Woo
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OF THE FRICTION COEFFICIENT ON THE SKIN OF THE HUMAN HAND USING LOAD CELL
The constitutional diagnosis using human skins is classified to palpation in oriental medicines. From Sasang constitutional medicine which is one of oriental medicines, human could be divided by the properties of their skins such as texture, roughness, hardness and elasticity. Especially, the friction coefficient and roughness of skins have big discrimination ability in the classification of human constitutions But this classification has been dependent on the qualitative judgment of an oriental doctor. In this paper, we present the quantitative measurement method, equipment of the friction coefficient of human hands using the load cell for oriental medicine, and diagnosis standards of human constitution based on the principal of Sasang constitutional medicine. The expanded uncertainty for the measurement of the friction coefficient was below 2.0 %.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sung Hun Lee, Han Young Ryu, Yong Pyong Kim, H. Suh
ULTRA STABLE COHERENT SOURCES BASED ON INJECTION LOCKED DFB FROM A FEMTOSECOND FIBER LASER COMB
We propose ultra stable coherent laser sources based on optical injection locked single mode of the femtosecond fiber laser comb. The source is discretely tunable coherent optical sources by two DFB lasers, which are injection-locked to a respective single mode of the fiber laser comb with the frequency difference of 500 MHz, that is exactly twice of the comb repetition frequency.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Han Young Ryu, Sung Hun Lee, Tae Bong Eom, H. Suh
ULTRA-STABLE VISIBLE LASER SOURCE BASED ON COMB-INJECTION LOCKED DFB FOR GAUGE BLOCK MEASUREMENT
We demonstrate an ultra-stable visible laser source that can be generated from injection locked infrared DFB based on optical comb. The optical comb was used as injection source and locked to an acetylene stabilization laser as a reference source of optical communication region. The DFB laser was selectively injection locked from only one among the comb mode with 25 GHz spacing.
The ultra-stable visible source can be generated after wavelength conversion (2^nd harmonic) of injection locked DFB laser in the PPLN (periodically poled LiNbO₃) crystal. This source has a frequency stability of acetylene stabilized laser with 1.1 × 10^-12 at 1 s of averaging time.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Rob Haines, Michael Bair
A METHOD OF TRACEABILITY FOR A FPG8601 FORCE BALANCED PISTON GAUGE TO DEFINE PRESSURES IN THE RANGE FROM 1 PA TO 15 KPA IN GAUGE AND ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENT MODES
The FPG8601 has become an important reference for many primary measurement laboratories in a pressure range from approximately 1 Pa to 15 kPa in both gauge and absolute measurement modes. The FPG8601 measurement range spans the gap between the traditional measurement regimes of "pressure" and "'vacuum", a range where other primary pressure standards either do not exist or do not have uncertainties sufficient to support the FPG8601 traceability. The limitations of available primary standards create a challenge for FPG8601 users needing to define traceability in this range. This paper suggests a method of maintaining traceability using force, dimensional and primary pressure measurements in a manner different from that normally used for traditional "floating" piston gauges.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcus Tadeu Pinheiro Silva, Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos, Guilherme Augusto Silva Pereira
NEW METHOD FOR LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY MEASURES IN INSTRUMENTED ANIMALS WITH IMPLANT BASED ON INDUCTIVE COUPLING
This paper presents a new method for locomotor activity (LA) measurement in small laboratory animals. A method was developed in order to add LA measurement capability in biotelemetry systems in which implant powering and communication is based on inductive coupling. That enhacement is done without the need of additional resources in the implanted side. After discussing the mathematical formulation, an example is presented for which are obtained the most adequate parameters for LA measurement in a typical system of biotelemetry in small rodents. Limitations and advantages of the method conceived also are discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Torben Licht, Sven Erik Salbřl
ISO 16063-11: UNCERTAINTIES IN PRIMARY VIBRATION CALIBRATION BY LASER INTERFEROMETRY. REFERENCE PLANES AND TRANSVERSE MOTION
Primary vibration calibration by laser interferometry using quadrature outputs has been used for the last 10-15 years. The ISO 16063-11 was published in 1999 and this has increased the interest further.
With new compact laser interferometers the difficulties of optical alignment and adjustment has been practically eliminated and dedicated software has made the process automatic, permitting to gather much more data.
In most cases it is applied to reference transducers, either single-ended or meant for back-to-back calibration.
However the problem that the laser beam not always can be directed towards the point or surface to which it ideally should be directed, introduces errors that can be quite significant. At low frequencies this is often due to non-ideal exciter motions. At high frequencies it is often due to relative motion between points on apparently rigid mechanical structures or rocking or bending motion of the combined structures.
Some examples and solutions to these problems including uncertainty calculations will be presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gustavo Ripper, Dimas Teixeira, Cauę Ferreira, Ronaldo Dias
A NEW SYSTEM FOR COMPARISON CALIBRATION OF VIBRATION TRANSDUCERS AT LOW FREQUENCIES
This paper presents a new system that was developed in the Vibration Laboratory at INMETRO for the calibration of vibration transducers and measuring equipments at low frequencies. The system is based on a long-stroke air bearing shaker and on a data acquisition board. Optionally, a piezoresistive accelerometer or a laser vibrometer can be used as reference transducers. Fully automated calibrations of vibration transducers are carried out in compliance with the international standard ISO 16063-21. Some experimental results obtained with this system will be presented herein.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Mateusz Kotarski, Janusz Smulko
ASSESSMENT OF SYNCHRONIC DETECTION AT LOW FREQUENCIES THROUGH DSP-BASED BOARD AND PC SOUND CARD
The lock-in amplifier, working at acoustic frequency range, can be cheaply realized by applying a sound card or a board kit with a digital signal processor, together with a low noise amplifier. Such realization can automatically retune frequency and can perform fast measurements at various frequencies to establish frequency characteristic of the investigated, and often time-varying, object. Quality of these two economical solutions is presented in detail and the possible improvements to limit measurement errors are discussed as well.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Enilson José Costa, Raimundo C. S. Freire, Joăo Bosco Silva, Carlos Magno Cursino, Cláudio Oliveira, Bruno A. M. Pereira, Roniere F. L. Silva
HUMIDITY CONTROL SYSTEM IN NEWBORN INCUBATOR
In this work they were developed a microcontrolled system devoted to the newborn incubator, in order to check the conditions of the environment provided to the premature newborns, a humidity control system and software that carries out the reading of the sensors. Two microprocessed, similar newborn incubator were used, for the realization of the measurements, being that one of the newborn incubator used distilled water and other one was valued without water. The measures were collected to each 2 minutes during 96 hours. The relative humidity inside newborn incubator without water and with water but, without humidity control, goes out from the band of comfort established by standard. With water and humidity control, if it kept inside established band of comfort by standard. One checked that the newborn incubator used in this inquiry does not provide to the premature newborns a totally appropriate environment taking into account the requisites of the standard NBR IEC 601-2-19.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dusan Agrez
PERIOD ESTIMATION OF THE MODULATED SIGNAL
In the paper, the two non-parametric algorithms for the period estimation are compared: the autocorrelation approach and the interpolated discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) approach both added with algorithm for searching of the lowest common frequency component or the largest period of the modulated signal. The direct approach by IDFT shows better results at two and more cycles of the investigated period in the measurement interval. Simulation results also show the robustness of the searching algorithm of the lowest common frequency component.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dalibor Kuhinek, Igor Zoric, Josip Butorac
INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT WITH HARMONIC EXCITATION
This paper describes the principle of harmonic excitation of strain gages in bridge configuration. This system's properties are mathematically determined and measurements are conducted with commutated excitation, AC and harmonic excitation - with and without filtering. The possibility of increasing the accuracy of output bridge voltage measurement by using harmonic excitation is shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wojciech Fraczek, Ewa Fraczek, Janusz Mroczka
PARALLEL GLASS PLATE TEST WITH THE USE OF THE PHASE SHIFT TECHNIQUE IN THE OPTICAL VORTEX INTERFEROMETER
The Optical Vortex Interferometer (OVI) is described in earlier paper as usefully tool to generate regular lattice of optical vortices (OVs) by interference of three plane wave. To practically use OVI in metrology method to localization of vortex points (VPs) is necessary. In this paper method with phase shift technique to VPs localisation is presented. Phase shift technique in this method is applied to additional fourth wave. Phase shift of the fourth wave doesn't change intensity in vortex points and increases intensity gradient in their vicinity. Result of localisation can be useful to analyse wave-front deformation caused by the object inserted in OVI setup.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Daniel Belega, Dominique Dallet
FAST AND ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF THE RMS VALUE OF A NONCOHERENT SAMPLED SINE WAVE
In this paper a new estimator for the measurement of the rms value of a noncoherent sampled sine-wave is proposed. The key feature of this estimator is that the sine-wave offset, a priori estimated, is removed from the sine-wave. A formula used to estimate the sine-wave offset is also given in the paper. It has been proved by means of computer simulations and experimental results that by the proposed estimator accurate rms measurements are obtained if the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the sine-wave is smaller than or equal to -30 dB.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Koo-Hyun Chung, Gordon Shaw, Jon R. Pratt
ACCURATE PICOSCALE FORCES FOR INSITU CALIBRATION OF AFM
The force sensitivity of an atomic force microscope is calibrated directly using an in situ realization of primary electrostatic forces ranging from 320 pN to 3.3 nN with accuracy of a few percent. The absolute accuracy of a common atomic force microscope (AFM) force calibration scheme, known as the thermal noise method is evaluated via comparison to the electrostatic calibration. It is demonstrated that the thermal noise method can be applied with great success to yield force measurements with relative standard uncertainties below 5 % after application of a geometric correction factor.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

M. Nieves Medina, José Ángel Robles, Javier Castro
VALIDITY OF POLYNOMIALS AS RESULTS FOR COMPARISONS
Guidelines provided by [1] have been used worldwide to evaluate key comparisons. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the validity of these procedures when polynomials instead of fixed values are provided as comparison results.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Timo Salpavaara, Jarmo Verho, Jukka Lekkala, Jouko Halttunen
WIRELESS INSOLE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR PLANTAR FORCE MEASUREMENTS DURING SPORT EVENTS
We are developing a wireless system that measures online the forces between foot and insole with a low-cost laminated capacitive sensor matrix. This measurement system can be utilized to monitor the timing and movements of the legs of an athlete during throwing, jumping and running in various sports events. The measured data is intended to be used to improve coaching. We chose the javelin throw event as a case study for our sensor system. We measured the force signals under both feet during several throws. Analysis showed that the measured signals provide additional information for coaching.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

David Herranz, Salustiano Ruiz, MŞ. Nieves Medina
VOLUME RATIO DETERMINATION IN STATIC EXPANSION SYSTEMS BY MEANS OF TWO PRESSURE BALANCES
Static expansion systems are used to generate known pressures in the high and medium vacuum range. In these systems the volume ratios are the crucial parameters and have to be determined very accurately. For this task different methods can be used. We have used the gas accumulation method with a dead weight pressure balance, a force-balanced piston gauge (FPG) and a differential pressure transducer (CDG 133.32 Pa). The final uncertainty of the expansion ratios obtained with this method is similar to other institutes uncertainties.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ivan Župunski, Vladimir Vujicic, Zoran Mitrovic, Slobodan Milovancev, Mile Pesaljevic
ON-LINE DETERMINATION OF THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF THE STOCHASTIC MEASUREMENT METHOD
The paper presents a stochastic sampling method applied to a measurement of the mean value of the product of two arbitrary signals. This method is especially convenient for measuring electric power, electric energy consumption, as well as root-mean-square of voltage and/or current. The method features a very simple hardware and the possibility of selecting the measurement accuracy by choosing a suitable measurement interval. When measuring electric energy, accuracy better than 0.01 % is achieved.
The measurement uncertainty of the stochastic sampling method is analysed and the influence of dominant factors is quantitatively derived. Special consideration is given to the influence of dispersion of A/D converter outputs and the waveforms of the two input signals as contributors to the measurement uncertainty. As the exact shapes of the waveforms are not known in advance, it is not possible to determine their influence on the measurement uncertainty. To overcome this issue, a novel additional hardware is designed, which provides the estimate of measurement uncertainty during the experiment - simultaneously with the measurement result, its measurement uncertainty is available on-line.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pablo Lecumberri, Marisol Gómez, Alfonso Carlosena
APPROXIMATE GCD OF INEXACT UNIVARIATE POLYNOMIALS
The problem of finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of univariate polynomials appears in many engineering fields. Despite its formulation is well-known, it is an ill-posed problem that entails numerous difficulties when the coefficients of the polynomials are not known with total accuracy, as, for example, when they come from measurement data. In this work we propose a novel GCD estimation method designed to cope with such inaccuracies. An example of recovery of transient impulsive signals is provided to show the performance of the proposed method working on measurement data.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Abraham Mejía-Aguilar, Ramon Pallŕs-Areny
ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT USING VOLTAGE/CURRENT PULSE EXCITATION
Electrical impedance measurements based on pulse excitation are fast and simple to implement, which makes them attractive for low-power measurement systems such as remote water conductivity monitoring based on two-electrode cells. Pulse measurements also allow us to estimate electrode parameters but measurement errors increase when the electrode resistance is very different from that of the electrolyte. We propose a dual pulse excitation technique to minimize errors in estimating electrode parameters: a voltage pulse is followed by a current pulse whose amplitude is set according to the results for the first (voltage) pulse. Experimental results for impedance networks that emulate water resistivity from 100 Ω·cm to 10 kΩ·cm (corresponding to surface waters) measured with two stainless-steel electrodes, yield relative errors below 0,2 % even for (emulated) corroded electrodes. For actual electrodes, relative errors are below 2 % for the resistance and 4 % for the capacitance that model its impedance. Conductivity measurements for surface waters yield relative errors about 0,1 %, which is quite acceptable for low-cost autonomous sensors. Electrode impedance estimates differ from the first to the second pulse, presumably due to the different effective current density injected by each pulse. Nevertheless, experimental results can still be used to detect corrosion in stainless steel electrodes.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Lautaro Ramirez, Luis Omar Becerra, Luis Manuel Peńa
COMPARISON AMONG METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE CALIBRATION OF HIGH ACCURACY MASS STANDARDS AND UNCERTAINTY VALIDATION BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION
The present work exposes the comparison among numerical methods used in the calibration of a set of high accuracy weights by subdivision method. This paper covers the comparison of the mean values, the uncertainties and correlations obtained with the Orthogonal, the Gauss Markov, the Ordinary Least Squares and the Weighted Least Squares (Lagrange Multiplier) methods. These methods are the most commonly used in the realization of the mass scale in the National Metrology Institutes (NMI). Also, the uncertainty evaluated by these methods was compared against the evaluation by a numerical simulation method (Monte Carlo’s method).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maurizio Caciotta, Sabino Giarnetti, Fabio Leccese, Zbigniew Leonowicz
DETECTION OF SHORT TRANSIENTS AND INTERRUPTIONS USING THE HILBERT TRANSFORM
In electrical energy power networks, disturbances can cause problems in electronic devices so their monitoring is fundamental in Power Quality. In this paper we address the problem of disturbances estimation by using the Hilbert Transform (HT). It is employed as an effective technique for tracking the voltage waveforms in electrical distribution systems. The mathematical simplicity of the proposed technique, compared with the commonly used algorithms from the literature, renders them competitive candidate for the on-line tracking of disturbances. The accurate tracking of the HT facilitates its implementation for the control of disturbances mitigation devices. Simulation results are provided to verify the tracking capabilities of the algorithm and this has been tested under different conditions: voltage dip with phase jump, noise and frequency changes shows that the Hilbert Transform can be used as a valid methodology for this type of phenomena.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Saulius Kausinis, Algimantas Barakauskas Barakauskas, Rimantas Barauskas, Aurimas Jakstas, Albinas Kasparaitis
REDUCING DYNAMICALLY-INDUCED DEVIATIONS FOR LINE SCALE CALIBRATION IN NON-IDEAL MEASUREMENT SITUATION
The paper treats the issue of embedding the traceable length metrology into technological process by performing precise dynamic measurements of line scale in its manufacture line. It addresses the error-related problems specific to line scale calibration in dynamic mode of operation that are caused primarily by dynamic loads. Introducing the dynamic regime of calibration leads to the dynamic calibration error originating due to vibration sources in the structure. This uncertainty contribution should be considered and implicated in the total uncertainty budget. A new 3D finite element model was developed in order to both investigate the influence of dynamical excitations of a long stroke comparator structure and evaluate possible influence of vibrations on geometrical dimensions of the line scale. Both the dynamically induced deviations and current capabilities to carry out line scale calibrations were examined experimentally. The experiments were conducted on the interferometer-controlled comparator setup with a moving microscope that was further developed to reduce the calibration repeatability error.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jan Malinsky, Petr Kocourek
DEMONSTRATIONAL SYSTEM FOR TRAINING IN FLEXRAY COMMUNICATION
This work deals with an educational system for the teaching of standard FlexRay (FR). The FR is a new communication standard intended to be used in cars in the near future. It is primarily intended for communication among so-called x-by-wire systems. Many fundamental and advanced features of FR standard, as well as basic kinds of x-by-wire systems, can be demonstrated by this educational system. The largest benefit is in an illustrative presentation of the FR synchronization mechanism (SM) in operation, as well as of its robustness. The SM is probably the most important FR process, and provides synchronization among time bases in a FR network. The educational system allows the disturbance of the time bases by modification of clock frequency. External generators are used for this purpose. The changes in SM behaviour can be observed as a result of time base disturbing. The most interesting observation is to what degree the SM is able to cope with this clock frequency fluctuation. No similar FR educational systems have previously been equipped with a possibility like this.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ramon Casanella, Ramon Pallŕs-Areny
ON THE DESIGN OF LOW-POWER SIGNAL CONDITIONERS FOR RESISTIVE SENSORS
This work analyzes power consumption in signal conditioning circuits for resistive sensors. We show that, for a given dynamic range for the measurand, simple conditioners based on voltage dividers or Wheatstone bridges directly connected to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) do not usually have minimal power consumption. We develop analytical guidelines to achieve the optimal power design for signal conditioners and apply them to the actual design of the conditioner for an RTD sensor. We show that by adding a low-power amplifier plus a passive low-pass filter to a voltage divider sensor interface, the power consumption can be significantly reduced as compared to that of standard voltage dividers designed for maximal sensitivity.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pablo Luna-Lozano, Ramon Pallŕs-Areny
HEART RATE DETECTION FROM IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY BASED ON CONCEALED CAPACITIVE ELECTRODES
Physiological monitoring outside clinical environments and medical offices can contribute to people's wellness, particularly if that monitoring does not disturb their daily activities, and can also help in life-style improvement. We propose a novel non-conscious method to monitor the heart rate which is based on detecting blood volume changes in the thigh through electrical impedance plethysmography while the subject is seated. Four conductive strip electrodes are concealed underneath seat's upholstery, hence working as capacitive electrodes. A 50 kHz current is injected trough two outer electrodes and the changes in the drop in voltage between the inner electrode pair are detected.
Tests performed with a system designed in our laboratory show that the recorded signal has peaks that unmistakably coincide with the heart rate. The waveform depends on the relative position of both pairs of electrodes, and the sensitivity to impedance changes depends on the position and area of the voltage-detecting electrodes with respect to those of the current injection electrodes. The amplitude and waveform of the recorded signal are good enough for the heart rate to be straightforwardly obtained by a slope-detection-based algorithm.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maria Teresa Todisco
GRADUALLY-VARIED FLOWS IN OPEN-CHANNEL NETWORKS
Reported here are some results obtained, from a calculus algorithm application that, based on known equation analytical solutions of water flow profiles, allows the study of steady-state, gradually varied flow in open channel networks. The procedure allows to calculate, in the case of slow water flow into gradually downward slope channels, in the direction of motion, the florates and water levels respectively, in all the nodes and sides of the network. The results have been compared with the solutions proposed by other authors.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pedro M. Ramos, Fernando M. Janeiro, Tomáš Radil
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THREE ALGORITHMS FOR TWO-CHANNEL SINEWAVE PARAMETER ESTIMATION: SEVEN PARAMETER SINE FIT, ELLIPSE FIT, SPECTRAL SINC FIT
The comparison of three different algorithms for the estimation of parameters of two sine signals with common frequency is presented. The algorithms are the ellipse fit, the seven parameter sine fit and the spectral sinc fit. The comparison includes signal to noise ratio analysis, amplitude analysis and phase difference analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zhang Zhimin, Zhang Yue, Guo Bin, Meng Feng, Li Tao, Ji Honglei, Dai Ming
THE DEVELOPMENT OF 100 N·m TORQUE STANDARD MACHINE AT NIM
A set of 100 N·m torque standard machine is newly developed at National Institute of Metrology (NIM). By adapting the air bearing with low friction as the arm lever fulcrum, the low expansion alloy (INVOR) as the arm lever material and the accurate machining and adjustment technology, the uncertainty of 100 N·m torque standard machine is minimized. This machine is capable of realizing torque from 1 N·m to 100 N·m both in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. The working principle and mechanical structure of the machine are introduced, the uncertainty assessment and results of performance test are described. The results show that the repeatability of 100 N·m torque machine is better than 2 × 10^-5 the uncertainty is smaller than 2 × 10^-5 (k = 2).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Christian Buchner
DETERMINATION OF MICRO-FORCES FROM 1 µN UP TO 10 N REALIZED WITH A FULL AUTOMATICALLY DEAD LOAD MACHINE DEVELOPED BY THE BEV
The Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (BEV, Austria), developed in cooperation with the Vienna University of Technology an automatical Dead Load Machine to determine low force in the range from of 1 µmN up to 10 N.
This Dead Load Machine allows 10 µN steps to determine low force by weights directly and has a resolution of 1 µN realised by a balance. Due to its special construction, the measuring range is continuous from 10 N tension to 10 N compression whereby it is possible to cover the complete range in 10 µN steps by loading weights. To realise forcesteps of 1 µN a ballance with a readability of 1 µg is coupled with a specially designed hydrostatic force transducer the suspension system of the weights.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Miekina, Roman Z. Morawski
A CALIBRATION METHOD, BASED ON RIDGE LS ESTIMATOR DESIGNED FOR DETERMINATION OF OLIVE OIL MIXTURES ON THE BASIS OF NIR SPECTRAL DATA
The spectrophotometric analysis of oil mixtures, containing olive oil, is the subject of this paper. Its objective is to propose and evaluate a new methodology for determination of a selected component of such a mixture. According to this methodology, the space of concentration values to be estimated is partitioned into subspaces and the calibration is performed separately for each subspace by means of a new piecewise ridge least-squares estimator. The estimation of concentrations is carried out, using the results of calibration, in two cycles: first, rough estimates of concentrations are found and a corresponding subspace is identified; next, the results of calibration, obtained for this subspace, are used for refining the estimates of concentrations. The performance of the proposed methodology is assessed using a criterion related to measurement uncertainty.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Christian Buchner
DEVELOPMENT AND REALISATION OF A FULLY AUTOMATIC TESTING FACILITY FOR DETERMINING THE VOLUME OF E1 WEIGHTS UP TO 50 KG BASED ON HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING
The Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (BEV, Austria) has developed and realised a new fully automatic test System for hydrostatic weighing and determining the density of solids up to 50 kg. This volume comparator allows a full automatically determination of the volume of E1 weights and plummets in the range from 1 kg up to 50 kg through direct comparison with one single volume reference (e.g. a Silicium sphere) with high accuracy. In this volume comparator, two hydrostatic weighing systems for density determination work simultaneously together so that it is possible to compare the density of a small, well-known standard sinker directly with the density of a submerged solid with masses up to 50 kg.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Guido Sassi, Alessia Demichelis, MariaPaola Sassi
A DYNAMIC TRACE VOC GENERATOR USEFUL FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE STUDY
With the goal of the realization of a primary standard of amount-of-substance fraction of VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) at trace level, a dynamic generator is constructed, based on the diffusion phenomena, according to ISO 6145-8. Generator will be followed by a dilution system. In the present paper, generator performances are discussed.
The analysis of ISO 6145-8 shows that temperature control gives the main contribution to uncertainty. The use of a more precise temperature and evaporated VOC mass results to be the main contribution. Weekly measurements of diffusion rate demonstrate the correct uncertainty calculation and the enhances due to the more precise temperature control. Uncertainty of diffusion rate was calculated as composed uncertainty of measured variables to be 0,4% for 20 µg/min by weekly measurements instead 0.8% calculated for the ISO 6145-8 conditions. Type A calculation of uncertainty on experimental data, corrected by pressure, confirmed theoretical uncertainty calculation.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marc Fontana, Patrice Bourson, Ivana Durickovic, Julien Martin, Jean-Marie Chassot, Mario Marcherri, Rémy Claverie
RAMAN SENSORS: INTEREST AND APPLICATIONS
We demonstrate the interest of the Raman sensors in various aspects of studies in chemistry and physics. We illustrate the advantages of this technique in two applications that we have recently investigated. For the first industrial application, we related the stress of a polymer during its deformation with the Raman intensity and for the second, we managed to determine the NaCl concentration in a liquid solution. For these two applications, we develop our own signal processing to extract information from the Raman intensity.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ivan Frollo, Peter Andris, Jiri Pribil, Lubomir Vojtisek, Zuzana Holubekova
ELECTROMAGNETIC PHANTOM DESIGN FOR MEASUREMENT AND IMAGING QUALITY TESTING USING NMR IMAGING METHODS
Electromagnetic phantom design for measurement and imaging quality testing using NMR imaging has been performed. First attempts of electromagnetic phantom computation and testing on an experimental NMR 0.1 T imager were accomplished. The existing geometrical and chemical phantoms are generally used for testing of NMR imaging systems. They are simple cylindrical or rectangular objects with different dimensions and shapes with holes filled with specially prepared water solutions. In our experiments a homogeneous phantom (reference medium) was used - a container filled with water - as a standard. The resultant image represents the magnetic field distribution in the homogeneous phantom. For detection a standard gradient-echo imaging method, susceptible to magnetic field homogeneity, was used. An image acquired by this method is actually a projection of the sample properties onto the homogeneous phantom.
The goal of the paper is to map and image the magnetic field deformation using NMR imaging methods. In our experiments we are using a slender rectangular vessel with constant thickness filled with specially prepared water. A carefully tailored gradient-echo NMR measuring sequence was used.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marek Niedostatkiewicz, Romuald Zielonko
OPTIMISATION OF ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIAL SIGNALS FOR DIRECT IDENTIFICATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
The equivalent electrical circuits (mostly multielement two-terminals) are the common used method of modelling many technical and biological objects. The parameter identification of this kind of circuits is important in testing and diagnosis of many objects. The paper presents a time-domain identification method dedicated mainly for monitoring and diagnosis of anticorrosion coating. The method is based on applying a sequence of polynomials and measuring the object's response at the end of every signal in the sequence. Equivalent circuit parameters are calculated directly from responses using analytical equations, determined by impedance circuit topology. In the paper the optimisation of non-conventional Gegenbauer and Jacobi polynomial signals against the criteria of stationary error and uncertainty propagation is presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Carlo Ferrero, Adelina Leka
A COMPARATIVE VERIFICATION OF FORCE CALIBRATION MACHINES USED BY AN ACCREDITED LABORATORY
One of the most important activities of the National Accreditation Body (NAB) is the organisation of a series of comparisons (ILC), at the National level, to verify the measurements capability of the accredited laboratories.
For evaluation of the best measurement capability of AEP Transducers -an calibration accredited laboratory for Force quantity - over several years (1999-2005) are carried out measurements during accreditation and re-accreditation process of this SIT Centre, whose main results are reported in the following.
The results were evaluated using the E_n - normalised error - according to the SIT Doc-511.
The metrological procedures applied and the results of the accreditation of the SIT Centre, show that the best measurement capabilities and the total uncertainty, including transfer standards contribution and long term stability, can be considered as well:
± 50 ppm for the 50 kN dead weight machine (DWM);
± 250 ppm for the 200 kN Comparison machine;
± 350 ppm for the 1 MN Comparison machine (compression)
± 250 ppm for the 1 MN Comparison machine (tension).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gopal Mahesh, Boby George, V. Jayashankar, V. Jagadeesh Kumar
CHARACTERIZING MAGNETIC MATERIALS USING VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
A virtual instrumentation based scheme is developed for the characterization of magnetic materials. The principle used for measurement is derived from the comparison method of testing instrument transformers. A prototype has been developed by suitably modifying an instrument transformer test set. Characterization of magnetic materials at single frequency and multiple frequencies have been carried out. Typical test results obtained are presented in the paper. The developed instrument substantially reduces the testing time associated with magnetic characterization.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Luciano Brunetti, Luca Oberto, Marco Sellone
ALTERNATIVE POWER STANDARD REALIZATION AT RADIO FREQUENCY
Modern ac-dc transfer equipments can operate up to 1 GHz at least. These equipments and the related ac-voltage measurements may be attractive for calibrating high frequency power sensors in term of ac-dc transfer difference instead of effective efficiency. Furthermore, below 30 MHz, the ac-voltage standard can be also used as powerful alternative and complement to the microcalorimeter technique for the realization of the RF power standard. In the paper experimental measurements and data analysis are presented that prove the previous assertions.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Boby George, Hubert Zangl, Thomas Bretterklieber, Georg Brasseur
A METHOD FOR SEAT OCCUPANCY DETECTION FOR AUTOMOBILE SEATS WITH INTEGRATED HEATING ELEMENTS
Seat occupancy detection systems based on a capacitive or an electric field principle, developed for an automobile seat, may not work well for seats with integrated electric heating systems. A new detection method, suitable for this type of automobile seats, is presented in this paper. In the proposed scheme, the heating element is a part of the sensor system while its operation as a heating element is kept unaffected. Results obtained from a prototype system demonstrate the practical validity of the method.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Markus Haller, Wolfgang Viel, André Schäfer
ENHANCEMENT OF THE MEASUREMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS UP TO 15000 BAR THROUGH MONOLITHIC MEASURING DESIGN AND FOIL STRAIN GAGES
High-pressure measurement technology continues to evolve and the design HBM is promoting for its series P3M pressure transducers has been strongly developed since the beginning of 2000. It involves a monolithic measuring body using foil strain gages for electro-mechanical signal conversion. This design has been tried and tested for years and even developed into the standard in high-pressure measurement technology. The monolithic design of the measuring body offers excellent measurement characteristics and is outstanding for its accuracy, ruggedness and stability. Increasing industry requirements regarding maximum pressure, resistance to overload and, in particular, accuracy resulted in continuing and consistent further development of high-pressure measurement technology. The experiences gained in improving details over the past years have been collected and implemented in a new, enhanced version.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Kengo Fukuda, Koji Yoshida, Tetsuya Kinugasa, Shinsaku Fujimoto, Morihito Kamon, Yoichiro Kagawa, Toshiro Ono
A NEW WEIGHING METHOD FOR CHECKWEIGHERS BY USING SIGNAL PROCESSING
Checkweigher is usually equipped with an optical device. It is used to make a trigger to set time duration to allow a product to move on weigh belt completely for sampling the weight. In this paper, a new weighing method for checkweighers is proposed which uses just signal processing without the optical device. The effectiveness of the method is shown through experiments. Also a possibility of faster estimation of weight is shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Adriana Hornikova
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTS WITH SAS
Design of experiments is a theory that can not be neglected in any technical education as well as in applied statistics or economics education. For longer than a year lasted a project aiming to publish a new book in Slovak language entitled Design of Experiments with SAS. This book of eleven Chapters combines theoretical knowledge in the scientific area of design and evaluation of experimental results with application of SAS® statistical software.
A model of a simple strategy for design of experiments starts with description of a problem, choosing an appropriate design with responses and factors, collection of experimental data which is followed by fitting of an appropriate model that can be used for predicting.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Aldo Terrusi, Renzo Romagnoli, Roberto Silvestro, Domenico Ianniello
STASI (SEISMIC ACCELEROMETERS CALIBRATION SYSTEM)
This paper present a new instrument named STASI (Seismic and Accelerometers Calibration System) invented and patented by Aldo Renato Terrusi of ENEA - Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Environment (patent n° RM2004A000147,3-22-2004). This paper is a brief overview on the state of the art at international level, describing and comparing the general characteristics and costs of the instruments in relation with what is currently available on the world market. The modifications on the STASI prototype were made after the I.N.RI.M.'s comments and the experimental tests performed by ENEA Casaccia Metrology Laboratories (SIT Center n° 10), which showed an improvement to reliability, calibration's uncertainty of and the ease of use.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Salustiano Ruiz, MŞ. Nieves Medina, Roberto Calvo
THE CEM LASER INTERFEROMETER MERCURY MANOBAROMETER
A laser interferometer mercury manobarometer has been designed and manufactured. It works from 1 kPa up to 130 kPa (gauge, absolute and differential modes) with line pressure up to 500 kPa. The uncertainty budget depends on the range and working mode. In absolute mode the expanded uncertainty ranges from 0.13 Pa up to 0.42 Pa.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Domantas Brucas, Vytautas Giniotis
THE CONSTRUCTION AND ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE MULTIREFERENCE EQUIPMENT FOR CALIBRATION OF ANGLE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Precise geodetic instruments are very widely used in geodesy, surveying, machine engineering, etc. Testing and calibration of these instruments is quite complicated task, although it is evidently needed. In this paper we present the creation and research of accuracy of the multireference (incorporating photoelectrical angular encoder, polygon/autocollimator and the circular scale/microscope(s)) test bench designed to perform the testing and calibration of such geodetic instruments.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

MŞ. Nieves Medina, José Ángel Robles Carbonell, Alfonso Lobo Robledo
NEW AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION SYSTEM FOR LARGE MASSES
An automatic weight handler system for weights with masses up to 1000 kg has been designed and constructed. The system can be used with different commercial top loaded weighing platforms. This designed device has been focused on improving the eccentricity behaviour as well as the complete automation of the facility. This paper describes their main technical and metrological features.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Toshiyuki Hayashi, Yoshihisa Katase, Kazunaga Ueda, Naoya Shinozaki, Hiroshi Suzawa
APPLICATION OF A LOADING FRAME STRUCTURE TO A FORCE COMPARATOR REFERRING TO THE TUNING FORK TYPE FORCE TRANSDUCER
A loading frame structure and a piezoelectric actuator were applied to a force comparator referring to a tuning-fork-type force transducer. The gravitational force acting on the loading frame was shared between the reference transducer and another transducer under calibration. Introduction of the loading frame structure improved reproducibility of the force transducer under calibration, and the piezoelectric actuator improved force controllability in comparison with that of the previous reported force comparator. Because of the excellent linearity and small hysteresis of the reference transducer, the force comparator showed a capability comparable to dead-weight-type force standard machines.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jookeun Park, Gun Woong Bahng
THE ROLE OF METROLOGY COMMUNITIES UNDER THE WTO SYSTEM: MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
Technical barrier to trade (TBT) has become one of the significant non-tariff measures with the advent of the WTO system in 1995. The key issue in TBT is that technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment should not be used as barriers to trade. Regarding conformity assessment, the WTO/TBT Agreement recommends members to enter into negotiations for the mutual recognition of results of each other's conformity assessment, as well as to permit participation of conformity assessment bodies located in other members. In this paper, it will be reviewed why the role of measurement science is important in terms of international effort to eliminate technical barriers to trade particularly in the area of conformity assessment.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

W. M. S. Wijesinghe, Young Tae Park
DSP BASED POWER ANALYZING SYSTEM FOR ONSITE MEASUREMENTS
A three-phase power analyzing system based on digital signal processing (DSP) has been developed as a traveling standard for onsite power calibration. The design and operation is described for a sampling wattmeter capable of measuring power parameters of sinusoidal signal with frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz and measuring harmonics of nonsinusoidal signals up to 3 kHz. The system is utilized with digital-to-analog converts synchronized with each other. Software has been developed to calculate power parameters using the digital signal processing technique. The calibration system is traceable to national standard systems with an accuracy of 0.05% and allows the calibration of industrial power measurement systems.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Maurizio Leopardi, Maria Teresa Todisco
WATER SURFACE PROFILE IN DIVIDED CHANNELS VERIFIED EXPERIMENTALLY
In the laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Construction of the Faculty of Engineering of L'Aquila, a physical model was made for the study of steady-state, gradually varied motion flow in open channel networks. For this study, a calculus algorithm has been used proposed by [1] which gives, in the case of slow water flow into gradually declined channels, in the direction of motion, the volumes and water levels respectively, in all the nodes and sides of the network.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

In-Mook Choi, Sam-Yong Woo, Han-Wook Song, Boo-Shik Kim, Ho-Young Lee
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC HIGH PRESSURE SEAL UP TO 500 MPa
Applications of high pressure are becoming more important in the field of heavy machinery, plant industries, novel material development and so on. The requirement of the maximum pressure limit is being constantly increased. This paper describes a sealing concept designed to increase pressure up to 500 MPa or more using bronze filled PTFE (PolyTetraFluoroEthylene) which takes advantages of both metal and PTFE. The sealing effect and the test results of the simple structure, which are similar to a re-entrant piston/cylinder, will be described in this paper.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yong Shim Yoo, Bong-Hak Kim, Chul-Woung Park, Dong-Hoon Lee, Seung-Nam Park
SIZE OF SOURCE EFFECT OF A TRANSFER REFERENCE THERMOMETER SUITABLE FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS NEAR TO ROOM TEMPERATURE
We measured the size-of-source-effect (SSE) of a transfer reference thermometer (TRT) for the low-temperature mode with the spectral range from 8 µm to 14 µm by using the direct method. The measurements were carried out for various blackbody temperatures from 10 °C to 300 °C. The size of source changed from 10 mm to 80 mm in diameter. Taking the radiation from the masked area of the aperture plate and its surroundings into account, we observed that the SSE curves measured at various temperatures overlaps well. The SSE functions show a two-step saturation behaviour unusually. Excluding the data obtained near the room temperature, the values of the SSE functions agrees within 0.05 %.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Toralf Hoch, Ernst von Lavante
NUMERICAL TEST RIG FOR TURBINE GAS METER
Generally, the determination of the performance and quality of volumetric flow meters is being carried out using so called error curves. They are the result of experiments performed on test rigs for different design variations and operating conditions. In order to augment this development process for flow meter to reduce costs in terms of money and time, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software has been applied as the so called "Numerical Test Rig". This "Numerical Test Rig" includes a full three-dimensional flow simulation of a realistic meter configuration. Close attention was paid to correct reproduction of the meter features, requiring simulation of the complete geometry with flow straightener, rotor and the downstream domain, all within a 360° circumference. A new algorithm to determine the error curves was developed based on the detailed consideration of inflow and outflow velocities. Equally, the realistic computation of the bearing friction forces and moments was implemented. Simulations of several test cases produced resulting error curves that compared favourably with curves measured for real meters.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wakil Khan, Y.H. Shin, S.S. Hong
EFFECTS OF BAFFLE SIZE ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN VACUUM CHAMBER DURING DYNAMIC GAS FLOW
Vacuum technology is one of the established advanced technologies, of present age, in the field of research and industry. Having numerous applications, in the areas of human activities, one is concerned with a relatively large vacuum chamber where pressure distribution is, usually, not uniform during dynamic gas flow. To minimize the pressure non-uniformities in such chambers, baffles are generally used. In the present work, rectangular-shaped baffles of different sizes are used in a cylindrical-shaped chamber of a flow-control system, developed by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). The chamber is large enough and has been experimented for pressure distribution at four different points in the pressure range from 0.1 Pa to 133 Pa by using five identical Capacitance Diaphragm Gauges (CDGs). One of these gauges serves as a reference gauge and is fixed at one point while the readings of the other four gauges were recorded by using baffles of various sizes and, at the same time, producing the pressure dynamically in the chamber. It is worth mentioning that before installation, all of these gauges were calibrated on Ultrasonic Interferometer Manometer (UIM). The data, thus obtained, along with relative deviations of the gauges’ readings are plotted for all the three baffles which represent the behavior of gas pressure in this particular chamber.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Fumihiro Sakuma
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF TOPCON RADIATION THERMOMETERS
The ambient or instrument temperature affects the outputs of a standard radiation thermometer through various parts such as a detector, a feedback resistance and an interference filter. Usually the output was corrected by one coefficient assuming the linear dependence. If the filter wavelength changes, the dependence is different at each target temperature. We measured the temperature coefficients of Topcon radiation thermometers at different target temperatures and found the target temperature dependence as well as the feed back resistance dependence. Therefore a high stability radiation thermometer requires controlling the detector, filter and amplifier temperatures.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jun Wang, Hongmei LI, Liandi Ma
NIM’S ROLE IN DEVELOPING NATIONAL SYSTEM OF METROLOGY IN CHEMISTRY FOR FOOD ANALYSIS
The growing attention is paid to food analysis area in recent years. National Metrology Institutes have been playing the important roles in obtaining reliable, comparable and traceable analytical data. In this paper, the tasks and performances of National Institute of Metrology (NIM) China in the National System of Metrology in Chemistry (NSMiC) for food analysis are reviewed in the following aspects including: establishing the national primary standards, developing CRMs, organizing national proficiency tests, participating in CCQM comparisons and claiming Calibration Measurement Capabilities (CMCs). Finally, future perspective for the metrological underpinning to the development of food analysis is overviewed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Rocío Muńiz, Miguel Angel Pérez, Cristina de la Torre, Carlos Enrique Carleos, Norberto Corral, Jesús Angel Baro
COMPARISON OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT REGRESSION (PCR) AND PARTIAL LEAST SQUARE (PLS) METHODS IN PREDICTION OF RAW MILK COMPOSITION BY VIS-NIR SPECTROMETRY. APPLICATION TO DEVELOPMENT OF ON-LINE SENSORS F
Visible and Near InfraRed (VIS-NIR) spectrometry from 400 to 1100 nm in addition to Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression or Principal Component Regression (PCR) is a very interesting method to measure several important parameters of non-homogenised fresh milk such as fat, lactose and total protein content. These parameters can be used to analyze the nutritional properties of milk and, consequently they are very important to determine the economic value of produced milk.
This paper studies and compares the potential use of PCR and PLS statistical methods to obtain the values of milk nutrients composition in milk, and present the application to the development of on-line sensors for those nutrients.
The potential of VIS-NIR spectrometry in a spectral region below 1100 nm has been studied in this paper due to working in this region, a low-cost system would be obtain.
Several fresh milk samples taken during milking process were analyzed by means of standard measurement procedures and VIS-NIR spectrometry in order to verify the capabilities and precision of proposed method.
As will be seen in next sections, this method is very interesting for fat content estimation, but it present some problems for total protein and lactose measurement, probably due to the low value of protein and lactose spans.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Miguel Angel Pérez, Rocío Muńiz, Cristina de la Torre, Beatriz Garcia, Carlos Enrique Carleos, Raúl Crespo, Luis M. Cárcel
IMPEDANCE SPECTROMETRY FOR MONITORING ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION KINETICS UNDER WINE-MAKING INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS
This paper presents a system for monitoring several parameters during alcoholic fermentation in wine industry. Alcoholic fermentation of grape juice is a quite complex biological process that involves a large number of variables and boundary conditions. The number of cells and total production of carbon dioxide are two important parameters for monitoring this process and several decisions must be carried out depending on these values. This paper presents an on-line application of impedance spectrometry to estimate both, CO₂ and cells in a small-scale fermentation plant. Experimental results has been obtained from several micro-fermentation, verifying the capability of carbon dioxide measurement and the estimation of yeast cell concentration.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Beatriz Garcia, Jesús Angel Baro, Cristina de la Torre, Rocío Muńiz, Miguel Angel Pérez
A NEW LOW-COST AND PORTABLE ELISA READER BY USING A PHOTODIODE MATRIX AND ELECTROLUMINISCENT (EL) LAMPS
The tool of immunological diagnosis denominated ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay) it is probably the most used colorimetric test and it evaluates the compatibility antigen-antibody.
The development of a portable device and low cost that it is allows analyzing the ELISA plate ("in situ"). It will suppose one immediately identification of the disease and therefore a faster performance to palliate this disease. In addition to the being to low cost it will be more accessible for the population, especially of the underdeveloped countries population, where they have a depressed immunological systems as a result of the bad general condition of life; and this diseases will cause them serious injuries or even the death.
Another reason, but not less important it is that the presence of this disease cause great lost economic, with respect to a primary production sector like it is the farming sector, that produce a great social impact.
This paper presents a new portable instrument for read ELISA plates, based of the colour level (this measurement will take place in photodiodes) and using low-cost components.
Currently, plates are measured either photometrically which is costly and no portable or manually which is unacceptably subjective and dependent on training and illumination. This work shows a technique to improve the efficiency of clinical interpretation ELISA diagnostic plates.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Cristina de la Torre, Rocío Muńiz, Miguel Angel Pérez
A NEW, LOW-COST, ON-LINE RGB COLORIMETER FOR WINE INDUSTRY BASED ON OPTICAL FIBERS
This paper presents a new kind of colour sensor based in measurement the three channels of RGB colour space, using bifurcated optical fibres to conduct light from illuminant to liquid under test and from liquid to photo sensor. This kind of colorimeter can be applied to wine industry in despite of using different colour space in relation to traditional methods.
This paper shows a brief description of colour measurement process, a prototype implementation and several experimental results to compare their results to colour data from commercial equipment, and to verify its applicability to wine industry.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gelson M. Rocha, R. P. Landim
A PIONEER METROLOGY TECHNICAL COURSE IN THE LATIN AMERICA
The aim of this paper is to present a pioneer technical course in metrology in the Latin America. In the 90's, Brazil started to open its market to the world. Qualified human resources in metrology were needed and they were not available enough. A metrology technical course was established in 1998 by agreement among the National Institute of Metrology, Normalization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro), the General Office of Education of the Rio de Janeiro State (SEE-RJ) and the secondary school "Colégio Estadual Círculo Operário" (CECO), maintained by the government of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Inmetro/SEE-RJ/CECO technical course, during 11 years of existence, became a reference course in the region where it is located, and it can be considered an instrument of renewal and increase of the number of professionals that work in the metrology career.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Eduardo Costa Silva, Luiz Gusmăo, Carlos Hall Barbosa, Elisabeth Costa Monteiro
HIGH SENSITIVITY TRIAXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD TRANSDUCER, BASED ON THE PHASE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GMI EFFECT
The Laboratory of Biometrology of PUC-Rio has been developing magnetic field transducers to be used in biomedical applications. Investigations recently accomplished indicate the possibility of a new research line, which considers the changes in the phase characteristics of Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) sensors due to varying low-intensity magnetic fields. In spite of being less explored in the literature, the work carried out so far indicates that the sensitivity of the phase can lead to more promising results than the ones already obtained with transducers based on the variation of the impedance magnitude. This manuscript discusses the development process of a new class of magnetic field transducers, beginning with the definition of the ideal stimulation condition for the sensor elements, proceeding to discuss the configuration that makes possible a triaxial measurement and closing with the electronic circuit that conditions the GMI ribbons and reads their phase variation as a function of an axial magnetic field. Simulation studies of a complete transducer, including the conditioning circuit and based on data obtained from measured curves, have shown that an improvement in sensitivity greater than 20 times can be expected when compared to the previous magnitude-based transducers.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jacopo Zenzeri, Vishwanathan Mohan, Pietro Morasso
COORDINATION OF FOCAL ARM MOVEMENTS AND POSTURAL STABILIZATION IN WHOLE BODY REACHING: A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL
In this paper, we present a biomimetic, force field based computational model for whole body reaching (WBR) using the approach known as passive motion paradigm. The proposed computational model is based on non-linear attractor dynamics where the attractor landscape is obtained by combining multiple force fields in different reference systems. Simulation results for a range of reaching tasks using a simplified body model composed of 5 joints (Ankle-Knee-Hip-Shoulder-Elbow) are presented. We compare the model-generated patterns (final posture, velocity profile and trajectories in the distal/proximal spaces) with the movements of a human subject performing similar WBR tasks.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Nuno Rodrigues, Paulo Gomes, Eduardo Fernandes, Carlos Pedro Ferreira, Joăo Sampaio
GAS ANALYZERS CALIBRATION BY DYNAMIC DILUTION FOR MONITORING AIR POLLUTION AND AIR EMISSIONS
The monitoring of air pollution and air emissions has suffered a great evolution during last decade in Portugal. In relation with this evolution, the necessary metrological control for the measurement equipments increased substantially, as required from the European Norm EN ISO/IEC 17025.
This work compares two alternative methodologies to calibrate equipments for monitoring air pollutants emitted from ducts and stacks to the atmosphere. The traditional method, by comparing the calibration gases, Certified Reference Materials (CRM) with the equipment measurements and other method that consists in generate the calibration gas by dynamic dilution method from a high concentration CRM for each quantity.
The dilution systems that use Mass Flow Controllers (MFC) are very suitable on this field. They also give some technical advantages in calibration process, but a bigger expanded uncertainty is reached, influenced first by the MFC.
When comparing dynamic dilution and traditional calibration methods for some measurement reference equipments by Z' – score and E_n methods, the results were satisfactory.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roberto Montanini, Salvina Aliquň
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF PLEXIGLAS MATERIALS USING LOCK-IN AND PULSE PHASE INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
Lock-in and pulse phase infrared thermography measurement techniques have been exploited for quantitative assessment of subsurface defects in a reference specimen made of Plexiglas. Radiometric thermal images were post-processed using a contrast approach in the frequency domain, allowing defect depth location to be resolved with a relative combined standard uncertainty of about 7% for thicknesses above 3 mm. Conversely, significant radial heat diffusion next to the boundary of the discontinuity made accurate sizing of deeper subsurface defects more difficult. The obtained results demonstrate the potentiality of active thermography as a fast, powerful contactless NDT measurement tool.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Roberto Montanini, Gaetano Squadrito, Giosue Giacoppo
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CLAMPING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A PEM FUEL CELL USING MATRIX-BASED PIEZORESISTIVE THIN-FILM SENSORS
The achievement of a proper and uniform pressure distribution between the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the bipolar plates of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a key factor of stack design and assembly. Contact pressure levels are usually controlled by selecting an appropriate external clamping pressure on the endplates. Very few studies have been focused on the measurement of the contact pressure distribution within the fuel cell and its correlation with the applied external clamping torque. This study explores the possibility of using matrix-based piezoresistive thin-film sensors, to be placed between the MEA and the monopolar plate of a PEMFC, to investigate this correlation. Before embedding the sensor array into the fuel cell, it was validated for accuracy and repeatability by designing a pneumatic calibration device which allows to apply uniform static pressure levels over the whole sensor area. Preliminary results reported in this study showed that, as the clamping torque on the endplates is increased, the average pressure on the MEA remains almost constant but its distribution changes. The core area of the electrode becomes progressively more unloaded while average stresses on the gasket rise up, with significant stress concentration around the edge corners.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Joel de Jesus Lima Sousa, Luiz Torres Sá Leităo
METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE CALIBRATIONS: A STUDY CASE STUDY ON THE INTERLABORATORIAL COMPARISON PROGRAM
This work presents a method to evaluate measurement results of calibrations of an itinerary energy standard (Wh) performed by laboratories that participate in an interlaboratorial comparison program. It is based in the methodology of linearization of the normal function distribution. This tool compares data of a laboratory under analysis to data of the reference laboratory using beta values of each laboratory within a specific period of the program. If any of these measures is outside stipulated ranges it is a sign that the laboratory under analysis needs to investigate its process.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Giancarlo D'Agostino, Alessandro Germak, Fabrizio Mazzoleni, Danilo Quagliotti, Giulio Barbato
INFLUENCE OF THE MUTUAL GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION IN A SET OF MASSES OF DEADWEIGHT MACHINES
Reciprocal gravitational attraction among the masses of deadweight machines could be significant in certain conditions. A simulation with finite elements method was applied on two different types of deadweight machines: INRIM force standard machines Amsler 100 kN and Galdabini 1 MN. Results are reported in comparison with the simplified method that considers the masses concentrated on theirs barycentres.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Delia Díaz, Óscar Casas, Ramon Pallŕs-Areny
INTERFERENCE REDUCTION IN ECG RECORDINGS BY USING A DUAL GROUND ELECTRODE
Power distribution lines are a major source of interference in ECG recordings obtained with surface electrodes. Displacement currents coupled to electrodes, their leads and directly into the body, and stray capacitance in power supply transformers, result into differential-mode, common-mode and isolation-mode interference. Shielding electrode leads reduces displacement currents coupled to them. Amplifiers with high common-mode and isolation-mode rejection ratio reduce common-mode and isolation-mode interference, but interference coupled in differential mode cannot be reduced by shielding neither by amplifier design. We propose the use of a grounded electrode close to each recording electrode instead of the customary "right-leg" ground electrode, to reduce differential-mode interference. We provide a qualitative model to explain that interference reduction, and experimental evidence to show its effectiveness even for non-isolated recording systems in the presence of strong power-line interference.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcello Caravaggio, Gianfranco Molinar Min Beciet, Paolo De Maria
DESIGN OF A NEW SERIES OF PRESSURE BALANCE IN LIQUID MEDIUM
The design and development of a series of pressure balances, operating in liquid media up to 120 MPa, have been started during a recent collaboration between the Italian company SCANDURA & FEM and the I.N.Ri.M. (Italian National Research Institute of Metrology) in Italy.
The details of the project design for these pressure balances are here presented. Two different pressure balance’s lines have been develop: one, the RedLine, only mechanical, the other one, the BlueLine, with an on board electronic compensation system. The main chosen strategy has been decided in such a way to produce a compact pressure balance easy to move, but at the same time equipped with all the measuring sensors needed to compensate the errors due to the main influence quantities (for the BlueLine model).
The main metrological characteristics of some pistoncylinder units were experimentally analysed and some interesting results are here presented. To better characterise these pressure balances several investigations, by using the FEM Analysis, have been done in cooperation with the University of Cassino.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Michael Kühnel, Falko Hilbrunner, Gerd Jäger
NOVEL HIGH-RESOLUTION INTERFEROMETRIC MATERIALS TESTING DEVICE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH-TECH PLASTICS
The use of high-tech plastics in the field of mechanical engineering is increasing dramatically. The time-dependent change of strain ε(t) during constant load (viscoelasticity, creeping) is a fundamental property of plastics and exact knowledge of these properties is required for the design of plastic parts. A novel high-resolution materials testing device is presented in this paper. It offers reaction-free interferometric measurement of the viscoelastic behaviour of plastics at a constant bending load. The resolution of the deflection is 1 nm.
Therefore, unlike the three point bending test described in the ISO 899-2:2003 standard, the device is suitable for the measurement of viscoelasticity ε(t) at very small strain values (ε_max < 0.1 %) and after a very short loading time (t < 1 d).
A detailed description of the device and the parameters is shown as well as measurements of the time-dependent strain ε(t) of a high-tech plastic. Very good reproducibility of the measurements was achieved, which makes the device very suitable for measuring viscoelastic behaviour.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Trevor Esward, Clemens Elster, Jan Peter Hessling
ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS: NEW CHALLENGES REQUIRE NEW SOLUTIONS
A dynamic measurement can be defined as a measurement where the physical quantity being measured varies with time and where this variation may have a significant effect on the measurement result and the associated uncertainty. New dynamic measurement challenges are arising in a number of metrology areas that have traditionally required only steady state or static characterisation of sensor performance. These challenges may require development of new measurement and calibration methods, as well as new methods for correcting sensor outputs and for the evaluation of uncertainties.
This paper reviews these developments with a particular emphasis on the role and relevance of the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) and GUM Supplement 1 (GUM S1).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Michal Návorka, Olga Tumová
DATA PROCESSING AND PROBABILITY MODELS OF WIND GUSTS
This paper deals with a measurement of wind gusts, data processing and its role in modern meteorology and connected branches. It describes some measuring devices and methods how the data are processed. It shows how to create probability map of wind gusts and graphical results.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Tomas Loebl, Eva Kureková, Rudolf Palencár
POSIBILITIES OF IMPROOVING OF POSITIONAL PRECISION OF MACHINE TOOLS WITH LINEAR AXES
The positional deviation (difference between the actual and target position) belongs to the important criteria that describe the performance of numerically controlled axes. The procedure for determination of such deviation is described in the international standard ISO 230- 2:1997. This standard provides calculation of the positional deviation only in several discrete (measuring) points. Moreover it does not consider effects of the measuring instrument on the obtained results. The new methodology is adopted and it is enables estimation of the positional deviation in any point of the axis travel, together with the uncertainty of such estimate. Obtained results can be incorporated into a control system in the form of corrections enhancing positioning possibilities of individual axes.
The paper introduces procedures that were verified by measurements for one linear axis. The more complicated situation occurs for testing the positioning accuracy in a plane or in a space. Paper also talks about possibilities of using such a measurement in process of controlling for compensation. Such compensation can bring great improvement in positional accuracy of machine tools.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Luk Arnaut
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISATION OF DYNAMIC PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENTS FOR MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
We present results of experiments for characterising complex (i.e., multiple-scattering and time-varying) environments for propagation of microwaves. Parameters of the distortion of the received signals are analyzed using statistical and stochastic methods.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ludwik Finkelstein
STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF VIM
The paper notes the publication of the new edition of the International Vocabulary of Metrology as a significant step in Measurement Science. It argues that vocabularies must evolve with technical progress and with changes in society and economy. It proposes an agenda of future development of concepts and vocabulary in measurement and instrumentation. The main drivers of advance are seen to be the widening and diversification of the applications of measurement and the convergence of measurement and instrumentation and other aspects of information technology. The paper outlines some aspects of the methodology of vocabulary development.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Piotr Bobinski, Wieslaw Winiecki
LARGE NUMBER LIBRARY – THE NEW LABVIEW TOOL FOR SECURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
The paper presents the proposal of a new mathematical tool for LabVIEW environment – the Large Number Library. After the short introduction describing the security issue in the Distributed Measurement-Control Systems (DMCS), the most popular asymmetric encryption algorithms (public-key encryption algorithms) are described in order to demonstrate the need for developing such a library. The LN library was implemented in two variants: the native LabVIEW code (G language) and using external software modules (DLLs). The algorithms implemented in both alternatives have been developed basing on the Number Theory Library (NTL) – Victor Shoup's open source library. The results of accuracy and efficiency tests for several functions implemented in both variants are shown. The developed LN library will allow for the creation of the advanced cryptographic libraries dedicated to the LabVIEW environment, enabling the development of secure communication channels in DMCS and information security of DMCS networks.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alejandro Savarin, Carlo Marinari, Jorge C. Torres-Guzmán
IMPROVEMENT OF METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTI'S 110 KN FORCE STANDARD MACHINE BY USING THE CENAM’S SIX-COMPONENT DYNAMOMETER FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION
In order to improve the metrological characteristics of the 110 kN INTI primary Force Standard Machine (FSM), an evaluation of the parasitic components that could rise for misalignments and structural deformations, is useful.
The values of the parasitic components in static and dynamic conditions were determined by using the six-component dynamometer property of CENAM.
On the basis of the multi-component analysis and in order to reduce the effect of the parasitic components on the main axial load, a verification of the main frame inclination, of the load eccentricity and of the weight pieces misalignment was carried out.
After some FSM structural correction, tests of repeatability and reproducibility were carried out to verify the parasitic components decreasing.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marcantonio Catelani, Andrea Zanobini, Lorenzo Ciani
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WORD ERROR RATE MEASUREMENT IN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS
The word error rate (WER) in an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is the probability to receive a wrong code for an input, after correction is made for gain, offset, and nonlinearity errors, and a specified allowance is made for noise. Typical causes of word errors are metastability and timing jitter of comparators within the ADC.
The proposed paper is an evolution of previous work and focuses the attention to the word error rate estimation and to the Annex A of IEEE standard 1241. Other statistical techniques, which can better integrate what is sustained in the standard and in [2], have been proposed. In particular, Chi-square and F distributions have been introduced for a more accurate measurement of the word error rate in the case of n successive observations.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Sascha Eichstädt, Alfred Link, Meinhard Spitzer, Mark Bieler, Clemens Elster
SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRELATION IN THE UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS
We show that correlations in the estimate of the impulse response of ultrafast sampling oscilloscopes might play an important role for uncertainty evaluations. This is demonstrated by determining the uncertainty associated with the estimate of the oscilloscope's input signal which is calculated using the output signal of the oscilloscope and the impulse response. We observe that the resulting uncertainty depends on the size of the correlation in the impulse response and we conclude that such correlations should be accounted for in an uncertainty analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Wan-Sup Cheung, Torben Licht
PROGRESS IN DEVELOPMENT OF CALIBRATION SYSTEMS FOR ANGULAR VIBRATION PICKUPS
This paper addresses technical challenges unresolved in the calibration of angular vibration pickups. Primary and/or comparison calibration systems for angular vibration pickups can not be realised without the angular vibration exciter and the precision angular accelerometer suitable for the transfer standard. Recent attempts made to tackle these technical challenges and related achievements are introduced in this paper.
Several air-bearing supported angular exciters had been machined and tested to improve their background angular vibration levels and instability conditions due to pressurised air flow characteristics A gross level of 0.01 radian/s˛-rms has been achieved. A new angular exciter whose rotational shaft the precision ball bearings support was designed and machined. This new model includes very improved performance characteristics, such as the reduction of size and mass, the extended frequency range, the efficiency of generated angular acceleration per unit current, much improvement of background vibration, and very low total harmonic distortion characteristics. Experimental results regarding those improved factors are presented in Section 2. The general features, including angular vibration-related, mechanical and electrical parameters, are summarised.
The first prototype angular accelerometer made by B&K has been used for the measurement of angular vibration in this work after it had been calibrated in KRISS, Recent measurement results of the sensitivity of the prototype angular accelerometer are presented in Section 3. The results are used to obtain the fitted model-based frequency response curve used for frequency compensation of measurements. Finally, test results, obtained to examine the transverse sensitivity characteristics, are presented. They reveal several technical issues that shall be resolved in the future.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Masaki Michihata, Daisuke Nakai, Terutake Hayashi, Yasuhiro Takaya
NANO-DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT USING OPTICALLY TRAPPED PROBE ENHANCED BY INTERFEROMETRIC SCALE
We propose a new dimensional measurement technique that is capable of measuring the bottom surface of a stepwise shape. The measurement system is composed of a length scale and a sensor probe to read the scale. The probe is trapped and controlled three-dimensionally by laser trapping technique. The scale is arisen by optical interference, which is extended straight to the measured surface from the probe. Firstly measurement principle is theoretically explained. Remarkable feature of this technique is feasibility to access the area as narrow as 15 µm. Vertical resolution of this measurement technique is experimentally estimated as 10 nm. The measurable range of the inclination angle of surface is less than 15 °. In terms of the measurement accuracy, it is evaluated around 100 nm.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Hiroshi Yamasaki, Hiroyuki Kambara, Yasuharu Koike
THE DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF STS MOVEMENT
The purpose of this study was to clarify the criterion which can predict trajectories during sit-to-stand (STS) movement. Three types of rising movements from the chair, i.e., upright, natural, and leaning-forward rising, were measured for five subjects. The trajectories of the center of mass (COM) predicted by the minimum torque-change model, rather than the minimum jerk model, resemble the measured movements in all rising patterns. The upright rising required greater extension torque of the knee and ankle joints at seat-off. The leaning-forward rising required greater extension hip torque than the natural and upright rising conditions. Natural rising movement might be a result of dynamic optimization.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Piotr Bilski, Wieslaw Winiecki
MULTICORE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AES ALGORITHM IN THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
The paper presents the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Algorithm (AES) in the measurement system, where the virtual instruments equipped with the multi-core processors are used. The encryption algorithm is first presented, then its modification to take advantage over the multi-core processor is described. Implementation of the latter in the virtual instrument working under the Real-Time (RT) mode is presented. Finally, test vectors are used to verify the validity of the modified algorithm and comparison between the traditional algorithm and the version using the parallel computations is performed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Po Gyu Park, Young Gyun Kim, Wan-Seop Kim, V. N. Kalabin, Vladlen Ya. Shifirn
A PRECISION CALIBRATION SET-UP FOR AC MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY MEASUREMENT IN THE RANGE OF 1 Hz TO 20 kHz
A precision generating and measurement system of AC magnetic flux density was developed by using a linear low-frequency AC magnetic field converter, a quartz Helmholtz coil, a voltage comparator, a multimeter, a standard resistor, and a computer with a program for automatic measurement. The expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the calibration system is less than 0.2 % over the frequency range of 1 Hz to 20 kHz.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Pierre Cambier, S. Vandermarličre, Ernst von Lavante, U. Banaszak, H. Krisch, Sylvain Tournillon
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF UPSTREAM DISTURBANCES ON ACCURACY OF VORTEX-SHEDDING FLOW METER
In the present investigation, the problem of accurate determination of volumetric flows by means of the so-called vortex-shedding flow meter in the case of upstream disturbances caused by several versions of bends has been studied. To this end, the flow about the bluff body used in the presently studied vortex-shedding flow meter was investigated experimentally and numerically for the case of incompressible fluid flow (water). The disturbances considered presently were generated by a single 90-degree bend, in-plane double bend and a three-dimensional 90-degree out-of-plane double bend. Additionally, the distance of the bluff body from the disturbance source was varied. The computations were carried out for a limited number of cases using the three-dimensional unsteady incompressible solver of the Navier-Stokes equations as included in the Fluent commercial program. The effects of turbulence were modelled by using the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The resulting flow fields were analyzed using various methods, including visualization, evaluation of several of their global features and DFT of properly chosen variables. The numerical results were validated by comparisons of the simulated k-factor with the measured one. The effect of the disturbances was assessed by comparison with the undisturbed reference case. Depending on the configuration investigated and the distance of the meter from the bend outflow location, the change of the k-factor from the undisturbed reference case was noticeable. The difference of the simulated and measured deviations was in some cases less than 0.2 %.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Vladimir Kneller
REVEAL AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF QUANTITIES TRANSFORMATION METHODS
The paper presents a procedure enabling to reveal and systematize the techniques of purposeful process realization by classifying verbally described concept reflecting this process per general/particular principle. The focus is made on "generic" methods revelation mechanism. The procedure is exemplified in the revealing general methods of quantities transformation: the process underlying many other processes including measurement, inspection, and control. The picture of the upper classification levels of general transformation methods is drawn up and can be further developed with reference to specific types of this process as well as to other relevant processes.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Linus Michaeli, Jan Saliga, Michal Sakmar, Jan Busa
ADVANCED ADC TESTING BY MULTIEXPONENTIAL STIMULI
The paper presents a new approach to ADC histogram test by exponential stimulus signal. The basic, early published, method based on simple exponential stimulus can hide some low code frequency errors in ADC integral nonlinearity. This effect is caused by estimation method of exponential stimulus. The authors proposed new advanced method in processing of histograms achieved by exponential stimulus signal. The basic idea of the new method is in application of periodical exponential stimulus signal consisting of rising and falling parts within its period. Subsequently the estimation of INL is done by minimising of cost function given by the difference between INLs calculated for rising and falling part of signal. Performed simulations and experimental results show that the suggested method is usable in real measurement and it is not more complex in comparison with basic exponential stimulus test method both in hardware realisation and in data processing algorithm.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Milos Drutarovsky, Jan Saliga, Linus Michaeli, Ingrid Hroncová
REMOTE LABORATORY FOR FPGA BASED RECONFIGURABLE SYSTEMS TESTING
The paper presents a remote laboratory system that allows performing experiments controlled across the Internet via web interface as well as locally in the classroom. The system has been developed for courses of advanced digital design and signal processing using complex Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platforms. It allows students full access to laboratory equipments, advanced software licenses, and FPGA platforms remotely using any common web browser and standard remote desktop interface. The system consists of Altera development FPGA kits and suitable instrumentations (Logic Analyser, Digital Oscilloscope, and Vector Signal Generator) or low cost alternative (DAQ board as a Virtual Logic Analyser, Oscilloscope and Vector Signal Generator). Both solutions use PC running an interactive LabVIEW based software including a Graphical User Interface (GUI).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Met, Krzysztof Musiol, Tadeusz Skubis
PRECISE PHASE-SENSITIVE DETECTOR WITH SWITCHED TWO-TERMINAL RC NETWORK
Application of a switched two-terminal RC networks for the construction of phase-sensitive detectors (PSDs) which are used in self-balancing transformer bridges is described. The switched two-terminal RC network makes possible effective reduction of noise level, increasing the CMRR, removing the input DC offset and providing the galvanic separation of the input and output circuits. Investigation of properties of the precise phase-sensitive detector used in a prototype self-balancing bridge for maintenance of inductance standard shows that the noise attenuation is bigger than 100 dB. Nowadays, the precise phase-sensitive detector described in the paper successfully operates in the automatic impedance bridge KWL1 designed for high accurate inductance measurement at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig (PTB, Germany).
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andreas Voigt, Lars Büttner, Jürgen Czarske, Harald Müller
LASER DOPPLER VELOCITY PROFILE SENSOR: TECHNICAL ADVANCES FOR THE OPTICAL FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS
The precise measurement of the flow rate of natural gas is of vital economical importance since natural gas contributes highly to the total energy mix. In this paper we report about a laser Doppler velocity profile sensor specifically designed to suit the measurement conditions at the optical test facility of the German natural gas flow rate standard. The profile sensor is an extension of the principle of a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA); however, instead of one interference fringe system with (nearly) parallel fringes two fringe systems - one with converging and one with diverging fringes – are employed. Thereby both spatial resolution and velocity accuracy are more than one order of magnitude better than for a conventional LDA. The data obtained are compared to measurements with a conventional LDA. As a result the shear layer could be resolved more precisely by the profile sensor which yields a more accurate determination of the flow rate. In addition the mean value of the measured turbulence intensity of the core flow amounted to only 0.14 % for the profile sensor, more than one order of magnitude lower than for the conventional LDA. The minimum measured turbulence intensity was 0.07 %, which is, to our knowledge, the lowest value ever measured by optical methods.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Branislav Lojko, Jan Hribik, Peter Fuchs, Miloslav Hruskovic
ACCURATE DIGITAL THREE-PHASE ELECTRICITY METER AND GENERATOR
Accurate measurement of parameters of a power network is now possible by digital methods. The description of the proposed and realized instrument based on the digital sampling method is given. It can measure basic parameters of the three-phase power network such as rms values of voltages and currents, powers, energies, power factors, the network frequency and frequency spectra. Its accuracy is better than 0.05%. The instrument can be also used as a generator of three-phase voltage and current signals with selectable phase shifts and higher harmonic components. Questions concerning the accuracy of measurement and error sources are also briefly given.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Carlo Ferrero, Angelo Chiapuzzi
A PORTABLE SYSTEM FOR THE CALIBRATION OF TRANSDUCERS AND TORQUE WRENCHES: THE CALIBRATION BELL
In the industry, in the assembling production lines, in mass production, very often are popular special dedicated systems, so-called calibration benches, with which it is possible to ensure the correct performance and calibration of production torque tools, pneumatic, electric or electronic power tools and torque wrenches. Most important problems are encountered during the transfer of the torque unit from the accredited laboratories to the industrial laboratories. For this purpose was designed a portable calibration system named Calibration Bell, particularly dedicated to calibration of torque transducers installed in the calibration benches of its production. In the paper the main metrological characteristics of these systems, evaluated during the assessment of the Calibration Centre are reported.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yuji Yamakawa, Takanori Yamazaki, Junichi Tamura, Osamu Tanaka
DYNAMIC BEHAVIORS OF CHECKWEIGHER WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE COMPENSATION
This paper clarifies the dynamic behaviors of a high speed mass measurement system with conveyor belt (a checkweigher). The objective in this study is to construct the model of the measurement system. The checkweigher with electromagnetic force compensation can be approximated by the combined spring-mass-damper systems as the physical model, and the equations of motion are derived. The model parameters can be obtained from the experimental data. Finally, the validity of the proposed model can be confirmed by comparison of the simulation results with the realistic responses. The dynamic model obtained offers practical and useful information to examine control scheme.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yong-Gyoo Kim, Inseok Yang, Yong Shim Yoo
COMPARISON OF THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURE SCALES REALIZED BY FIXED-POINT AND RADIATION METHODS
We have developed a blackbody block system for comparing thermocouple temperature scales realized using fixed-point and radiation methods. Platinum/palladium, type S and type B thermocouples were calibrated using the freezing points of Ag, Cu, Fe-C, Co-C, and Pd (only for Type B). The radiation thermometer used was an LP4 linear pyrometer operated at a central wavelength of 650 nm. Two scales were compared from 962 to 1544 °C, and it was found that the two scales were consistent within 0.5 °C up to 1400 °C, but the discrepancy increased to 2.0 °C at 1544 °C for the type B thermocouple. In terms of the measurement uncertainty, the thermometric and radiometric scales realized at KRISS were in agreement up to the freezing temperature of Pd.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Marja Mettänen, Risto Ritala
MEASUREMENT AS INFORMATION CHANNEL WITH AN APPLICATION TO PRINTABILITY
Printability of paper is a multidimensional concept consisting of runnability and print quality. The lack of definition for print quality makes printability rather ambiguous. In this paper we discuss the measurability of the high-level printability and print quality and present an interpretation of the measurements of low-level print quality related characteristics as information channels about high-level concepts. This enables the construction of a layered model in which the information provided by measurements is propagated to infer about higher level concepts of quality, eventually supporting decision making. As an example, we present a case study of low-level print quality defects caused by the small-scale measurable properties of the paper, and consider the meaning of this process from the viewpoint of print quality analysis.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Philip Thomas, Roger Jones, James Kearns
MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS TO VALUE HUMAN LIFE EXTENSION
In safety analysis as in engineering, the development of a satisfactory mathematical model is required to identify the parameters that need to be measured and calculated. The establishment of a proper calculus of safety begins with the recognition that the fundamental concept is life expectancy, and then, by extension, the increase in life expectancy that a safety measure brings about. J-value analysis, which rests on this concept, is a method of estimating how much should be spent on a new safety system to improve health and/or safety, with the amount depending on both actuarial and economic data. Measurements made to quantify the first J-value trade-off between the average person's free-time fraction and his income result in an inferential estimate of the elasticity of marginal utility. This is an important economic parameter in its own right, and moreover feeds into a second trade-off between life expectancy and income, which J-value analysis shows to be the balance that must be struck in evaluating a new safety scheme.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Ondrej Šubrt, Miloslav Kubar, Pravoslav Martinek, Jirí Jakovenko
VIRTUAL TESTING METHOD FOR STATIC ADC NON-LINEARITY – RSD CYCLIC A/D CONVERTER CASE
One of the recent approaches to test A/D converter performance is the so-called Servo-Loop Method. This method is aimed at the non-linearity extraction of static ADC transfer curve. In this paper, we prove an advanced Servo-Loop version focusing on behavioral and transistorlevel example of the Residual Signed Digit (RSD) cyclic A/D converter design. The background of the considered Servo-Loop version was proposed. In this paper, we establish a Virtual Testing Environment (VTE) built on Verilog-A implementation of the Servo-Loop unit fully integrated into Cadence design environment. Powerful capabilities of the proposed VTE were successfully confirmed by a large set of behavioral and transistor-level simulations in Spectre.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Horst Bettin, Detlef Schiel, Martin Vogtmann, Henning Niemann
CLEANING OF SILICON DENSITY STANDARDS
The cleaning of silicon density standards was investigated by mass comparison measurements. It was shown that even in clean laboratory air, the mass of silicon spheres increases considerably with time. On the other hand, after cleaning the sphere, mass stabilizes within only 8 hours and always yields the same mass within 10 µg. This is also true after using the spheres in liquids, e. g., for hydrostatic weighing. Additionally, an infrared absorption technique was used to identify hydrocarbons on silicon spheres and to estimate the layer thickness. A calibration of this method was possible with a mass determination of a paraffine layer deposited on a silicon sphere.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Falk Tegtmeier, Rolf Kumme, Mark Seidel
IMPROVEMENT OF THE REALIZATION OF FORCES BETWEEN 2 MN AND 5 MN AT PTB - THE NEW 5 MN FORCE STANDARD MACHINE
Since November 2008, PTB's force scale has been complemented in the range from 2 to 5 MN by a further force standard machine. This automatically working 5 MN Force Standard Machine (FSM) utilizes the hydraulic amplification of a 50 kN mass stack and enables low uncertainties of smaller than 0.01% by using innovative methods for the control principle and the link-up of the force standard. In the paper, the constructional design of the machine, the control and the innovative link-up procedure will be published. Supplementary to this, results from comparison measurements of the machine with PTB's 2 and 16.5 MN FSM are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Hermann Gross, Andreas Rathsfeld, Frank Scholze, Markus Bär
IMPACT OF MODEL UNCERTAINTIES TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE PROFILES IN SCATTEROMETRY
Scatterometry is a non-imaging indirect optical method in wafer metrology to characterize periodic surface structures with dimensions in the micro- and nanometer range. It is also important to lithography masks designed for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), where light with wavelengths in the range of 13 nm is applied. The solution of the inverse problem, i.e. the determination of periodic surface structures with respect to their critical dimensions (CD) and other profile properties from light diffraction patterns, is incomplete without knowledge of the uncertainties associated with the reconstructed parameters. With decreasing feature sizes of lithography masks, increasing demands on metrology techniques and their uncertainties arise. The numerical simulation of the diffraction process for periodic 2D structures can be realized by the finite element solution of the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. The inverse problem can be formulated as a non-linear operator equation. The operator maps the sought mask parameters to the efficiencies of diffracted plane wave modes. The operator equation can be solved by optimization, i.e., minimizing the deviation of the calculated efficiency or phase shift values from the measured ones. Clearly, the uncertainties of the reconstructed profile parameters essentially depend on the uncertainties of the input data and can be estimated by various methods. A Monte Carlo procedure and an approximate covariance method is applied to evaluate the reconstruction algorithm. Particularly, we analyze the impact of uncertainties in the model parameters by the Monte Carlo method. Reconstruction results and their uncertainties are presented for the measurements of typical EUV masks. They are composed of 140 nm wide TaN absorber lines of about 80 nm height, a period of 420 nm, and with an underlying MoSi-multilayer stack of 49 periods.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Malgorzata Poniatowska, Andrzej Werner
PROBE RADIUS COMPENSATION AND FITTING ERRORS IN CAD-BASED MEASUREMENTS OF FREE-FORM SURFACE: A CASE STUDY
The present paper will present problems connected with accuracy inspection of free-form surfaces, performed with coordinate measuring machines equipped with touch measurement probes. The most important among them are, apart from the number and distribution of measurement points on a surface, errors caused by the probe radius compensation and determining the coordinate system. A theoretical analysis as well as the results of tests on the influence of compensations errors and errors in fitting the data to a CAD model on the results of computation of the points on the milled free-form surface will be presented. Considering any of these factors separately makes it impossible to obtain the complete picture of their mutual dependence. It turns out that applying compensation, leading to errors in determining measurement points, influences the uncertainty of the position and orientation of the coordinate system determined by fitting the compensated data to the CAD model.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Werner, Malgorzata Poniatowska
COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS OF COMPLEX-SHAPE SURFACES
The article presents issues connected with coordinate measurements of spatial surfaces. These measurements are presented on the example of carrying out the reverse engineering process of objects described with the use of free surface patches. The introduction to the article comprises a presentation of the B-spline method. This method has been applied to constructing geometric models of the reconstructed surfaces. Moreover, the introduction presents a method of constructing a surface patch on the basis of a cloud of points in space. Further in the article, a practical implementation of the methodology of reconstructing objects described with the use of complex shape surface patches has been presented. The methodology includes subsequent object measurements and reconstructing the object's geometric model, and concentrates on the possibly most accurate reconstruction of the shapes and dimensions of the researched object. While performing the reverse engineering process, the issues connected with selecting the best measurement strategy adjusted to the class of the reconstructed object as well as to the assumed geometric modelling method are discussed.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Kazimierz Józwiak, Marek Olesz, Janusz Smulko
MEASUREMENTS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION INDUCED BY PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN FOIL-BASED CAPACITORS FOR THEIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
There is a continuous pressure to increase quality of the passive elements at reduction of their production costs. Therefore, present methods of their quality assessment have to be reconsidered to avoid usage of the elements that could break down and lead to serious economical losses. This paper compares results of capacitor tests introduced by the obligatory technical standards and measurements of acoustic emission induced by partial discharges within voids in foil-based capacitors. We suppose that presence of voids within dielectric and foil structures can lead to capacitor damage and can not be detected by measurements of dielectric loss or capacitance only.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Grzegorz Smigielski, Roman Dygdala, Mieczyslaw Kunz, Damian Lewandowski, Krzysztof Stefanski
HIGH PRECISION DELIVERY OF A WATER CAPSULE: THEORETICAL MODEL, NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION, CONTROL SYSTEM AND RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS
The paper describes an outline of a system of precise delivery of water capsule to a given point. Theoretical model of the capsule's flight, the method of numerical computing its trajectory under various limiting conditions and the scheme of the system of acquisition and transmission of the data serving as initial conditions for numerical computation are presented. Results of field experiments verifying theoretical model and numerical methods of computing the trajectory of a water-capsule by comparison of computed and registered trajectories after its release from a helicopter in the horizontal forward flight are reported as well.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Philippe Averlant, Claire Bartoli
UPGRADE OF THE MEDIUM AND HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION CALIBRATION REFERENCE EQUIPMENT AND EXTENSION TO LOW FREQUENCIES
The national accelerometry references in France are provided by the LNE. Such traceability to national standards is essential for industrial organisations using processes in which an understanding of acceleration related parameters is of primary importance in terms of quality and safety. These fields include the armaments, nuclear, aerospace and automotive industries.
The calibration of reference accelerometers for industries and other laboratories has been carried out on the LNE site at Trappes since 2006, using an absolute method involving a Michelson laser interferometer in accordance with standard ISO 16063. The bench used, which is described in article [2] is however of an old design and an upgrading program has been drawn up and carried out.
This article describes the upgrading of this bench. The characteristics of the components undergoing modifications are described. These are the laser interferometer, the shaker and the measurement system and data processing system. In order to cover requirements for traceability chains for vibration frequencies below 10 Hz, an additional specific shaker for low frequencies has been sourced.
Metrological approval was based on the consistency achieved between the calibration results for given accelerometers obtained using the new bench and those obtained using the original bench.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alessio De Angelis, John-Olof Nilsson, Isaac Skog, Peter Händel, Paolo Carbone
INDOOR POSITIONING BY ULTRA WIDE BAND RADIO AIDED INERTIAL NAVIGATION
In this paper, a research activity aimed at developing an indoor positioning system is presented. The realized system prototype uses sensor fusion techniques to combine information from two sources: a local Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio based distance-measuring system infrastructure and an Inertial Navigation System (INS). The UWB system provides a measure of distance between two transceivers by measuring the time-of-flight of pulses. Its principle of operation is briefly described, together with the main features of its architecture. Furthermore, the main characteristics of the INS and of the Extended Kalman Filter information fusion approach are presented. Finally, some experimental results are provided, relative to static and dynamic position measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Krzysztof Stepien, Stanislaw Adamczak
RESEARCH ON ACCURATE IN SITU MEASUREMENTS OF CYLINDRICITY
In many industries (for example, in paper, electric or ship industry), large and heavy cylindrical elements play very important role. Such workpieces should posses very good quality of form and dimensions. Sometimes, they may be deformed under certain operating conditions, e.g. due to a high temperature or great external or internal loads. Consequently, wear and damage of the working surfaces are observed. Therefore cylindricity deviations of such workpieces should be measured during their manufacturing and exploitation. However, some of the workpieces cannot be measured accurately by existing measuring instruments because they are too large or too heavy and therefore they cannot be placed on the measuring table of the instrument. This is why the industries manufacturing or applying cylinders expect that measurements of cylindricity profiles will be made directly on the machine tool or in the work area. In the paper methods allowing such measurements are investigated. The methods are divided into two main groups: multisensor and V-block methods. Most important advantages and disadvantages of both groups of methods allowing accurate in situ cylindricity measurements are given as conclusions.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dariusz Janecki, Krzysztof Stepien, Stanislaw Adamczak
CALCULATION OF REFERENCE SURFACE PARAMETERS FOR ELEMENTS WHOSE GENERATRIX IS A FRAGMENT OF A CIRCLE
Accurate measurement of irregularities of the geometrical surface structure requires mathematical definition of relevant reference surface, which is called according to the newest terminology, an associated surface. Such surface is the reference feature in relation to which appropriate surface parameters are calculated. When measuring cylindricity deviations, the least squares or minimum zone cylinders have been mostly used as associated features. However, an ideal cylinder cannot be employed as an associated feature when measured elements are not nominally cylindrical but for example barrel- or saddle-shaped. The paper presents mathematical model of calculation of the associated feature for elements whose generatrix is the fragment of a circle and results of the experimental verification of developed concept.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Elena Amico di Meane, Davide Baroncini, Stefano Crispu, Gian Carlo Piras, Michela Sega
INTEGRATE APPROACH TO THE CALIBRATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES ANALYSERS AND TO THE EVALUATION OF THEIR MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
The present work describes the approach to evaluate in a metrological correct and exhaustive way the contribution of the several sources to the uncertainty related to the calibration of nitrogen oxides (NO_X) analysers, focusing in particular on non dispersive infrared (NDIR) analysers. In order to minimize the contribution due to the uncertainty on the composition of the calibration standards, gas mixtures of NO_X prepared with the gravimetric method are used. The performances of two different techniques, namely NDIR and chemiluminescence, are compared by analysing primary reference gas mixtures prepared at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), having concentrations within 100 mmol·mol^-1 of NO_X.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Jun Liu, Ting Huang, Wei Zhang, Yang Liu
DEVELOPMENT OF A CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR NICOTINAMIDE IN INFANT FORMULA
Nicotinamide, one kind of Vitamin B, plays an important role for humans. To ensure quality control of nicotinamide in infant formula, a Certified Reference Material for nicotinamide in infant formula is being prepared in China for the first time. Studying on the procedure of sample preparation and HPLC analysis with different detectors like UV and MS, HPLC-UV and HPLC-IDMS are selected as the value assignment methods. And HPLC-IDMS method was validated in the international comparison CCQM-P78 and CCQM-K62. Homogeneity and stability are discussed in this paper as well.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Elsa Batista, Nelson Almeida, Eduarda Filipe, Joăo Alves e Sousa
COMPARISON OF TWO DIFERENT APPROACHES IN THE UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION OF GRAVIMETRIC VOLUME CALIBRATION
The uncertainty calculation in the calibration of volumetric instruments is normally performed with the classical approach of the “mainstream GUM”. In order to validate the obtained results, since there is a degree of non linearity involved in handling the corresponding expression of volume, a Monte Carlo method was used as a second approach for calculation of that measurement uncertainty. The results of this comparison and corresponding conclusions are presented.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Monludee Ranusawud, Ketsaya Vacharanukul, Anusorn Tonmueanwai
TRACEABILITY OF 633 nm LASER CALIBRATION AT NIMT
The National Institute of Metrology (Thailand), NIMT, maintains the standard of length in accordance with the definition of the meter through a 633 nm iodine stabilized He-Ne laser. Its accuracy is transferred to stabilized and non-stabilized lasers regarding to beat-frequency method and direct measurement using a wavelength meter, respectively. The traceability in wavelength measurement at the NIMT is discussed here. The iodine stabilized He-Ne laser is self-calibrated using the master and slave beat frequency system. NIMT participated in APMP.L-K11 intercomparison and the results are presented. The standard uncertainty is 2.5 × 10^-11.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Yon-Kyu Park, Rolf Kumme, Dirk Roeske, Dae-Im Kang
EVALUATION OF MULTI-COMPONENT FORCE TRANSDUCERS HAVING COLUMN TYPE SENSING ELEMENT
We describe the dynamic evaluation of two multi-component force-moment transducers having column-type sensing element. Among them, one has a solid cylindrical sensing element and the other has a hollow cylindrical shape. They were calibrated statically with a force-moment calibration machine in the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany. We evaluated the dynamic characteristics of the force-moment transducers by using a shaker system and a multi-channel dynamic analyser system. We have examined and presented basic dynamic characteristics of the force transducers. In this paper, we will describe the dynamic characteristics of the force transducers in detail.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

David Martin, Derek G. Chetwynd
ANGLE CALIBRATION OF ROBOTIC TOTAL STATIONS AND LASER TRACKERS
This paper presents the recent development of two angle standards used for the calibration of high precision spherical measurement systems. These systems are a family of instruments comprising robotic total stations, and laser trackers. It discusses the Horizontal Circle Comparator and the Vertical Circle Comparator, the way they function and are used, their uncertainty, and results of instrument calibrations.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Carlos A. Fernandes, Jorge R. Costa
PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND ANISOTROPY EVALUATION OF DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AT MILLIMETER-WAVES
This paper describes the design and use of an open Fabry-Perot resonator to evaluate the degree of anisotropy of dielectric material samples at millimeter-waves. The proposed implementation not only allows identifying the orientation of the dielectric principal axes but also determining the complex permittivity values along these axes.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Gaoliang Dai, Herrmann Konrad, Febo Menelao
PROGRESS IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GEOMETRY OF ROCKWELL DIAMOND INDENTERS
In this paper two methods for an improved characterization of the geometry of Rockwell diamond indenters are investigated: The establishment of a group standard of indenters and the derivation of an area function with a nano measuring machine. A group standard of indenters yields better statistical results than the calibration using only one indenter. Further, a group standard of indenters guarantees a higher stability of the Rockwell hardness scales in the case that an indenter is damaged and must be replaced by a new one. The second approach is based on the correction of the hardness test values using the indenter's area function determined by a high accuracy nano measuring machine. The investigation has proven that the range of the hardness deviations of a group of three Rockwell indenters amounting to ca. 0.4 HRC by the application of an area function with corrected hardness values can be further reduced to < 0.2 HRC for the lower hardnesses and to < 0.3 HRC for the higher hardnesses. The mean deviation of HRC values measured by this group of Rockwell indenters has been reduced from 0.11 HRC to 0.06 HRC by using the proposed correction method. In future correction methods for Rockwell diamond indenters usable for all standardized Rockwell hardness scales should be derived.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Andrzej Dobrogowski, Michal Kasznia
ON-LINE ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS OF A TIME SERIES
In the paper the paradigm of on-line (real-time) computation of parameters of a time series is developed. As an illustration the computation of the time deviation and Maximum Time Interval Error of the time error signal is shown.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Dariusz Janecki, Jaroslaw Zwierzchowski
THE BIRD-CAGE METHOD USED FOR MEASURING CYLINDRICITY - A PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL PROFILE MATCHING
The bird-cage method used for measuring cylindricity is reported to be the most effective, as it provides the most detailed information about an analyzed object. The average values of profiles measured with the cross-section and the generatrix methods may differ slightly, yet this may result from some design imperfections of the measurement instruments used. In this study, the problem of optimal profile matching is formulated and solved. As a result, the differences between the values of the registered profiles at the points of intersection of the scanning trajectories can be minimized.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Adriana Valcu, Dumitru Dinu
SUBDIVISION METHOD APPLIED FOR OIML WEIGHTS USING AN AUTOMATIC COMPARATOR
According to International Recommendation OIML R 111, the weights of nominal values greater than 1 g may have a cylindrical shape with a lifting knob. Taking into account this kind of shape and that in the case of an automatic comparator, with the maximum capacity of 1 kg, the diameter of weighing pan is quite small for placing a group of weights from 500g to 100g, the subdivision method can’t be applied for the calibration of weights.
By using the subdivision method presented in this paper, the cylindrical weights with a lifting knob, having nominal values from 500g to 100 g are calibrated using an automatic comparator (which is not foreseen with weight support plates).
The method can be used for E₁ weights, when the highest accuracy is required.
Uncertainty obtained in this case for the unknowns weights is better than that obtained usually for E₁, being at the level acquired for reference standards.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Zhijie Zhang, Wei Wang, Wenlian Wang, Daihua Wang
UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT OF TRANSIENT PRESSURE
The measurement of air shock wave pressure is a typical problem of transient measurement. Because the measurement data in many cases is used to judge the quality of a product, or as a basis for changes being made during a development phase, uncertainty analysis or assessment of measurement data takes a very important role in the process of reporting experimental results. It is very difficult or impossible for most transient measurements to be experimented repeatedly under the same condition, so their uncertainty analysis differs from the method of analyzing static measurement data. The paper gives several main components of uncertainty and their experimental data of the measurement system of air shock wave pressure, especially analyses and processes dynamic sensitivity and overshoot values of the system excited by step pressure signal which is generated by shock tube. The results of uncertainty analysis are presented. The method of dynamic uncertainty provides a kind of solution to analyze and assess the result of single measurement or a few measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Giuseppe Vendramin, Amerigo Trotta, Philippe Vanderbemden
STFT - BASED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN WATERWORKS LEAKAGE DETECTION
Water is an essential good for human being necessity. It must be protected against pollution and useless leakage. Urban waterworks is a strategic infrastructure to be managed with particular attention and care so that users must be satisfied. Different techniques are used to detect leaks from waterworks, specifically from pipelines carrying water. Among them, spectral analysis is very interesting to apply amid problems related to the pipeline section. This paper presents an application of STFT (short-term Fourier transform) technique for identifying urban waterworks leaks; STFT technique is usually used in processing speech. For the purposes of this research, a specific pipeline plant has been build in other to feature a real case. The pipeline section is almost one inch; the adopted section makes the research very interesting since spectral analysis, based essentially on FFT, is generally used for section greater than 20 cm.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Alexandre Bessa dos Santos, Giovanna Borghi, Janaina Ferreira, Jean Pierre von der Weid
PMD SOURCE: A PROPOSAL FOR A REFERENCE STANDARD DEVELOPMENT
This paper presents the development of a controllable PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) source based on piezoelectric actuators as the element responsible for the birefringence variation. This device will be able to reproduce the PMD quantity in a controlled way in order to use it as a reliable metrological reference.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Albert Weckenmann, Philipp Krämer
ASSESMENT OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY CAUSED IN THE PREPARATION OF MEASUREMENTS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is the latest innovation in manufacturing metrology as it offers several opportunities which are not possible with conventional tactile or optical measurement devices: The volumetric which is gained from a CT measurement represents – in contrast to other principles in manufacturing metrology – not only the surface but even the entire volume of the object which allows the analysis of conventionally not accessible features. Due to this fact current research work is concerned with the determination of the task-specific measurement uncertainty for CT measurements as it is an important parameter describing the quality and the reliability of measurement results. This paper presents research work focused on the determination of influences which can be controlled by the machine operator in the preparation of the measurement data acquisition and evaluation, like the magnification of the workpiece, the number of projections taken, or the position and orientation of the workpiece. After the quantification of these influences a task-specific measurement uncertainty budget according to GUM has been calculated. These results can either be used to compare the user-controllable influence to the influence of the machine components on measurement uncertainty or as guidance for the operator to reduce uncertainty in preparation of measurements.
XIX IMEKO World Congress, Lisbon, Portugal, 2009

Thomas Kleckers
FIBRE BRAGG SENSORS COMPARED WITH ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAUGES FOR USE IN FORCE MEASUREMENT - PROSPECTS AND POTENTIALS
This article deals with the technical properties of fiber Bragg gratings with regard to their use as the strain-sensitive element in force transducers.
Electrical strain gages are widely used in modern, precise force transducers. The electrical strain gage provides both outstanding technical properties and cost-effectiveness.
Besides the electrical strain gage, the measurement principle of fiber Bragg-based sensors has recently become established. First applications in experimental mechanics have shown that this technology offers a lot of potential.
Optical strain gauges are available on the marked since one year and are proofed in many applications.
These sensors are mainly based on so-called fiber Bragg gratings. Such a Bragg grating uses a great many reflection points at regular spacing. At each of these points, part of the radiated light is reflected. The reflected light interferes (constructive interference) and generates a reflection peak. This peak shows a characteristic wavelength which is dependent on the spacing of the reflection points.
The following sketch shows a Bragg grating

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