IMEKO Event Proceedings

Author(s)
Title (as link)
Abstract
Event

Dae-Im Kang
TC-3 Workshop in IMEKO Congress
TC3 workshop - introduction
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dae-Im Kang
Large Force Standards and Dissemination by using Build-up System
TC3 workshop - contribution 1
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Diedert Peschel
Torque Standards and Dissemination: Torque Application for Industries
TC3 workshop - contribution 2
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rolf Kumme
Recent Issues in the Calibration of Material Testing Machines
TC3 workshop - contribution 3
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Min-Seok Kim
The status of academic and industrial force metrology below 1 N and the corresponding strategy at KRISS
TC3 round table discussion - contribution 1
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jon R. Pratt
The Small Force Metrology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology
TC3 round table discussion - contribution 2
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jens Illemann
Future Force Standard Machines from Newton to Piconewton at PTB
TC3 round table discussion - contribution 3
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Albert Weckenmann, Sebastian Beetz
TRAINING IN COORDINATE METROLOGY EUKOM: MADE IN EUROPE - OPEN TO THE WORLD
Due to the flexibility and precision of coordinate metrology operators have to possess comprehensive knowledge. Since in most countries no vocational education exists, they have to gain these competencies otherwise. The concept EUKOM defines European-wide harmonized training for impartment of metrological competence and of machineindependent basic knowledge in coordinate metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Michaël Demeyere, Christian Eugčne
LASER TRIANGULATION UNDER STRUCTURED LIGHTING: A DIDACTIC TRAINING SESSION
A training session dealing with triangulation under laser plane lighting is presented. Students are asked to implement an algorithm allowing the measurement of the width of rectangular plane objects. Experimental results obtained by the stu nts show an accuracy of 1%, for objects of different idths (10-40 cm), attitudes and distances from the ins ruments going up to 2.5 m.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Albert Weckenmann, Teresa Werner
TRAINING ON BASICS FOR INDUSTRIAL METROLOGY BY INTEGRATION OF WORK AND LEARNING IN THE PROJECT MESS-IN
For the correct performing of measurement tasks, the operator needs a lot of knowledge in many fields. As so far there is no education for becoming a metrologist in Germany, in the project Mess-iN a comprehensive training for advanced vocational education in metrology was developed.The course consists of two phases: A learning phase focusing on the gathering of knowledge and a project phase focusing on the transfer of knowledge into daily practice. The course is accompanied by a tutor. The imparting of knowledge in the first phase is designed as Blended Learning. Web based learning modules are combined with workshops to provide both a high degree of freedom in learning and the possibility for hands-on-training and direct communication. During the project phase the participants work on a real metrological problem. Thus lack of knowledge or understanding will show up early and can easily be resolved. Additionally, by working on the project the participant is encouraged to communicate his newly gained competencies to his colleagues. Therefore he acts as a disseminator of knowledge. By that integration of learning into working, the course Mess-iN offers an efficient education for metrology and enhances the long term success of the training.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sylvio Jr. Machado, Marco Antonio Cavaco
AN INTERACTIVE TOOL FOR TEACHING METROLOGY
This project was meant to be a study supporting material different from the current available ones to graduating students and technicians in the metrology field. Its setup was based on personal experiences from its elaborators. When deciding the contents and formatting of this project, it was agreed that it should contain the subjects: metrology history and terminology, number treatments, measurements, calibration and uncertainty estimates. It should also point out notions of nanotechnology. We were careful not to turn this project into a simple transcription of study notes from textbooks to a computer screen, so definitions and concepts a bit more difficult to understand were reviewed and illustrated with animations and / or interactive exercises. A growing order of difficulties was obeyed, beginning with its supporting chapter and concluding with some complex calculation of uncertainty measurements. Accessing it from remote locations will be possible in a near future. During its elaboration, this project was positively evaluated by several collaborators from different fields, from engineering students to technicians. The users were pleased with its contents and formatting what gave us the confidence that we were innovative and in the right track to become a reference supporting material for metrology studying and researching.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Valery A. Granovsky, Marian Jerzy Korczynski
TEACHING MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION: SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
Teaching of Measurement and Instrumentation for different levels of students at undergraduate courses, graduate courses and post-graduate courses and later during professional activities in today world needed to be tailed to individual needs, but should it be one chain of development, offered in such a way that everyone who feel a need to become acquainted with some particular subject could find his suitable track for him.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Drago Cmuk, Tarik Mutapcic, Francesco Zoino
REMOTE VERSUS CLASSICAL LABORATORY IN ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS TEACHING - EFFECTIVENESS TESTING
Considering importance of practical experience as a crucial step in effective transfer of knowledge to learner in electric measurements and other technical fields, paper caries out research results of effectiveness testing on remote laboratory developed at University of Sannio, Italy. Although remote laboratories are spreading among universities and educational institutions very fast because of their advantages in setup, price and accessibility actual effectiveness of this laboratories comparing to classical is still unknown. Two groups of students of the electric and electronic measurement courses have been chosen to test the effectiveness of remote laboratory comparing to classical one through specially designed experiment. They were executing both, hands-on and remote experiment. Obtained examination results and the learning process of those students have been analyzed and compared with those obtained by group of students of traditional teaching. Some surveys has also be carried out in order to obtain a feedback on effective usability, benefits and helpfulness of the remote measurement laboratory, but also it’s weakness and issues to be improved or investigated in the future.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Damir Ilic, Josip Butorac, Mladen Boršic, Roman Malaric
HOW TO TEACH THE PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF METROLOGY?
According to the recognized elements of General and Applied Metrology, the curriculum of courses covering the field of Electrical Engineering and Computing are presented, for the study programs adapted to the Bologna declaration at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in Zagreb, Croatia. The criteria for teaching the metrology are recognized, and the basic approach to the measurement is pointed out. Some aspects from our experience and point of view are presented for the exchange of knowledge and attitudes within the metrologists.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. Alvarez Prieto, J. Jiménez Chacón, I. Cortés Nodarse, N. Martínez Alfonso
SOME LATIN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCES CONCERNING TEACHING OF CHEMICAL METROLOGY
Some acquired experiences concerning the teaching of Chemical Metrology in Latin-America for almost fifteen years are presented. They include postgraduate and undergraduate activities developed in seven countries of this continent. The combination of theoretic and practical activities and the sequence of learning from metrological, statistical and chemometrical backgrounds up to practical activities in personal computers are basic and motivate the learning process. Care is taken in order to promote the metrological approach and thinking in Analytical Chemistry. The learning of computing techniques plays an important role, combining graphic and numerical techniques for data analysis. The role of examples during the teaching process is analyzed and recognized. The introduction of a general model of errors permits to approach different topics on a metrological basis. Similarly, linking of performance characteristics of analytical procedures and validation concepts is essential. The understanding of traceability prepares students for organizational actions. Proper understanding of interlaboratory studies is attained on a practical basis. The metrological approach of uncertainty based on the Theory of Errors permits to develop the topic. A better comprehension of written standards is obtained from practical examples. Undergraduate students acquire a basic metrological knowledge very well. Recommendations for undergraduate and postgraduate programs are pointed out.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tomáš Sysala, Petr Dostál, Milan Adámek
MONITORING, MEASURING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR REAL EQUIPMENT CONTROLLED BY PLC IN EDUCATION
This paper is focused on education in the field Measurement and control of technological processes. In one part of this sphere students obtain theoretical knowledge in an application of commercial systems for measurement, visualisation and control of technological processes. The system is control and data are measured via a programmable controller (PLC) and as the superior systems the system InTouch, Wizcon and ContolWeb2000 were used. All systems were tested on the real equipment. The programmable controller controls the system and at the same time is a data source for master applications that are designed for the systems InTouch, Wizcon and ContolWeb2000.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

André Roberto de Sousa, Ricardo Gonzáles, Sérgio Conejero
FORMA3D – AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE QUALIFICATION OF TECHNICAL PERSON INVOLVED WITH COORDINATE METROLOGY IN BRAZIL
The fast dissemination of coordinate metrology in Brazil has not been followed by the necessary qualification of human resources. Because of its flexibility, complexity and great integration with the whole manufacturing system, Coordinate metrology demands an in depth qualification of the technical person. This paper describes an educational program developed by professionals from Universities and Industries in Brazil for the qualification of technical person involved with coordinate metrology. The program, called FORMA3D, has been active since 2004 with more than 100 3D Metrologists graduated. The motivations, the technical background, the pedagogical structure and the preliminary results are related in this paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

E.C.C. Farias, V.Y. Aibe, S.B. Araujo
PEDAGOGICAL EXPERIENCE WITH HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING SYSTEM
This project investigates the performance of two assemblings of hydrostatic weighing system. Low uncertainty of 0.004% to measure solid volume and 0.007% to measure liquid density was achieved with relatively simple measurements. An error analysis was made and the method could be used in calibration laboratories as well as for education on calibration procedures.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dilhermando Augusto de Mello, Luciana A. Almeida Carvalho
"IT IS NOT FORBIDDEN TO DREAM… NOR TO COUNT TALES" METROLOGY EDUCATION FOR THE YOUTH
XVIII IMEKO World Congress presents the paper METROLOGY EDUCATION FOR THE YOUTH. The work addresses among one forms playful to present the metrology fundamentals and the main scientists who contributed with their discoveries, research and measurements, throughout the evolution of the human being and the technology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Queenie Siu Hang Chui, Jaim Lichtig
ASSESSING UNCERTAINTIES RELATED TO LINEAR CALIBRATION CURVES: A CASE STUDY FOR FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
Least square linear regression is widely used in analytical chemistry. In practice a linear relationship between substance content and measured value still has been assumed based on the correlation coefficient criterion, although not recommended. Textbooks provide the necessary formulas for the fitting process, based on the assumption that there is no error in the independent variable. In practice the ordinary least squares (OLS) textbook procedure is used even when the previously stated assumptions are not strictly fulfilled. In this paper, how to validate the calibration function is dealt with in detail using as an example based on measurements obtained for cadmium determination by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Assessing uncertainties related to linear calibration curves is also discussed. Considering uncertainties of weights and volumetric equipment and instrumental analytical signal it is observed that the most important factor that contributes to the final uncertainty is the uncertainty of the calibration function.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Salvador Echeverría-Villagómez, Mahdha Flores-Campos, Rita Pantoja-Lesso, Nadira Rodríguez-Damián, Benito Valgańón-Argueta
HUMAN RESOURCE AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR COMPETENCES IN METROLOGY USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
This article presents a proposal for the development of a Knowledge management system for the management of Metrologic knowledge. It was conceived to solve the problematic detected at some metrological organizations in México. It shows the revision of some information about HR problems, Knowledge management and Technology of education tendencies. The system is under development in the time this paper was written, however it is considered pertinent to present this information as a strategy that could be adopted by any organization concerned with metrology and on the other hand it expected to be improved with the comments of other NMIs (National Measurement Institutes) experiences.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Toshie Yoshioka, Takashi Miyoshi, Yasuhiro Takaya
MEASUREMENT OF PATTERNED WAFER SURFACE DEFECTS USING ANNULAR EVANESCENT LIGHT ILLUMINATION METHOD
To detect particulate defects on patterned wafers of below 100 nm design rule, we proposed a new detection method using evanescent light illumination. To verify the feasibility of the method, we performed fundamental experiments. The results show that particle with a size of 170 nm on the patterned wafer surface with about 400 nm pitch is detected.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hiroaki Nishioka, Satoru Takahashi, Kiyoshi Takamasu
A SUPER-RESOLUTION MICROSCOPY WITH STANDING EVANESCENT LIGHT AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION METHOD
We propose a super-resolution microscopy that employs standing evanescent light illumination and image reconstruction method with successive approximation. Samples are illuminated with standing evanescent light, which is formed and shifted into different positions on the interface of total internal reflection (TIR). Scattering light emitted from the illuminated samples is detected through far-field imaging optics. We assume two hypotheses of linearity and incoherence about the scattering light. Then we reconstruct the sample distribution from scattering images and standing evanescent light intensity with successive approximation. We examined this microscopy with one-dimensional computer simulation and demonstrated that super resolution over the diffraction limit is achievable. The resolution power improves with shorter peak-to-peak distance of standing evanescent light and more cycles of the reconstruction calculation. As a possible resolution, two dot samples separated by 50 nm were resolved when the wavelength is 633 nm and the diffraction limit is 594 nm. With two-dimensional computer simulation, we were also able to resolve random dot samples in super resolution by using longitudinal and transversal standing evanescent light.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Robert Schmitt, Tilo Pfeifer, Alexandre Orth
FEASIBLE PRODUCTION OF FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES THROUGH INLINE INSPECTION WITH MACHINE VISION
The application of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics is important in many engineering areas, but vital for the aerospace industry. This work shows how inline metrology can contribute to a feasible production of composite parts. An inspection system based on a Machine Vision System will be presented as a key-component for the automatic construction of complex Preform structures.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Klaus Körner, Evangelos Papastathopoulos, Wolfgang Osten
SOME ASPECTS OF CHROMATIC CONFOCAL SPECTRAL INTERFEROMETRY
In this paper, we report on the recent development of a novel low coherence interferometry technique for the purpose of 3D-topography measurements. It combines the well established techniques of spectral-interferometry (SI) and chromatic-confocal microscopy (CCM). It allows for the detection of an object’s depth position, without the necessity of a mechanical axial-scan, and the measurement is performed in a so-called “single-shot” manner. Focusing the white-light with a microscope objective combined with a diffractive optical element leads to an expansion of the axial-range of the sensor beyond the depth-of-focus, limited by the numerical aperture (NA) of the used objective. Confocally filtering the object’s light causes the reduction of the lateral dimension of the area sampled upon the object. Due to the high NA, a high light collection-efficiency is achieved as well. The attained interferometric signals consist of high-contrast wavelets in the optical-frequency domain. The depth position of an investigated point of the object is given by the modulation-period of the wavelets. Therefore, unlike in CCM, position-wavelength referencing is not necessary.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Eugen-Georg Woschni
DEVELOPMENTS OF MEASUREMENT DUE TO TENDENCIES OF MICROELECTRONICS AND A NEW OPTIMIZATION CRITERION
The paper deals with problems of dynamic behaviour and shows especially how the development of microelectronics influences this field and how to teach this trends applying also heuristic methods and approximations. Using the results of information theory a new optimization criterion is introduced.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S. Patzelt, F. Horn, G. Goch
FAST INTEGRAL OPTICAL ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT OF SPECULAR REFLECTING SURFACES IN THE NANOMETER RANGE
A fast optical roughness measuring device with a compact design is presented. The measuring principle is based on double scattering of coherent light. The measurement results in an integral statistical roughness value like Ra or Rq according to ISO 4287. It is valid for the illuminated surface area with diameters between 0.5 mm and 10 mm at a resolution of about 1 nm (Ra-value). A simulation model of the optical roughness measuring process based on the Huygens-Fresnel approximation was implemented. The simulation tool enables to investigate potential improvements of the measuring method without expensive and time consuming experiments.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hans Peter Grieneisen, Aline S.P.Timmins, André S. Sardinha, Iakyra B. Couceiro
ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENTS OF ROADWAYS
The aim of this paper is to present the first initiatives of the photometric group at Inmetro to analyze and test measurement procedures of lighting performance of roadways. At present, the evaluation for the average illuminance follows the brazilian standard ABNT-NBR-5101. The illuminance values measured in the field test are compared with calculated values, using the intensity distribution of the luminaires, which have been measured with a goniophotometer. Close agreement is found.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hideo Furuhashi, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Kiyofumi Matsuda, Akihiro Kono
OPTICAL DIFFERENTIATION PHASE MEASUREMENT USING A MODIFIED MULTI-STEP BIAS-SHIFTING METHOD
An optical differentiation phase measurement system using a modified multi-step bias-shifting method is proposed. The signal obtained by multi-step bias shifting is divided into two groups in this new method. The effectiveness of the new method was demonstrated using a computer simulation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. Yoshida, I. Ishimaru, K. Ishizaki, Y. Inoue, T. Yasokawa
TRANSLATIONAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT FOR TRACKING OF SINGLE FLOATING CELLS
We propose the optical spatial filtering method, as translational velocity measurement to observe morphological changes of single floating cells in long stretches. This measurement derives the arbitrary component of the spatial frequency from the random refracted index distribution as the periodic light intensity distribution.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Janusz Pienkowski
DIODE LASER FREQUENCY STANDARD FOR LASER INTERFEROMETRY
Diode lasers are becoming increasingly important in length metrology. We demonstrate construction of a simple single-frequency diode laser 632,8 nm, used as a frequency standard in the laser interferometers. We present two different systems applied for frequency stabilization of diode laser . For diode laser used as the secondary standard, the system stabilizes diode temperature, the frequency stability of the laser reaches value 1 part in 10⁶. For diode laser used as the primary standard is developed stabilization system using narrow absorption in iodine , the frequency stability of constructed diode laser reaches value 1 part in 10¹⁰.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A Knott, A Abu-Elezz, M Ibrahim, E Hasan, G Aggag
COMPARISON OF FORCE STANDARDS BETWEEN NIS (EGYPT) AND NPL (UNITED KINGDOM)
This paper details the results of a bilateral comparison carried out between the national force standard machines of Egypt and the United Kingdom. The results indicate that the uncertainty claims of the two laboratories can, in general, be supported. Recommendations on revised protocols to be used for future comparisons are given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

C. Ferrero, C. Marinari, R. Kumme, W. Herte
PTB AND INRIM HIGH FORCE INTERCOMPARISON UP TO 9 MN
The present paper describes the long term stability of the main metrological characteristics of the two reference transducers of 3 MN and 9 MN together with the relevant uncertainties evaluated from the measurements carried out by INRIM and PTB by bilateral comparisons. In June 2004, the new INRIM – 3 MN build-up system (BU), the 9 MN and 5 MN transducers were also intercompared, by using the PTB 2 MN DWM and the 16.5 MN Hydraulic Multiplication Machines (HMM). The main results are reported. Furthermore long term investigations carried out over 20 years and the work obtained within a EUROMET project are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dan-Mihai Stefanescu
N-SHAPED AXISYMMETRIC ELASTIC ELEMENTS FOR STRAIN GAUGED FORCE TRANSDUCERS
Only few types of flexible structures are recommended for measuring very large forces. The axisymmetrical ones are best suited in this respect, their maximum strain gauge (tensometrical) sensitivity being ensured in bending. The force transducer body is easy to design by 2D finite element method (FEM) and easy to manufacture. Numerical investigations on various models of N-shaped strain gauged elastic elements are presented together with their advantages in the field of force measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

David Kimetto
THE USE OF STRAIN GAUGES IN THE KENYAN INDUSTRY FOR MEASUREMENT
The rapid development of micro-electronics has produced an increasing demand for small sensors offering high quality performance. Strain gauges are an important aid in all areas of experimental stress analysis, for determining the strain on the surface of components. In addition, the uses of strain gauges in the manufacture of transducers for measuring mechanical quantities has proven to be extremely reliable technology, giving excellent results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jochen Schneider, Lioba Stenner, Georg Wegener
INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSDUCER ELECTRONIC DATA SHEETS (TEDS) ON CALIBRATION RESULTS
The international standard IEEE 1451.4 is the basis for transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS), where information related to the transducer like serial number or nominal sensitivity is stored into a chip inside the transducer. For bridge type sensors, with a novel circuit (patent pending) it is possible to read the TEDS information for 6-wire bridge sensors without additional wires by using the sense lines. The paper shows the investigations of the influence of TEDS on measurement results. Voltage ratio calibrations with TEDS between measuring amplifier and calibration unit had been carried out at different carrier frequencies. Verification measurements with the TEDS chip built into a force transducer checked for the technical specifications e.g. temperature behavior of the nominal sensitivity. Additional investigations focus on different linearization methods checked with force and voltage ratio calibrations. With force calibration according to ISO 376 a 3rd degree polynomial equation is calculated from the calibration results. With a new kind of amplifier it is possible to store the coefficients of this polynomial equation and make an online calculation. The results of the measurements when using TEDS to store the coefficients and read into the amplifier are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Martin Kollár, Linus Michaeli
DETERMINATION OF THE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY IN CAPACITIVE DIGITAL ACCELEROMETERS USING THEORY OF LIMIT CYCLES
Mechanical noise due to Brownian motion, electronic noise introduced by the interface circuit due to thermal noise sources in the electronic devices and quantisation noise due to the analog to digital conversion process are the main three noise sources presented in a sigma-delta modulator (ΣΔM) type system applied to a micromachined accelerometer: Based on theory of limit cycles in nonlinear closed loop systems, the mathematical model and formulae for power spectral density calculation of a micromachined accelerometer will be derived in the paper. The theoretical considerations will be verified with the simulation results in MatlabSIMULINK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sascha Mäuselein, Oliver Mack, Roman Schwartz
INVESTIGATIONS TO THE USE OF SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SILICON AS MECHANICAL SPRING IN LOAD CELLS
This article presents investigation results to the use of single-crystalline silicon as mechanical spring in load cells. As a result of the crystalline structure a very high reproducibility of the material properties is expected. In addition the mechanical aftereffects of single-crystalline silicon are by the factor of 100 smaller than in metallic materials. Performed simulations using the finite element method consider anisotropic and brittle material behavior. It is shown that silicon as mechanical spring material in combination with sputtered metal strain gauges principally can be used for load cells and force sensors.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sinan Fank, Rolf Kumme, Bülent Aydemir, Ercan Pelit, Bernd Glöckner, Guenther Haucke
INTERCOMPARISON OF 3 MN HYDRAULIC TYPE BUILD-UP AND 1.1 MN LEVER AMPLIFICATION FORCE STANDARD MACHINE BETWEEN UME AND PTB
The 1.1 MN lever amplification dead weight force standard machine (FSM) and a new 3 MN hydraulic type build up FSM were installed at UME in 1995 and 2002 respectively. Both machines were regularly intercompared to each other and to PTB to maintain the performances. After making a new cooperation contract, a new intercomparison measurment were organised to see the existing performances of the both machines. The measurement results show that relative measurement uncertainty of the machines are better than 1·10^-4 for 1.1 MN machine and better than 4·10^-4 for 3 MN build-up machine of UME.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gerhard Schulder, Ulrich Kolwinski, Daniel Schwind
A NEW DESIGN OF A 5,4 MN BUILD-UP SYSTEM
The main purpose of the build-up system is the use in verification measurements of force standard machines up to 5MN or even higher capacity. The special design of the described build-up system allows the use of nine force transfer standards either individually, in groups of three transducers or all transducers together in three groups of three. A 9-channel digital measuring amplifier (GTM VNDigitizer 3.0) enables the user to get the readout of all transducers simultaneously.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luis O. Becerra, Eduardo González, Félix Pezet, José Revuelta M, José Revuelta R, Sylvia Maeda
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE WEIGHING TEST IN CALIBRATION OF HIGH CAPACITY NON-AUTOMATIC WEIGHING INSTRUMENTS
This paper presents the results obtained from the comparison of different techniques for the weighing tests for the calibration of high capacity weighing instruments, in order to evaluate their use as a function of the amount of available weights and the required uncertainty of the instrument in their normal use.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Takanori Yamazaki, Akihiro Watanabe, Hideo Ohnishi, Masaaki Kobayashi, Shigeru Kurosu
DEVELOPMENT OF MASS AND LENGTH MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ON CONVEYOR BELT
Our aim is to establish a measurement system that enables highly accurate measuring mass and length of moving products with a relatively high speed on a conveyor belt. In this paper, effectiveness of the proposed measurement system is demonstrated by an analysis of a digital image taken by a digital camera. In our experimental results, it can be found in the following: First, our discrimination method of colors is that there is no need to count the number of pixels for all three primary colors, but the only one component indicated the highest value of graduation should be counted. Second, the length measurements are performed using these six kinds of the reference unit pixels for the products having lengths within a range from 200 to 1200 mm. It is quite obvious that even through any reference lengths used, the required accuracies less than ±5 mm cannot be achieved without calibration method.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yoshihiro Fujioka, Jianxin Sun, Toshiro Ono
ACCURATE WEIGHING SYSTEM USED UNDER THE VIBRATION-LIKE MOVING CONDITIONS
This paper describes a weighing system used under the conditions in which various movements exist. These various movements are heaving motion, rolling motion, pitching motion, etc. In this paper, these various movements are collectively called as “vibration-like movement”. The term of “vibration-like moving conditions” means the conditions in which vibration-like movements exist. In the previous paper, the new weighing method was proposed. This method basically requires 4 loadcells which observe the vibration-like moving conditions. These loadcells are called as “dummy loadcell”. Installing 3 dummy loadcells properly and estimating two angular velocities, this weighing method is feasible to measure the mass value of a weighed object by means of 3 dummy loadcells. In this paper, the estimating method of these velocities is explained in detail. We manufactured the weighing system which consists of a weighing loadcell and 3 dummy loadcells on trial. Several numerical simulations and experiments by using this weighing system were conducted. It is confirmed that the estimation of the angular velocities is feasible and the accurate weighing under the vibration-like moving conditions is also feasible.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zhu Zijian
GREY THEORY BASED ON LOAD CELL FAILURE PREDICTION IN A WEIGHING SYSTEM
The reliability of the weighing system is becoming more and more important these years. This paper deals with a new approach to load cell soft failure prediction by the application of Grey theory. Grey theory is a theory which studies poor information and sets up a math model to simulate and predict a system behavior. Collecting the historical data of zero and sensitivity drift to set up a grey model GM (1.1) and with this model, the system can not only simulate the zero and sensitivity drifts but also calculates their possible value in the near future. Therefore, a previous action could be taken before zero and sensitivity running out of the acceptable range. This method is hoped to be able to improve the reliability of a system and have a potential future in the field of measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Toshiyuki Hayashi, Yoshihisa Katase, Kazunaga Ueda, Tsuyoshi Hoshino, Hiroshi Suzawa, Masaaki Kobayashi
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF TUNING FORK TYPE FORCE TRANSDUCERS
Tuning fork type load cells are expected to have better long-term stability than conventional strain gauge type load cells. A new 50 N rated capacity load cell has been developed herein adopting a Double-Ended Tuning Fork (DETF) sensing unit. The performance of two such load cells was evaluated using the 500 N force standard machine at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ). The DETF load cells were found to have low creep, low hysteresis and superior long-term stability.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yusaku Fujii
DYNAMIC CALIBRATION METHODS FOR FORCE TRANSDUCERS
Three Methods for evaluating the dynamic response of force transducers against varying force are described in this paper. In all methods, the inertial force of a mass is used as the known dynamic force, and this reference force is applied to a force transducer under test. The inertial force is measured highly accurately as the product of the mass and the acceleration. An aerostatic linear bearing is used to obtain linear motion with sufficiently small friction acting on the mass (i.e., the moving part of the bearing). Three experimental setups were built for the dynamic calibration against an impact force, an oscillation force and a step force. Ways of establishing dynamic calibration methods are also discussed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gordon A. Shaw, Jon R. Pratt, John A. Kramar
CALIBRATION OF MICROFABRICATED CANTILEVERS FOR SI-TRACEABLE SMALL FORCE MEASUREMENT
A procedure is described by which the spring constant of a microfabricated cantilever beam can be calibrated for the measurement of small forces in an atomic force microscope (AFM) or other device. The procedure utilizes dynamic force instrumented indentation to determine the mechanical properties of the beam by applying a well-characterized oscillating force and measuring resulting displacement of the system. An uncertainty analysis is carried out, and by intercomparison with the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electrostatic Force Balance (EFB). The spring constants determined using the indentation method agree within 2% of the values determined using the EFB for spring constants as low as 2 N/m.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Isaac Skog, Peter Händel
CALIBRATION OF A MEMS INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNIT
An approach for calibrating a low-cost IMU is studied, requiring no mechanical platform for the accelerometer calibration and only a simple rotating table for the gyro calibration. The proposed calibration methods utilize the fact that ideally the norm of the measured output of the accelerometer and gyro cluster are equal to the magnitude of applied force and rotational velocity, respectively. This fact, together with model of the sensors is used to construct a cost function, which is minimized with respect to the unknown model parameters using Newton’s method. The performance of the calibration algorithm is compared with the Cram´er-Rao bound for the case when a mechanical platform is used to rotate the IMU into different precisely controlled orientations. Simulation results shows that the mean square error of the estimated sensor model parameters reaches the Cram´er-Rao bound within 8 dB, and thus the proposed method may be acceptable for a wide range of low-cost applications.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Oliver Mack
A NEW CALIBRATION METHOD WITH STATIC LOADS FOR PIEZOELECTRIC FORCE TRANSDUCERS
This paper presents a new method for calibrating piezoelectric force transducers with static forces. Load cycles with pilgrim-steps and a special evaluation of the measuring results permit the determination of transducer coefficients that are independent of the linear drift of the charge amplifier. Consequently, the coefficients are independent of the measurement time and the time of load change of the force standard machine in use. It is shown that the new calibration method contributes essentially reducing the uncertainty of piezoelectric force transducers that are used in quasistatic and dynamic precision force measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Min-Seok Kim, Jae-Hyuk Choi, Yon-Kyu Park
ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF SPRING CONSTANT OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE CANTILEVER AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS
We present an AFM cantilever calibration system: Nano Force Calibrator (NFC), which can provide accurate spring constant calibrations with traceability to SI. Two types of commercial beam-shaped AFM cantilevers (contact and tapping mode) are investigated using the NFC. Uncertainty analysis reveals that the uncertainty of present method is less than 1%. In addition, comparison between other famous calibration methods (dimensional, cantileveron- cantilever, and Sader method) and the NFC method is performed to assess the uncertainties of other three methods. From the comparison results, we estimate that the uncertainties of dimensional, cantilever-on-cantilever, and Sader method are around 10-15%, 10%, and 15-40%, respectively.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaime I. Hernández-Navarro, Gabriel Ascanio, Leopoldo Ruiz-Huerta, Alberto Caballero-Ruiz
MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE IN MICROMOTORS
This paper describes a dynamometer developed for the measurement of torque of micromotors as a function of the rotational speed. The operating principle of the device is based on that of a typical viscometer. The shaft of the micromotor to be tested is coupled to a small cylinder, which is placed concentrically into a larger cylinder. The motor torque is transmitted from the inner cylinder to the outer one by means of a well-known viscosity fluid. A pneumatic cylinder supports the outer cylinder, so that the test is performed under free-friction conditions and the torque is determined by a lever arm in contact with a load cell.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Li To, Shang Weilu, Cheng Yongpei, Yan Kangping, Liu Zhong
100 N·m NEGATIVE STEP DYNAMIC TORQUE STANDARD MACHINE
100 N·m negative step dynamic torque standard machine is used to calibrate the dynamic characteristics of torque transducer. Through measurement of negative step excitation time τ,it can get the inherent frequency ω_n. The paper describes the working principle, key technology, test data and the uncertainty analysis of the machine. The specification of machine is as follows: measurement range 100 N·m, τ ≤ 5ms, uncertainty U = 2.64%, k=2.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hans W. Werner, Daniel Schwind
25 kN·m TORQUE CALIBRATION MACHINE REACHES U_bmc = 0.008% USING NEW DESIGN FEATURES
Due to the need to calibrate high-precision torque transducers also for production purposes, a suitable torque reference standard had to be built up. Using new design features and qualifying the calibration machine by self-contained measurements and advanced measurement uncertainty calculations, resulted in a best measurement capability of U_bmc = 0.008%.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J. C. Torres Guzmán, D. Ramírez Ahedo, J. P. Cruz, L. C. Cabral, R. Soares de Oliveira, R. de Freitas Guilherme
SIM TORQUE COMPARISON BETWEEN CENAM (MEXICO) AND INMETRO (BRAZIL) UP TO 100 N·m
A torque comparison was carried out between the Centro Nacional de Metrología, CENAM (in Mexico) and the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizaçăo e Qualidade Industrial, INMETRO (in Brazil), in order to estimate the level of agreement for the realization of the quantity and the uncertainty associated to its measurement. The comparison was carried out in a range starting at 20 N·m and up to 100 N·m. The results obtained, deviations graphs (including the uncertainty for each torque applied of each laboratory) and the normalized error equation application results are presented in this document. This constitutes the first torque comparison within the Sistema Interamericano de Metrologia (Interamerican Metrology System, SIM) and has the classification number SIM.7.27 BK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

José A. Robles Carbonell, Jorge L. Robles Verdecia, Alfonso Lobo Robledo
TORQUE STANDARD MACHINES AT CEM
Centro Espańol de Metrología has established a torque laboratory according to the State of the Art as a result of a cooperation project with PTB. This paper introduces the torque standard machines developed and installed at CEM, describes their main technical and metrological characteristics and shows some results of the performance studies and comparisons carried out.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Georg Wegener, Werner Nold, Jürgen Andrae, Kai Molitor
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF ROTATING TORQUE TRANSDUCERS WHEN USED IN PARTIAL LOAD RANGES
The present contribution examines how metrological specifications can be derived for a given type of torque transducer when specifications for use in the full nominal measuring range are known, but the specifications for use in a partial load range are required. metrological properties of a transducer in a partial load range can be estimated from data taken from specifications or calibrations in the nominal load range.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. Borys, T. Fehling, T. Fröhlich, D. Heydenbluth, M. Mecke, R. Schwartz
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW SARTORIUS 1 KG VACUUM MASS COMPARATOR AT PTB
A new type of a 1 kg vacuum mass comparator was developed in a collaboration between the Sartorius AG, the Technical University Ilmenau and the BIPM. The first comparator of this new type was installed at PTB. In this paper the set-up of the system and the local conditions are described. First results of measurements in air and in vacuum are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Adriana Vâlcu
CALIBRATION OF NONAUTOMATIC WEIGHING INSTRUMENTS
This paper describes the metrological requirements and the measurements methods for calibrating nonautomatic weighing instruments. It also may be a useful guideline for operators working in calibration laboratories accredited in various fields. This paper is also intended to enable metrology laboratories to prove a given expanded uncertainty using suitable procedures. Two examples of calibration methods are given: one for electronic weighing instruments and another for the mechanical instruments. The described methods include information regarding the measurements standards used for calibration, environmental conditions, calibration procedures and estimation of the measurement uncertainty.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

C. Ferrero, C. Marinari, R. Kumme
INVESTIGATION OF PARASITIC COMPONENTS IN PTB’s 2 MN DEADWEIGHT MACHINE BY USING THE INRIM SIX-COMPONENT DYNAMOMETER
The present paper describes the intercomparison realized in June 2004 in order to evaluate the main metrological characteristics of the PTB 2 MN standard deadweight machine by using the 500 kN INRIM six-component dynamometer. The main results (side components, bending and twisting moments) are reported, which indicate that they are of a very low level. Measurements of the dynamic components during weight changes and free suspension of the system are also presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

W. Holzapfel, M. Suske
PRECISE FORCE MEASUREMENTS BY PHOTO-ELASTIC LASER CRYSTALS IN THE TIME /FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Mechanical forces can be sensed over a very broad input range (10 nN up to 100 kN) with high resolution and linearity by applying the photo-elastic effect in small solid-state lasers (diode-pumped Nd:YAG crystals). The input force vector modulates the optical frequency of the laser crystal. In our experiments sinusoidal, pulse, and transient forces are generated by a PCT drive in a special dynamic test set up. By simple autodyne detection of the laser beam and concurrent signal processing of the electrical beat signal, we can measure sinusoidal forces from DC up to 100 kHz modulation frequency. Frequency counter measurement of pulse forces can be performed within few microseconds. By digital filtering, the final value of structure-induced transient forces can be predicted with high precision in milliseconds.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marisa Ferraz Figueira Pereira, Jorge Antonio da Paz Cruz, Walter Link, Luiz Carlos Cabral de Freitas Link, Antonio Carlos Marques Garcia
DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURE OF CHARPY STANDARDS TEST SPECIMENS FOR XVIII IMEKO WORLD CONGRESS
The main purpose of this presentation is to show the development of standard test specimens to be used in indirect calibration of Pendulum-Type Impact Testing Machines, performed by the Mechanical Metrology Laboratory–LMM-IPT and the Force Laboratory – LAFORINMETRO. LMM-IPT is an accredited laboratory, in force, by RBC, the Brazilian Accreditation Net. INMETRO is the reference metrological institute in Brazil.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Maria do Céu Ferreira, José Mendonça Dias
THE ROLE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN THE HYDROMETER FIELD
The main purpose of this paper is to study the uncertainty budget of hydrometers calibration and the error of Cuckow’s method according the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Taguchi approach in order to analyse this two different kinds of methodology. The calibration of density hydrometers is influenced by some parameters; in order to research the influence of these factors in the measuring value, an experimental design with dynamic characteristics was applied. With this methodology, five control factors were considered, at two levels each and a L32 Orthogonal Array was defined. It was evaluated the influence of each parameter (factor) and the interaction between them according Cuckow’s method and Taguchi methodologies. The simultaneous analysis of the error and the sensitivity leads to a proper choice of significant control factors and respective best levels in order to reduce the variability of the measurement system.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Naoki Kuramoto, Kenichi Fujii
ABSOLUTE VOLUME MEASRUMENET OF SILICON SPHERES AT NMIJ
The method and devices for absolute volume measurements of 1 kg silicon spheres are described. An interferometer equipped with a direct optical frequency tuning system is used to measure the sphere volume, in which the optical frequency of a diode laser can be tuned continuously over a frequency range of 19 GHz. Accurate frequency changes in the laser produced by this system are used to measure the sphere diameters by phase-shifting interferometry. A total of seventy diameters, which are distributed near-uniformly over the surface of the sphere, are measured in vacuum. The volume of the sphere is determined by fitting the diameters to a series of spherical harmonics. The mass of the sphere is compared with that of the national prototype of the kilogram through a secondary 1 kg standard. The relative combined standard uncertainty in the density determined by direct measurements of the mass and volume is presently estimated to be 7.3·10^-8. Recent results on the volume determination for three 1 kg silicon spheres are shown.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Edi Kulderknup, Viktor Krutob, Jürgen Riim
UNCERTAINTY OF BRAKING PARAMETERS MEASUREMENTS BY VEHICLES TECHNICAL INSPECTION
Nowadays more widely is taken to use the road vehicles periodical inspection with aim to have knowledge of the technical level of item and to assure the safety. To have the assured right inspection results there shall be used various testing and measurement procedures. Among of the important are measurements of the parameters showing the road vehicles brakes correct operation. To give proper conformity estimation to the vehicles brakes operation shall be used uncertainty of measurement result. To give more confidence to the estimated uncertainty components suitable way is to carry out measurement comparisons of brakes parameters.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sheau-Shi Pan,Hui-Ching Lu, Chi-Sheng Chang
EVALUATING THE UNCERTAINTY FOR MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY USING THE DIRECTLY METHOD
The volume magnetic susceptometer was established in the CMS mass laboratory in 2003. The method is referred to the experimental method and procedure developed by Davis; while the distances between weighs and the magnetic sample were measured with the laser interferometer. We calculated the effect by the offset between the magnetic source and the weights; then we evaluated the uncertainty of the χ-value in samples directly.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ricardo Luís da Rocha Carmona, Sílvio Fazolli, Milton Pereira
MENIR – A CONTRIBUTION FOR FINAL UNCERTANTY EVALUATION OF ROCKETS MASS MEASUREMENTS
The weight is a very significant property for several rocket projects’ calculations. The cost of satellite mass is very high and a reduction of 1% can save thousands of dollars. Then it’s necessary to know the most important uncertainty sources to obtain a reliable result. In this paper, a developed method is shown to find the smaller uncertainty of a rocket’s weight among several available weighing instrument parks.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yon-Kyu Park, Rolf Kumme, Dae-Im Kang
DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF COLUMN TYPE MULTI-COMPONENT FORCE TRANSDUCERS
This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of column type 6-component force-moment sensors with force components Fx, Fy, Fz and moment components Mx, My, Mz. We have evaluated the dynamic characteristics of the force-moment sensors by using a shaker system and a multi-channel dynamic analyzer system. It reveals that the sensitivity decreases as the frequency increases except for the Fz component and that the sensor shows almost 90° symmetry due to its geometry.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Barry Pratt, Andy Robinson
A COMPARISON BETWEEN SUPPORTED AND UNSUPPORTED BEAMS FOR USE IN STATIC TORQUE CALIBRATIONS
In industry, calibration beams are frequently coupled directly to the measurement transducer. This paper aims to quantify the effect of using such a method in contrast to the bearing supported case for a range of commercially available transducers.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Atsushi Waseda, Kenichi Fujii
DENSITY MEASUREMENT OF A THIN-FILM BY THE PRESSURE-OF-FLOTATION METHOD
A method for density and thickness measurements of a thin-film is described by the pressure-offlotation method (PFM). The density and thickness of a silicon thermal oxide layer on silicon crystal are determined by measuring the density and mass differences for the sample with and without the thin-film. Details on the density and thickness measurement and the results of the measurements are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dirk Röske, Dietmar Mauersberger
ON THE STABILITY OF MEASURING DEVICES FOR TORQUE KEY COMPARISONS
Key comparisons are an important approach for the national metrological institutes to ensure that the units of the different physical, chemical and other quantities are realized and disseminated according to the stated uncertainties. In May 2005, the first world-wide CIPM torque key comparison (CCM.T-K1) has been started. The main purpose of this paper is to compare the stability of the torque standard machine, the travelling standard (torque transfer standard) and the amplifier DMP40 of the pilot laboratory with the combination of the bridge standard BN100 and the same amplifier.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jae-Hyuk Choi, Mahn-Soo Choi, Min-Seok Kim, Yon-Kyu Park, Jin-Hoon Sohn
NEW CONCEPT OF FORCE REALIZATION BASED ON MACROSCOPIC QUANTUM EFFECT
We present a new concept of force realization, flux quantum-based mechanism in the sub-pico-Newton range. By controlling the number of flux quantum in a superconducting ring, a force can be generated as an integer multiple of a constant force step. For a 50 nm-thick Nb annulus with the inner and outer radii of 5 µm and 10 µm, respectively, and the field gradient of 10 T/m the force step is estimated to be 184 fN. Realization procedure, feasibility, and the stability against thermal fluctuations are also addressed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A.Capelli, G.D’Agostino, S.Desogus, A.Germak, C. Origlia, D. Quagliotti
A TRANSPORTABLE ABSOLUTE GRAVITY METER ADOPTING THE SYMMETRIC RISE AND FALLING METHOD
The Gravimetry Group of the Institute of Metrology “G. Colonnetti” (IMGC-CNR), nowadays National Institute of Research in Metrology (INRIM), developed a new version of a transportable absolute gravimeter, the IMGC-02. The instrument presents several improvements mainly concerning the transportability, the measurement automation and the user-interface programs. According to the ISO-GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurements), an extensive analysis concerning the contributors to the uncertainty budget has been conducted. At present the instrumental expanded uncertainty (p = 95%) is believed to be about 8 parts in 10⁹ of the surface gravity value. The detailed description of the IMGC-02 apparatus and an outline of its metrological characterization is the subject of this paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Günther Haucke, Daniel Schwind, Rolf Kumme
INVESTIGATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS WITH DIFFERENT LOADING PROCEDURES ON JOCKEY-WEIGHT AND DEADWEIGHT MACHINES
Force transducers used as transfer standards are usually calibrated according to ISO 376. Industrially applied force transducers can be calibrated according to more simplified procedures, however with extended measurement uncertainty. The main purpose of this paper is to point out the different values of the characteristic parameters which are due to varied loading procedures.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jeah-Sheng Wu, Hsien-Chi Yeh, Sheau-shi Pan
MEASUREMENT OF PHOTON PRESSURE
Center for Measurement Standards has established a system to probe micro force down to nano Newton. Based on a very stable torsion strip pendulum with restoring torque constant 5.25·10^-6 N·m/rad. Light beam of a high power Nd:YAG laser was reflected by the mirror attached on pendulum frame. Result in angular deflection of the pendulum. The deflection was measured by an angular interferometer with resolution 1.95·10^-7 rad. Modulation signal, generated by varying power of laser, shift the pendulum from its standing position. The angular deflection equivalent torque is the same as photon generating torque to within 22%.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jens Illemann, Rolf Kumme
RESEARCH FOR A NATIONAL FORCE STANDARD MACHINE IN THE RANGE FROM MICRO NEWTON TO NEWTON RELYING ON FORCE COMPENSATION
Electromagnetically compensated balances (ECB) are reliable and well-established weighing instruments. As completely electromagnetically compensated types they are commercially available with mass ranges from two grams to several kilograms. They also represent a highly stable and linear scale for force. In this publication it will be shown how ECBs can be used for force standard machines (FSM) having a range of a few Newtons and a feed-back stabilized resolution of single micro Newtons. Moreover, such FSMs conform to the future requirements of continuous calibration.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jon R. Pratt, John A. Kramar
SI REALIZATION OF SMALL FORCES USING AN ELECTROSTATIC FORCE BALANCE
We describe the realization of micronewton forces in a fashion traceable to the International System of Units (SI) using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) electrostatic force balance. A comparison between deadweight and electrostatic force is presented at a force level of approximately 200 µN. Our results demonstrate agreement between these two independent measurements at a level consistent with the uncertainties in 20 mg mass artifacts. We provide a brief description of our balance and its measurement principles, and then outline the procedures and the data analysis used to derive our results. As part of the paper, we also present a table that summarizes the uncertainties associated with realizing a 200 µN force via an electrode suspended in a measured electrostatic field. We compare this with the uncertainties associated with realizing the same force via a mass artifact in a measured gravitational field.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Kenichi Fujii, Naoki Kuramoto, Yohei Kayukawa
EFFECT OF COVARIANCES IN A DENSITY MEASUREMENT OF SILICON SAMPLES BY HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING
A density standard realized by 1 kg silicon spheres has been used for measuring the density of solid samples by hydrostatic weighing. Details are given for the structure of the measurement system, procedure for the solid density measurement, and uncertainty evaluation. The density of a 1 kg silicon sample has been measured with a relative combined standard uncertainty of 1.2 parts in 10⁷. When the effect of covariances in input quantities is taken into account, the relative combined uncertainty in measuring the density difference between the silicon spheres and the silicon sample may be reduced to 3.6 parts in 10⁸. Uncertainty sources in the hydrostatic weighing and the effect of covariance in the input quantities are discussed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Koji Ohgushi, Takashi Ota, Kazunaga Ueda, Diedert Peschel, Andreas Brüge
INTER-LABORATORIES COMPARISON OF REFERENCE TORQUE WRENCH CALIBRATION BETWEEN NMIJ AND PTB
Inter-laboratories comparison of reference torque wrench calibration was conducted between the NMIJ and the PTB using a torque transducer with the form of torque wrench, TTS/100Nm, the rated capacity of which was 100 N·m, as a transfer device. Under various calibration conditions, the calibration results obtained by both laboratories were coincided within the range of uncertainties of measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S. Lorefice, A. Malengo
HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING SYSTEM AT THE INRiM FOR CALIBRATING HYDROMETERS
Hydrometers are simple but effective instruments for measuring the density of liquids. In this work, we present the new hydrostatic weighing system developed at the INRiM, formerly IMGC – CNR, for the calibration of hydrometers in the range 500 kg·m^-3 to 2000 kg·m^-3.
The apparatus which uses a method to automatically align specific scale-marks for the calibration of hydrometers, makes easy the whole calibration procedure and allows to reduce the former uncertainty declared by laboratory. It consists of a vision system, a stepping motor, and software to control the system. The vision system, composed of a CCD camera and a frame grabber, is used to acquire images. The overall performance of the apparatus is illustrated by the assessment of the uncertainty for some usual kinds of hydrometers sent to the Institute for calibration.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luis O. Becerra, Luz. Ma. Centeno
DENSITY DETERMINATION OF THE WATER PRODUCED AT CENAM BY THE USE OF SOLID DENSITY STANDARDS
This paper presents the results obtained from density measurements of pure water produced at CENAM. This water is used as density standard for calibrations services.
The measurements were done into a scheme of experimental design in order to find possible sources of variability in the hydrostatic weighing system of the national density standard. The design factors checked were: days after the water is produced, positions of the solid density standards at the hydrostatic weighing system and the spheres used.
The variable of interest for the scheme of experimental design was the difference between the water density measured using the solid density standards and the water density calculated by the formula of M. Tanaka et al.
The goal of this study is to estimate an uncertainty value associated to the water density used at CENAM calculated by the formula which includes the storage effect, and by other side evaluating the effects due to the spheres and positions of the sphere into the hydrostatic weighing system of the national density standard.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luiz Carlos Cabral de Freitas, Stella Regina da Costa, Rafael S. de Oliveira
A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR HARMONIZATION IN THE DISSEMINATION OF THE TORQUE QUANTITY IN BRAZIL
The purpose of this paper is to show the needs and to propose a new methodology for a better dissemination of torque quantity in Brazil. Starting traceability from the Force, Torque and Hardness Laboratory (LAFOR) in the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO), an improvement to the Primary Torque Standard was necessary. In the same way, the acquisition of new transfer and reference standards, together with the development and adoption of new methods for torque calibration systems characterization, are important for a better acting of Inmetro’s Accreditation and Laboratorial Proficiency Testing Division (DICLA). In the methodology for that dissemination and harmonization, this proceeding lists what are important points to be on focus.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M.M. San Andrés, L.O. Becerra, G. Vallejos, A. Quiroga, R. Chanchay, A. Bermúdez, E. Salazar
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CORRELATED RESULTS IN INTERLABORATORY COMPARISONS
The purpose of this report is to show different ways for the analysis of Interlaboratory Comparisons results, evaluated from real results obtained in the Comparison of mass standards within the Program of Cooperation and Technical Attendance UE-CAN in Quality, N^AECR/B7-31/IB/96/0188.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Lutz Doering, Erwin Peiner, Michael Balke, Uwe Brand
CALIBRATION OF LOW-FORCE STYLUS PROBES
Traceable measurement of micro forces involved during stylus profiling is described. For this purpose two methods based on a transferable cantilever-type force standard were developed using the cantilever deflection and the output voltage of an integrated piezoresistive strain gauge. Force calibration was performed with commercial stylus instruments in the range of 10 - 200 µN.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Michael Kobusch, Thomas Bruns
UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IMPACT FORCE MACHINE AT PTB
This paper gives a comprehensive overview about the contributions to the measurement uncertainty of the 20 kN Impact Force Machine at PTB. Various influences resulting from interferometric velocity measurements, data analyses, mass determinations and parasitic forces are described and estimated by theoretical or experimental data if possible.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Stuart Davidson
THE USE OF UV ACTIVATED OZONE FOR THE CLEANING OF PRIMARY PLATINUM-IRIDIUM KILOGRAM MASS STANDARDS
The cleaning of primary platinum-iridium mass standards is traditionally achieved using the nettoyage-lavage process developed at the BIPM. This manual cleaning method is notoriously difficult to reproduce, particularly at laboratories other than the BIPM. An alternative, operator independent, method for the cleaning of primary mass standards, using UV activated ozone, has been investigated and the results are reported.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jin Wan Chung, Sungjun Lee, Woo Gab Lee
EVALUATION OF ADSORPTION EFFECT BY USING SILICON SPHERE AND SILICON SURFACE ARTEFACTS
KRISS mass laboratory is studying the adsorption effect of the weight and silicon (Si) surface by using the precise mass comparator which can be used in vacuum and developing the ellipsometric system. For its preliminary study, the mass of Si sphere which is using for the density standard at KRISS density laboratory is measured in air before and after vacuum. Si surface artifacts (SAs) are fabricated and measured dimension and roughness. Preliminary experiments are carried out in vacuum and in air.
In this paper, we report on a preliminary study conducted at the KRISS in which we examined the adsorption mass measurement of 1 kg Si sphere, SA cylinder (SA-C) and SA disks (SA-D).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Boris Katz, Liron Anavy, Itamar Nehary
THE CALIBRATION SYSTEM OF FORCE MEASUREMENT DEVICES - CONCEPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES
Developed, put into practice and used the universal automatic system MABA-2000 for calibration of force measurement devices in accordance to ISO 376-1999, ISO 7500-1999 and manufacturer requirements. The system includes a set of load cells from 1 kN to 5 MN, amplifier DMP-40 (HBM), computer and accessories. Mathematically proved the possibility of calibration in points, which vary from series to series, proved, and confirmed the application of calculation of formulas accuracy deviation and repeatability in accordance to ISO 7500-1999. This approach increases the productivity and simplifies the calibration process. Software MABA-2000 permits to communicate the measurement line “load cell-amplifier-computer” and to perform calibration process on mode ON-LINE: input of the measurement data, indications of the deviations in real time, calculations of the uncertainties, calculations of the calibration results and output of certificate. For calibration by method of Dead Weight a computer automatically selects a set of standard weights as a function of the True Force and value of gravity acceleration. The strict and precise method of the measurement results’ rounding optimizes the value of uncertainty. Calculation of interpolation polynoms of 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd degree is done automatically too, and does not require additional resources or time. The software MABA-2000 includes also the subroutine for the measurement load rate and calculates uncertainty in accordance to customer requirements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

C. Jacques, G.D. Chapman
MASS MEASUREMENTS OF EVAPORATING ARTEFACTS
The mass measurement of the water content of a pycnometer is done in the same way as a mass measurement of a solid artefact. There are many types of pycnometers, among them there are the Gay-Lussac types, and within the latter there are those with an anti-evaporation cap and those without. Pycnometers without a cap let the water evaporate during the measurement process. Yet it is possible to measure the mass of the full pycnometer by extrapolating backward in time from the weighing measurements taken over a period of time. The analysis of the process is presented here as well as the advantages of using this method over the usual one of a single quick weighing of the artefact.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jorge M.E. Saffar, Maria Luísa C. Costa Reis, Eunice M. Ferreira Marques, Daniel S. Alves de Lima
VALIDATION OF THE 5 kN FORCE STANDARDS MACHINE OF THE AEROSPACE TECHNICAL CENTRE OF BRAZIL – FIRST PHASE
This paper presents the methodology and results of an interlaboratory comparison currently in progress for the validation of forces generated by the 5 kN force standards machine (MCCC) designed and manufactured for the Low Force Laboratory (LBF) of the Aerospace Technical Centre (CTA), Brazil. Reference forces were generated by the 5,2 kN force standards machine of the Isaac Newton Laboratory of the Technological Centre Foundation in the State of Minas Gerais (CETEC). Results obtained in the first phase of the intercomparison have shown that the errors and the best measurement capability are larger than expected. Further investigation in the MCCC initial nominal range is to be carried out in the second phase of the comparison.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jorge Antônio da Paz Cruz, Luis Carlos Cabral de Freitas, Cláudio Afonso Koch, Ademir Chagas, Adriana da Cunha Rocha
IMPROVEMENTS ON A 10KN DEADWEIGHT MACHINE
The main purpose of this work is to present the modifications and improvements performed on the 10kN deadweight machine installed at the Force, Torque and Hardness Laboratory of the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality – INMETRO. This work is also an extension of a previous IMEKO paper where this same machine has been characterized.
A series of modifications were implemented in the machine along the years. These modifications consisted mainly of switching the loading frame from two columns one to a set of three columns. Also, the installation of a mass leveling and centralization system was performed and an automatic supporting for its loading frame was installed . The data acquisition system , which was previously done manually by readings of the digital display of the machine is now done through a computer using a dedicated software. This software is able to control and manage the movement of the loads according the standards ASTM E 74, NBR 6674 and ISO 376.
After these modifications, the measurement uncertainty was evaluated and compared to the previous value for that machine. It could be then observed a significant decrease on this value of about 90% from the previous value obtained.
The modifications in the machine also lead to a series of tests performed and the Best Measurement Capability (BMC) was then determined.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jorge C. Torres-Guzmán, Claudia Santo, Daniel A. Ramírez-Ahedo, Juan Ch. Villarroel-Poblete
NON PRIMARY STANDARDS SIM FORCE COMPARISON UP TO 10 kN
This force comparison was performed among IDIC (Chile), LATU (Uruguay) and CENAM (Mexico), national laboratories within the Interamerican Metrology System (SIM) region. Each laboratory used its national standard for the established measuring range. The comparison started in August 2002 and finished in September 2004. This comparison is the second part of a SIM primary standards comparison carried out with the participation of INMETRO (Brazil), INTI (Argentina) and SIC (Colombia), having CENAM as pilot laboratory, (SIM comparison number SIM 7.7). This comparison has an overlap with the force steps used in the CIPM Key Comparison CCM.F-K1.a and CCM.F-K1.b., force points 5 kN and 10 kN.
The objective of the comparison was to estimate the level of agreement for the realization of the quantity force and the uncertainty associated to its measurement in the range up to 10 kN. Two transducers (load cells) were used as transfer standards, to obtain its maximum accuracy, the comparison range was selected from 4 kN to 10 kN (starting at 40% of the full load cells range). The results obtained by the participating laboratories were in agreement according to the analysis of comparability performed by the normalized error equation and the Youden plot techniques used.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Aimo Pusa, Michael Sachs
TORQUE CALIBRATION DEVICES FROM 0,1 N·m UP TO 20 kN·m
The article gives an overview about the present state of torque calibration facilities in the MIKES-RAUTE Mass and Force Laboratory in Lahti, Finland. The laboratory utilises four high-level torque calibration devices in a range from 0,1 N·m to 20 kN·m. Also in use are several facilities for the calibration and testing of torque wrenches and other torque devices. The main components of the calibration devices are described briefly. Beside that the main steps of the development history of the devices during the past 10 years – as a reaction to the needs of the customers – are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Takanori Yamazaki, Satoki Yokoyama, Satoshi Kaneko, Ryuta Sato
ANALYSIS OF DRIVING TORQUE OF FEED DRIVE SYSTEM DURING MICROSCOPIC MOTION
This paper provides more details of dynamic behaviors of the feed drive system which consists of an AC servo motor and rolling elements etc. In the feed drive system, the nonlinear behaviors of the internal structure of the rolling element have an crucial influences on precise control performance. Our special interest is how to verify the fundamental data of dynamic behaviors of the feed drive system in the vicinity of a microscopic displacement. Experimental data show that the driving torque curve becomes distorted as the input amplitude of sinusoidal wave to the system gets larger, but the curve forms are independent of the input frequencies.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luciano Bruno Faruolo, José Luiz Fernandes, Marina Brochado
KEY FACTORS IN ROAD VEHICLES WEIGH-IN-MOTION
The present paper shows the advantages and disadvantages of road vehicles weighing. By considering the use of Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) instruments and applying the Monte Carlo`s simulation method, it is possible to demonstrate some factors that actually interfere in the measurement process of road vehicles weighing. This process is one contribution to metrology for the sustainable development, as long as it collaborates for the maintenance, life time and security of the highways.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Woo Gab Lee, Jin Wan Chung
MASS CALIBRATION DESIGNS FOR COMPARATORS LOADING 3 WEIGHTS USING A WEIGHT HANDLER
Mass comparators have been available for weighing a magazine of weights automatically. The comparators however allow loading of only 3 weights at a time. Therefore new calibration designs for those cases are to be sought, having least amount of uncertainty. Least squares methods with restrictions are used in finding mass calibration designs. Elementary weighings are formed and efficient designs are searched. The comparison is to be made between the searched ones and calibration designs supplied from the manufacturer.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Xumo Li
A COMPARISON BETWEEN A RESISTANCE BRIDGE AND AN INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT RESISTANCE THERMOMETER READOUT USED FOR SPRT CALIBRATION
Specially designed bridges are used for standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) calibration to achieve lowest uncertainty. Such bridges are expensive and their measuring speeds are slow. A new type of instrument reported a few years ago was compared against the bridge to see if it is possible to use the new instrument instead of the bridge for SPRT calibration in some cases. Four SPRTs were calibrated at the triple point of water and the freezing points of tin and zinc using a Model 6010T Bridge and the new instrument (Model 1590) simultaneously. At these calibration points the maximum differences between the two instruments were within 0.4 mK at the tin point, and within 0.7 mK at the zinc point. The maximum difference in resistance ratio W(t) at these points was within 0.9 ppm of the readings. The differences over the entire range from 0°C to 419.527°C were calculated for the four SPRTs. The maximum differences were within 0.1 mK close to 0°C, within 0.5 mK at 300°C and within 0.7 mK at 420°C. The comparison results show the new instrument can be used for SPRT calibration to achieve an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) as low as 1.5 mK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luca Callegaro, Gian Carlo Bosco, Franco Cabiati, Vincenzo D’Elia
EVOLUTION OF THE ITALIAN NATIONAL STANDARD OF INDUCTANCE
The realization of inductance unit and scale at the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris (IEN), the Italian national metrology institution, has evolved during the last 35 years. An historical survey of realization and dissemination methods, and a graphical analysis of the stability of the mantained national inductance standard, is here reported. Results confirm the high stability of artifact standards.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luca Callegaro, Vincenzo D’Elia
A CURRENT SOURCE FOR CALIBRATION OF LOW-CURRENT METERS
The need for accurate calibration of current meters in the picoampere range is continuously increasing. A traceable current source for calibration of meters in the 100 fA – 100 pA current range is here presented. The source is based on a low-frequency generator ramp generator, which charges and discharges a gas-dielectric capacitor. Current traceability is given by the measurement of voltage parameters with a sampling voltmeter, and by calibration of the capacitor at audio frequency. The source has been employed in the EUROMET.EM-S24 "Comparison of small current sources" supplementary comparison.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Bounouh, F. Lapostolle, S. Lamy
FABRICATION AND CHARAKTERIZATION OF THIN FILM COAXIAL AC/DC RESISTORS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF R_K
This paper describes the fabrication and charakterization of ultra thin films of NiCr deposited on cylindrical ac-dc resistance standards. The layers are obtained by magnetron sputtering technique and their structural charakterization are carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). A first set of resistance sticks has been obtained with a good homogeneity of thickness. The layer thickness varies from 8 nm to 70 nm and correspond to a wide range of resistance values, from 1 kΩ to 100 kΩ.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

David H. Wisell
EXPLORING THE SAMPLING RATE REQUIREMENTS FOR BEHAVIOURAL AMPLIFIER MODELLING
In this paper it is shown that for the purpose of nonlinear power amplifier behavioural modelling, the sampling rate can be set to the Nyquist rate of the input signal, rather than to the Nyquist rate of the output signal by making use of Zhu’s generalized sampling theorem. This claim is supported by measurements on a basestation power amplifier. The findings are that the model error obtained when the output signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate of the input signal is approximately 1.5 dB higher than when the sampling rate is set to the Nyquist rate of the output signal. However, if a sampling rate of twice the Nyquist rate of the input signal is used, which is still typically, much lower than the Nyquist rate of the output signal, the degradation is only 0.2 dB. These are important findings that will substantially ease the requirements on ADCs used in measurement setups used for amplifier modelling.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zbigniew Czaja, Romuald Zielonkonty
MEASUREMENTS OF CIRCUIT FUNCTIONS OF ANALOG PARTS OF MIXED-SIGNAL SYSTEMS BY MICROCONTROLLERS
In the paper, two approaches to measurements of circuit functions of analog parts of mixed-signal systems controlled by microcontrollers are presented. They base on the utilization of internal resources of the microcontrollers. The first approach uses an analog to digital converter (ADC), an analog comparator and a timer. The second one uses only the ADC and the timer. The measurement procedures are realized also by the microcontroller. As an example, the transfer voltage function of a circuit function was chosen.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pedro M. Rodrigues, Pedro M. Ramos
DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SUN SENSOR FOR THE SSETI-ESEO PROJECT
Sun sensors are used to measure the orientation of the satellite in orbit using the sun as a reference. This paper includes the preliminary design of a sun sensor, the design and implementation of an automatic testing system and a preliminary characterization of the most important components.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Damiano Crescini, Daniele Marioli, Andrea Taroni, Emilio Sardini, Marco Romani
NEW TEST STRUCTURE FOR INVESTIGATION OF THE PIEZORESISTIVE EFFECT IN HIGH TEMPERATURE
In different industrial applications, such as injection molding and/or hot rolling, it is necessary to measure pressure in critical environmental conditions where the temperature can reach values in the range of 350-380°C. In these cases, a fluid with low thermal conductivity is now typically used in order to transfer the pressure to the sensitive element, while preserving it from overheats. A preferred solution would be that of obtaining new sensing elements with an intrinsic capability of operation over an extended temperature range. Silicon piezoresistors are unsuitable for use in high-temperature applications due to the significant decrease of the piezoresistive effect in this material with rising temperature. On the other hand, piezoresistive films in SiC has been recently investigated as a material exhibiting a piezoresistive effect, which appears to be exploitable at high temperature. The purpose of this work is, therefore, to investigate the possibility of developing a testing structure to evaluate the longitudinal and transverse guage factors (GFL and GFT) in piezoresistive films in SiC, to evaluate the TCR and finally to define the temperature effect up to 400°C.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Carine Neus, Patrick Boets, Leo Van Biesen
FEATURE EXTRACTION OF ONE PORT SCATTERING PARAMETERS FOR SINGLE ENDED LINE TESTING
In order to identify if a subscriber loop is suitable for DSL service, the transfer function of the loop has to be estimated. Several measurement techniques exist, however Single Ended Line Testing is gaining much attention lately. This method allows only measuring at the central office side and yields a reflectogram. One of the critical issues in the estimation of the transfer function from this data is the correct extraction of the features of the reflectogram. This paper presents a new feature extraction algorithm for a previously reported transfer function estimator. It starts by explaining the previously reported algorithm. Its main drawbacks are modelling errors and loss of information due to the iterative approach. The paper explains how the new algorithm tackles these problems. The new method strongly relies of the first and second derivatives of the reflectogram, which is a completely new approach. Finally, the efficiency of both algorithms is compared. The improvements are both in terms of accuracy and identification time.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Fernando M. Janeiro, Pedro M. Ramos, Mouhaydine Tlemcani, A. Cruz Serra
ANALYSIS OF A NON-ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR THE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE DIFFERENCE ESTIMATION OF TWO ACQUIRED SINEWAVES
In this paper, a non-iterative algorithm for amplitude and phase difference estimation of two acquired sinewaves is presented and analyzed. The method is based on the least-squares fitting of ellipses where the common signal frequency is eliminated from the algorithm. requires the strict definition of the convergence criteria to stop the iterative method.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pasquale Arpaia, Carmine Romanucci, Antonio Zanesco
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CULTURALLY OPTIMIZED WAVELET LIFTING SCHEME IN CORROSION DATA FILTERING
The optimal design of an adaptive wavelet filter based on lifting scheme by means of evolutionary cultural algorithms is proposed, with the aim of filtering data for dynamic corrosion monitoring. First, in corrosion rate measurement through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the problem of uncertainty due to noise arising from underground disturbances in buried structures is stated. Then, the proposed adaptive filtering procedure is illustrated. Finally, the results of the experimental validation on two different corrosion case studies are highlighted.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Roman Kaszynski, Jacek Piskorowski
TIME-VARYING BUTTERWORTH FILTERS WITH COMPENSATED GROUP DELAY
This paper presents the concept of time-varying Butterworth filters with linear phase response. The compensation of the phase characteristics is carried out with the aid of the phase shifter system. The paper shows that it is possible to shorten the transient state in low-pass phasecompensated analog filters by varying in time selected parameters. This paper contains simulation results of the proposed filters and comparison with the classic circuits.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marek Zielinski, Marcin Kowalski, Dariusz Chaberski, Slawomir Grzelak
ESTIMATION OF THE CLOCK SIGNAL JITTER USING THE TIME-INTERVAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Accumulated clock signal jitter is a significant source of errors in many measurement systems. In this paper a new method of estimation of clock signal jitter will be discussed. This method enables to calculate an accumulated jitter and time-interval error [TIE] as a function of the clock cycles. The time-interval measurement system [TIMS], accommodated for jitter measurements and their application for estimations of jitter parameters will be also presented and discussed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tomasz Adamski
GENERALIZED NONSUBTRACTIVE DITHERING IN A/D CONVERSION – THEORY AND SIMULATION RESULTS
The paper deals with mathematical fundamentals of the generalized nonsubtractive dithering method (which can be used in A/D converters and sampling systems with repetitive sampling). The new concept is based on inverting a "dithering characteristic" F defined in the paper for arbitrary (but fixed) quantization functions. Errors of the method are assessed and analyzed in detail.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marinel Temneanu, Romeo Ciobanu, Cristian Fosalau, Mihai Cretu
MAGNETIC AMORPHOUS NANO-STRUCTURED WIRES CHARACTERISATION USING IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY
In this article, we apply impedance spectroscopy methodology to analyze the frequency response of as cast CoFeBSi wires in the 100 Hz to 300 kHz frequency range, at 10 mA ac current. Comparative evaluation performed for stressed and unstressed samples reveals major changes in the spectra of internal ac impedance of the wire. Physical concepts and problems of practical significance are discussed on the basis of the results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zbigniew Moron
CONSIDERATIONS ON THE ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS
The purpose of this paper is the presentation of new requirements created by contemporary applications of electrolytic conductivity measurements, the main factors limiting accuracy of such measurements and also discussion of the means enabling minimization of effects caused by these factors. Recently observed demand for accurate microscale conductivity measurements, mainly in biomedical engineering, involves new features required from the conductivity sensors and co-operating electronics: miniaturization, robustness, low price (mass produced, disposable devices). Consequently, a new approach in designing such instrumentation is required.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Emil Vremera, Cristian Fosalau, Luciano Brunetti
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SENSORS BASED ON AMORPHOUS WIRES RESULTING FROM MEASUREMENTS AND SIMULATION
Amorphous wires are attractive components for sensor and micro-sensor realization. The negative factors that affect the behaviors of these sensor types must be however highlighted and compensated throughout adequate tools. The characteristics of the sensing element can be carried-out starting from the measurement results. A model of a magneto-impedance sensing element is obtained and used for a PSPICE simulation next step. The paper presents the results obtained at radio-frequency, at once with the mathematical modeling of the sensitive part. In addition, there are also the requirements which must be fulfilled in the design of this kind of sensors.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jerzy Nabielec
A “BLIND” CORRECTION OF DYNAMIC ERROR OF A NONSTATIONARY FIRST ORDER TRANSDUCER FOR THE PERIODIC CASE – SIMULATION INVESTIGATION
The paper presents an extension of the “blind correction” method with respect to nonstationary transducers of the first order. An analytical description of the measuring channels’ dynamics is presented for the case where both: the measured signal and the measuring channels’ parameters are varying with same fundamental frequency. The influence of the measuring system parameters on the correction accuracy was investigated using the simulation methods.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

F. Adamo, F. Attivissimo, L. Fabbiano, M. Savino
IMPROVEMENTS OF SEISMIC SENSOR DESIGN FOR SOIL MOISTURE MEASUREMENT
The main aim of the work is finding a general mathematical model to estimate the moisture content in the soil using seismic waves propagation, when the composition of the media is unknown. Usinf the new mathematical model here presented, the authors are developing a prototype of the sensor that will be able to measure the moisture of the soil usinf both compressional and shear waves velocity measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Anchini, G. Di Leo, C. Liguori, A. Paolillo
NEW MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE ON LINE DIMENSION CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTOMOTIVE RUBBER PROFILES
A vision-based measurement system for the online inspection of automotive rubber profiles is described. The system determines a 3-D reconstruction of the rubber profile section and performs dimensional measurements. After a brief description of the whole measurement system, the main novelties are pointed out: the simple calibration procedure and the flexible tools allowing users to specify the dimensional measurements regardless of the type of the profile to be inspected.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andrzej Podgórski, Slawomir Górski, Andrzej Miekina
SOFTWARE FOR ADVANCED USB CONTROLLER TO BE APPLIED IN MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
The application of an advanced USB controller in measurement instrumentation is proposed. That solution enables the direct connection of any mass memory to a measuring device in order to enhance its functionality. The corresponding software is briefly described and the results of its testing are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Piotr Bilski, Wieslaw Winiecki
VIRTUAL REAL-TIME INSTRUMENTATION USING ETS CONFIGURATION
The paper presents the technique of Virtual Instrument design to obtain Real-Time mode. Application of the ETS approach to configure Real-Time instrument is presented and its requirements pointed out. Design of the virtual spectrum analyzer using the ETS technique is described. Detailed analysis of the designed instrument, considering ability to work in Real-Time mode, is conducted. The comparison between the ETS solution and formerly examined, traditional, approach is performed. Conclusions about the abilities of ETS RT virtual instruments and their practical applications are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Georgios Kouzas, Eleftherios Kayafas, Vassili Loumos
WEB SIMILARITY MEASUREMENTS USING ANT – BASED SEARCH ALGORITHM
In this paper, a web search algorithm is proposed, which aims to enhance the amount of the relevant information in respect to a user’s query. The proposed algorithm is based on the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm (ACO), employing in parallel document similarity issues from the field of information retrieval. Ant Colony Optimization algorithms were inspired through the observation of ant colonies. In our approach, ants are used as agents through Internet, which are capable of collecting information in each node they visit and generate routing paths through the web. The term similarity is used to describe documents with contiguous content.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Slobodan Škundric, Dragan Kovacevic, Dragana Naumovic-Vukovic
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE APPLICATION IN INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ACCURACY TESTING
The application of modern electronic solutions and microprocessor technologies has significantly improved measuring methods and devices for instrument transformers accuracy testing. PC hardware and software application options in this filed of measuring techniques significantly increase reliability, efficiency and accuracy. This paper presents the role and importance of software application in instrument transformer accuracy testing that have been developed by the Electrical Engineering Institute “Nikola Tesla”.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Christian Eugčne, Michaël Demeyere
TEACHING THE CORRECT USE OF BASIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS IN A NONLINEAR CONTEXT: A TRAINING SESSION ON A FLUORESCENT TUBE
In the frame of a basic course on electrical measurements, a training session teaching the correct use of measuring instruments is presented. The context is that of a fluorescent tube, a non-linear device allowing interesting mathematical developments and measuring observations. In this session, the students are asked to evaluate the pertinence of dimming the lamp in terms of luminous efficiency and pollution of the mains.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Bernieri, L. D’Alessandro, M. Laracca, C. Liguori
A MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR RESIDUAL LIFE ESTIMATION OF HPS ROAD LAMPS
Replacing a lamp in an outdoor installation, like roadway lighting, requires a lot of time and money. The proper maintenance strategy of installed lighting-system components is an essential element in ensuring that systems perform as designed and consequently ensure the safety. The paper presents a method for evaluating the residual life of High Pressure Sodium road lamps and for detecting incoming fault. The proposed method is based on the frequency domain analysis of the lamp current that changes its harmonic content in consequence of the aging.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hrvoje Hegeduš, Damir Ilic, Alan Šala
COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR VEHICLE ACCELERATION
Two vehicle acceleration measurement methods for determination of time needed to achieve a velocity of 100 km/h are presented: a) based on the acceleration measurement with Analog Devices iMEMS accelerometers, b) based on a length measurement using signals from Antilock Braking System sensors. The measurements done in real conditions showed a very good agreement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Queirós, R.C. Martins, P.S. Girăo, A.Cruz Serra
A NEW METHOD FOR HIGH RESOLUTION ULTRASONIC RANGING IN AIR
This paper presents a new method for ultrasonic ranging. It consists on continuously transmitting a signal composed by multiple sine wave segments, each containing an integer number of periods. The frequency of each segment is different from the adjacent segments, but close to the transducer resonant frequency, to minimise the filtering effects of the system. The transmitted and received signals are cross-correlated to determine the time-of-flight (TOF). Parabolic interpolation on the cross-correlation’s magnitude is used to increase the accuracy of TOF estimation. High measurement resolutions and good noise immunity is achieved.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Cataldo, L. Tarricone, M. Vallone, F. Attivissimo, A. Trotta
AN ACCURACY EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR TDR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUIDS
In a previous paper the Authors demonstrated that Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) can be successfully used for an enhanced real-time qualitative and quantitative monitoring of liquids. In this paper, a metrological characterization of the method is formulated. Results are proposed, demonstrating the robustness and liability of the TDR technique.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Martin Novotny, Milos Sedlacek
INCREASING ACCURACY OF ACTIVE POWER MEASUREMENT OF NON-COHERENTLY SAMPLED SIGNALS BY TIME DOMAIN SIGNAL PROCESSING
The paper analyses an effective method of increasing accuracy of active power measurement (and energy measurement) by non-coherent sampling. The measurement bias caused by non-coherent sampling are reduced by windowing the instantaneous power sequence of samples by various generalized cosine windows. Active power is found by processing signal in time domain, without using FFT. Newly obtained analytical formulae are given, a comparison to classical method and numerical simulations verifying the derived formulae are presented. A simple method of compensation multiplexing delay by measurement using multiplexing DAQ plug-in board is explained and verified both in simulation and measurement. Application of windowing for measurement of multi-frequency signals is also included, formula for standard uncertainty of active power estimate is given. Basic numerical integration methods applied to quantized input signals in power computation are briefly compared, and numerical values showing decrease in power bias for selected windows are shown.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Lech Hasse, Lech Loroch, Krzysztof Rogala, Ludwik Spiralski
MEASUREMENT OF THIRD HARMONIC FLUCTUATIONS FOR A PASSIVE COMPONENT UNDER LARGE PERIODIC BIAS
The noise (fluctuation) level and non-linear distortions can be established as a new criteria for selection of passive elements for different endurance (sustainability) and reliability groups. Measurement of third harmonic (TH) fluctuations and its implementation into the production testing system have been proposed. It can improve the process of quality estimation of high reliability elements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

D.Gallo, C.Landi, N.Rignano
MULTIFUNCTION DSP BASED REAL-TIME POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
In the paper, the design and implementation of a high-performance real-time power quality measuring instrument based on digital signal processor (DSP) is discussed. After the hardware and firmware instrument description, the paper continues with the presentation of power quality analyzer software design and then is completed with metrological characterization of the instrument prototype, in terms of measurement accuracy and speed of execution.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hüseyin Çayci, Özlem Yilmaz, Burak Ayhan, Tansu Kefeli, Mustafa Günes, Erol Kazanç
AC POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM OF UME
A high accuracy power measurement system, based on digital sampling techniques, has been developed and evaluated for the power frequencies at UME (National Metrology Institute of Turkey). The system is based on two sampling voltmeters and a phase-locking device. Using of a precision voltage transformer and a current transformer with a shunt resistor, and reducing the synchronizing errors results in an uncertainty of 20 ppm for active, reactive and apparent power measurements for power frequencies.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luciano Brunetti, Luca Oberto, Emil Vremera
CALIBRATION CONCEPT OF MODERN POWER METERS
The power is the most important electromagnetic quantity from the metrological point of view, and for this reason the calibration techniques of high frequency power meters require a specific attention. Literature still refers to power meters of bolometer type, instruments that are mainly used almost only in the primary laboratories. Definitions, procedures, and calibration techniques elaborated for this instrument type must be adjusted before being applied to actual power meters, which work on different principles. Otherwise, inconsistent calibration results may be produced. This paper is aimed to ease the work of the laboratories that perform power meter calibrations from dc to 50 GHz, by elaborating on some technical aspect not well considered in the specialized literature.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pasquale Arpaia, Juan Garcia Perez, Alessandro Masi, Giovanni Spiezia
METROLOGICAL CHARATERIZATION OF A FAST DIGITAL INTEGRATOR FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS AT CERN
A Fast Digital Integrator (FDI) was designed to satisfy new more demanding requirements of dynamic accuracy and trigger frequency in magnetic measurements based on rotating coil systems for analyzing superconducting magnets in particle accelerators. In particular, in flux measurement, a bandwidth up to 50-100 kHz and a dynamic accuracy of 10 ppm are targeted. In this paper, results of static and dynamic metrological characterization of the FDI prototype and of the Portable Digital Integrator (PDI), heavely used at CERN and in many sub-nuclear laboratories, are compared. Preliminary results show how the initial prototype of FDI is already capable of both overcoming dynamic performance of PDI and covering operating regions inaccessible before.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pasquale Arpaia, David Giloteaux, Giuseppe Lucariello, Giovanni Spiezia
PARAMETER DESIGN FOR METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVEMENT OF A FAST DIGITAL INTEGRATOR AT CERN
The reduction of uncertainty in measurement systems is usually obtained through the use of more accurate components. In this paper, this problem is faced by a statistical parameter design procedure. The proposed method is shown to be effective to improve the metrological characteristics of a Fast Digital Integrator developed at European Centre of Nuclear Research.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marcos Flavio de Campos
ANISOTROPY OF STEEL SHEETS AND CONSEQUENCE FOR EPSTEIN TEST: I THEORY
ODF – Orientation Distribution Function – Theory allow the prediction of the average magnetic properties of electrical steels when crystalline symmetry of cubic bcc iron and the orthorhombic sheet symmetry are taken into account. The crystallographic texture can be related to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy by means of a very simple expression. The dependence of the variables: Magnetic Induction, coercivity, permeability and iron losses with texture is discussed. Magnetic Induction at high fields - B₂₅ and B₅₀ - can be directly scaled to magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Effects of demagnetizing field on the Magnetic Induction are commented. Permeability and power losses are not directly related to magnetocrystalline anisotropy, mainly due the existence of domain wall displacement phenomena. The domain wall structure is function of the crystalline orientation and also contributes for the anisotropy of iron losses. As consequence of the theoretical analysis, it is suggested that the traditional Epstein arrangement (50% RD-Rolling Direction plus 50% TD–Transverse Direction), be changed for 3 separate measurements in the RD, TD (i.e., 90o) and 45° directions.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marcos F. de Campos, Fernando J. G. Landgraf
ANISOTROPY OF STEEL SHEETS AND CONSEQUENCE FOR EPSTEIN TEST: II EXPERIMENT
It has been showed that the mathematical theory of ODF can be employed to estimate anisotropy of magnetic properties. The obtained results suggest that the current Standard should include the measurement at three directions - 0o, 45°, 90° in relation to the Rolling Direction (RD) - and that the average of properties can be estimated from these measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

E. Hristoforou, E. Kayafas
ON THE MAGNETIC AND MAGNETOELASTIC UNIFORMITY MEASUREMENTS OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE RIBBONS AND FIBERS
In this paper we present results on magnetic and magnetoelastic uniformity measurements of magnetostrictive ribbons and fibers. Both magnetic and magnetoelastic measurements are based on the magnetostrictive delay line (MDL) response. Measurements were realized by using an automatic instrumentation device, with parametric control of field and frequency. The device has been calibrated with respect to standard Ni wires. Indicative results are given concerning amorphous magnetostrictive ribbons and fibers, showing a good agreement with other measuring techniques.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marcos Fukuhara, Taeko Yonamine, Frank P. Missell
REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS IN EPSTEIN FRAME
The development of a reference material for magnetic measurements in an Epstein frame will enable Brazilian companies to obtain reliable, yet inexpensive calibrations of their equipment. By means of periodic measurements according to the standard NBR 5161, it will be possible verify the stability of the calibrations and the rated operating conditions from the behavior of the reproducibility graph and an interlaboratory comparison.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dušan Agrež
FAST MEASUREMENT OF POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
In paper, an algorithm for fast measurement and estimation of power system frequency is presented. The frequency is calculated by an interpolation of the amplitude coefficients of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). An analysis is made to study the influence of the leakage effect when the rectangular window and the Hanning window are used. Interpolations with longer time of measurement and with larger number of points decrease the systematic errors. The proposed method achieves accuracy in measuring the frequency under a hundredth of Hertz.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Václav Matz, Pedro M. Ramos, Nuno B. Brás, A. Cruz Serra
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR POWER QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN DSP IMPLEMENTATION
Numerous frequency estimation algorithms are available for power quality assessment of frequency. In this paper, a comparative study in terms of accuracy, number of operations and memory cost is presented to select the best solution for implementation in a digital signal processor, in the context of typical power quality frequency disturbances measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pietro Vincenzo Barbaro, Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Salvatore Nuccio
A NEW TECHNIQUE TO DETECT HARMONIC SOURCES IN POLLUTED POWER SYSTEMS
This paper presents a comparative analysis among different nonactive power quantities proposed in literature in nonsinusoidal conditions; with respect to this, a new single-point approach is proposed, for the detection of the dominant harmonic sources in polluted power systems. It is based on the observation that in the same distorted working condition the analyzed power quantities present a different behavior. In order to verify the theoretical assumptions, some simulations tests were carried out on a standard IEEE test system, proposed as a benchmark for harmonic propagation studies. Simulation results show how the approach based on a comparison of different definitions of nonactive powers can give some useful information for the detection of dominant harmonic sources.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. Caciotta, F. Leccese, A. Trifirň
CURVE-FITTING-ALGORITHM (CFA) AS POWER QUALITY BASIC ALGORITHM
Many computing techniques are used to evaluate Power Quality parameters, each showing specific advantages and disadvantages. This paper presents an improvement of Curve Fitting Algorithm (CFA) having good accuracy in the estimation of the signal’s power quality parameters.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tomasz Tarasiuk, Janusz Mindykowski
IN THE SEARCH OF THE EFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT METHOD OF ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY ON SHIPS
This paper concerns the problem of proper evaluation of power quality in naval networks. Two aspects of the problem have been addressed. Firstly, the appropriate choice of power quality parameters for the aim has been discussed. Secondly, the methods of their estimation especially concerning aggregating of measurement intervals have been discussed. These considerations will be based on the basis of the original authors’ research carried out in ship electrical power systems and relevant examples from this work will be given. Presented paper is a continuation and complementary part of the earlier works carried out by the same authors.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Umberto Pogliano
A SYSTEM FOR CALIBRATION OF POWER QUALITY ANALYSERS
Power quality analyzers utilized in the measurements have to be calibrated and a system for both developing proper methodologies and for their calibration is now under development at I.N.RI.M. The system can supply two synchronized voltage and current signals, with the possibility of generating both calibrated periodic distorted waveforms and suitable preprogrammed aperiodic events.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Patrick Boets, Leo Van Biesen
METALLIC 2-WIRE PARAMETRIC LINE MODELS - A SURVEY
A survey of frequency domain models to describe cables of the access network of operators is presented. The cable characteristics of some commercial cables are measured and the parameters of the used models identified. From this, the properties and application areas of physical models as well as rational functions are discussed. It will be demonstrated and explained why some frequently used cable models show an unrealistic impulse behavior.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G.A. Kyriazis, R.T.B. Vasconcellos, J. Melcher
UNEQUALIZED CURRENTS IN TWO TERMINAL-PAIR COAXIAL CAPACITANCE BRIDGES
It is necessary to maintain conditions of zero net currents in the cables of ac coaxial bridges. Current equalizers are used for dealing with this problem. It is shown here how they were applied in the construction of a two terminal-pair capacitance bridge with an uncertainty of about one part in 10⁸.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Romeo Ciobanu, Cristina Schreiner, Marinel Temneanu
UPON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION VERSUS FREQUENCY OF PD AND BREAKDOWN PROCESSES, RELATED TO PAPER FOR DC CABLES INSULATION
Significant differences between the evolution versus frequency of the PD and breakdown processes were emphasized, suggesting that the breakdown analysis, if used as unique method in quality assessment of insulating materials, proves to have limits in accuracy and may lead to errors in results interpretation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pasquale Arpaia, Fabrizio Clemente, Carmine Romanucci, Antonio Zanesco
EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EIS-BASED METHOD FOR LOWINVASIVE DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTHESIS OSSEOINTEGRATION
A digital measurement method for lowinvasive clinical diagnosis of metallic prosthesis osseointegration was proposed. Electrical impedance spectroscopy is exploited to characterize the quality of the interface bone-prosthesis tissue. In this paper, in vitro and in vivo experimental results of the application of the proposed method to the evaluation of osseointegration of metallic implants used for percutaneous fixation are shown with a specific clinical case study in audiology. In particular, a cochlear implant BAHA ® from Cochlear TM with direct bone conduction was used. In vivo measurements were performed on children with fixtures implanted respectively 7, 9, and 18 months before the test.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Wieslaw Barwicz, Andrzej Podgórski, Serghei Duminov, Roman Z. Morawski
NEW PRINCIPLE OF ACOUSTIC CALIBRATORS DESIGN
A new principle of acoustic calibrators design, based on the use of a microprocessor in the control loop of the calibrator, is presented. The mechanical and functional features of the calibrator using this principle are briefly described, and its technical specification is given. The applied algorithms of digital regulation loop and the coherent sampling of the reference signal are described in details. The carried-out experiments are presented as well as the results of the tests. The strong and the weak points of the selected solution in the relation to the traditional analogue techniques are pointed out. The conclusions concerning the practical usefulness of the developed calibrator are drawn.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Daniele Gallo, Annalisa Liccardo, Nicola Pasquino
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN ACTIVE ENERGY INDUCTION METER USING AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH
The paper is focused on the performance analysis of an induction energy meter under different voltage and current waveforms, both sinusoidal and deformed, which resemble possible conditions of supply network encountered during normal operation. The measurement test bench and the experimental plan are presented. Experimental results are compared to a reference watthour meter, and the relative error is characterized in terms of dependence on input quantities.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Cesar Alberto Penz, Carlos Alberto Flesch
INFLUENCE OF STANDARD CAPACITORS ON THE QUALITY OF HIGH VOLTAGE TESTS ON ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENTS
This article proposes and implements actions for guarantee of metrological reliability and safe conformity assessment of tested equipments when using standard capacitors. It is presented: a review on standard capacitor typical behavior and the description of an experiment for reduction the contribution on uncertainty.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Micheletti, R. Pieri
RATIONAL BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY ADVANCED CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON INSTANTANEOUS AVERAGE ACTIVE POWER MEASUREMENT
Fast and accurate measurement of the instantaneous average active power (IAAP) is useful for building Energy Management System (EMS) in order to assure quality of service such as continuity, optimize energy consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emission. In this paper the problems connected to the measurement of the instantaneous average active power for energy usage improving are discussed, also as the operational processes which deal to solve such problems.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Branislav Skladan, Peter Fuchs
SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED CALIBRATION OF DIGITAL ELECTRICITY METERS
The developed calibration software for the automated calibration process of digital sampling electricity meters is described. In present, two types of electricity meters, PEM 6711 (Precise Electricity Meter) and single phase electricity meter based on mixed-signal processor TI MSP430FE427 can undergo a fully automated calibration process. Calibration laboratory with the electronic calibration station EKS 05-3, used to calibrate electricity meters, is also described and its function is explained.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

V. Pop, P.P.L. Regtien, H.J. Bergveld, P.H.L. Notten, J.H.G. Op het Veld
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN A REAL-TIME STATE-OF-CHARGE EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) is the most commonly used battery chemistry in portable applications nowadays. Accurate State-of-Charge (SoC) and remaining run-time (tr) calculation for portable devices is important for the user convenience and to prolong the lifetime of batteries. A new SoC algorithm for Li-ion batteries that combines adaptivity with direct measurement and book-keeping systems has been developed and implemented in a real-time evaluation system.
In this paper the error sources in the real-time SoC evaluation system with possible calibration solutions are described. The goal of the SoC system is to predict the remaining run-time of a Li-ion battery with an uncertainty of 1 minute or better under all realistic user conditions, including a wide variety of load currents and a wide temperature range.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Stanislaw Moskowicz
FLUXGATE SENSOR WITH A SPECIAL RING-CORE
In the proposed design of a ring-core sensor, three windings, namely the exciting, the sensing and the compensating ones are applied directly on a special ringcore. The core is also wrapped with an additional winding that controls the so-called virtual air-gap. The virtual air-gap enables the sensor sensitivity to be adjusted in wide range. In the paper the design and test results of the proposed sensor are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jerzy Nabielec, Jacek Nalepa
A SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM FOR THE “BLIND CORRECTION” OF DYNAMIC ERROR IN MEASURING CHANNELS WITH PERIODIC NONSTATIONARITY
The paper presents the application of a differential algorithm for the “blind correction” method with respect to measuring systems where both: the measured signal and parameters of the measuring channels are varying with the same fundamental frequency. The influence of the measuring channels’ parameters on the effectiveness of correction was investigated for the polyharmonic case, using the simulation methods.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Nico Deblauwe, Valentin Enescu, Leo Van Biesen
AN OPEN SOURCE BASED TELECOM MEASUREMENT SETUP BASED ON COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MOBILE PHONES
This paper presents a mobile measurement setup, VUBmeas, which is based on open source software and commercially available mobile phones. The system design, both from a hardware and software point of view and the possibilities will be looked at. Two examples of applications are given to show its broad usability: one more in the field of positioning, the original field of research it was developed for.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pietro Vincenzo Barbaro, Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Salvatore Nuccio
BEHAVIOUR OF REACTIVE ENERGY METERS IN POLLUTED POWER SYSTEMS
The reactive energy meters used in electric distribution networks are based on a conventional definition of reactive energy (or power) for sinusoidal voltages and currents, containing only the fundamental frequency component. As a consequence, the performances of reactive energy meters in the presence of harmonic distortion are not tested and their accuracy specifications can be very different from the nominal ones, that are evaluated in sinusoidal conditions. In this paper the authors present a comparative study of the performances of different reactive energy meters, both electromechanical and static, in the presence of harmonic distortion; the study is supported by several simulations and experimental tests.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Celso Fabricio de Melo, Ricardo Luiz Araújo, Leonardo Morozowski Ardjomand Nilton S. Ramos Quoirin, Minoru Ikeda, Alexandre Albarello Costa
CALIBRATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD METERS AT 60 Hz USING A HELMHOLTZ COIL: CONSTRUCTIVE ASPECTS AND CALCULATION OF ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES
This paper describes the construction of a Helmholtz coil to be used as a magnetic field generator during the calibration of magnetic field sensors. A magnetic field meter was calibrated using the coil to test its efficiency. The obtained results were then compared to the meter’s calibration sheet.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sergey V. Muravyov, Valery N. Borikov, Stanislav A. Kaysanov
COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF WELDING PROCESS PARAMETERS
This paper presents both hardware and software of system for measurement of welding process electric parameters.
The distinctive feature of the system is its application for control of the process of high-quality contact micro-welding of critical destination products which is characterized by the pulse current in the range from 100 A to 20kA and by the pulse duration from a few to hundreds of milliseconds. The system is portable and consists of the measuring coaxial shunt, oscillograph and computer with a software. Structure and main principles of constructing the system components are described. Its technical and metrological parameters are given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jan Hlavácek, Karel Draxler, Radek Procházka
CURRENT TRANSFORMER USAGE FOR NONHARMONIC PERIODIC CURRENTS
This paper deals with composite error determination of current transformers (CT) for purpose of nonharmonic periodic current measurements. The experiment was performed for typical nonharmonic periodic waveforms that occur in power grids with frequency 50 Hz. The area of measurements was extended also for higher fundamental frequency values.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pasquale Arpaia, Fabrizio Clemente, Mario Rapone, Carmine Romanucci
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN RECOGNITION FOR MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE EMISSION FACTORS IN CRITICAL DRIVING CONDITIONS
A research project on the measurement of emission factors in critical driving conditions arising from a cooperation among University of Sannio, Istituto Motori of CNR, and some companies of Italian Regione Campania is started. In particular, in this paper, a procedure of automatic feature extraction and data classification of vehicle driving sequences by means of Wavelet analysis and Cultural Algorithms is proposed. The procedure improves the lack of sensitivity of the state-of-the-art statistical methods to variations of vehicles instantaneous kinematic parameters (e.g. speed, acceleration) through a simple heuristic link between vehicle speed and road traffic data.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Laurentiu-Dan Milici, Mihai Cretu, Mariana-Rodica Milici
FRACTAL ANALISYS METHODS IN ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF SOME METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
The estimating methods of the meteorological parameters at Meteorology and Hydrology National Agency (ANMH) standard offers sufficient data to answered at the requirements of the population. Thus, it was ascertained that through the determination of fractal dimension of temporal series obtains different values for neighboring zones, values which should complete the already existing information and which should offer supplementary data concerning the efficiency of such stations.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Lapuh, R. Voncina
GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER STATIONS
Enforcement of Directive 40/2004/EC binds the EU member countries to define their legislative proceedings on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risk arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields).
In this paper guidelines for the determination and evaluation of low-frequency electromagnetic fields of high-voltage power stations are proposed. They are based on experiences gained with numerical calculations and measurements and are compatible with measurement practices and demands of international labot conventions and EU Directives.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Artur Wollek
INFLUENCE CRITERIONS OF QUALITY TO THE WEIGHT WINDOWS SELECTION
Weight filtration is performed in time domain through multiplying values of appropriate samples by a weighting function and summing the yielded products along the entire window length. The number of weight windows is unlimited. In his paper author is trying to define the filtration quality and its influence to the weight window selection.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marko Jurcevic, Mladen Boršic
INTERNET-ENABLED CALIBRATION SERVICES: THE REMOTE CONTROL OF INSTRUMENTS
A growing number of measurements in commercial and industrial sector needs to refer to the traceability to the national (and also international) standards. Since the internet-enabled metrology is rapidly developing in the recent years, it offers new possibilities for calibration services. This paper focuses on the problem of the visualization of the internet-enabled calibration process and instruments. The main goal is to identify the solution for real-time data monitoring and control of measurement equipment.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Wlodzimierz Pogribny, Igor Rozhankiwsky, Tadeusz Leszczynski
MEASUREMENT OF SHORT NOISY SIGNAL PARAMETERS WITH THE USE OF SIGN DM
Usually correlation analysis (CA) is realized in Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) format that needs numerous mathematical operations with the large word length that limits the fast-acting of processing as well as the use of its to the measurement of wide-band noisy signals in real time. In this paper the use of signal representation in Sign Delta Modulation (SignDM) format has been proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the real time CA of short hardly noised signals. The SignDM codes are specified by comparing the values of differences between signal samples in PCM format with a differential zone which is defined a priori. These two bit codes reflect the signal character and are suitable for CA as well. In this paper there are presented the fast and exact algorithms of the SignDM CA, as well as the computer simulation results for resolution of CA of short noisy signals at the various differential zone and initial phases.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J.J.L. Sousa, L.T.S. Leităo
METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE CALIBRATIONS: A CASE OF STUDY ON THE INTERLABORATORIAL COMPARISON PROGRAM
The main objective of this Program of Interlaboratorial Comparison is to evaluate the results obtained in the unit of Wh, of the participants in relation to a reference, in our case, the Inmetro, as to:
- used procedures of measurement;
- metrology tracking of the standards;
- compatibility of the standards due to uncertainty levels;
- compatibility among the laboratories through the En pointer.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Leopoldo Angrisani, Aldo Baccigalupi, Massimo D’Apuzzo, Rosario Schiano Lo Moriello
ON THE USE OF THE UNSCENTED TRANSFORM FOR UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION IN DSP-BASED MEASUREMENTS
Estimation of the output expectation and standard uncertainty in indirect measurements based on digital signal-processing (DSP) algorithms is dealt with. DSP measurement algorithms can, in fact, be considered as complex models, which operate on sampled data acting as direct measurement results. The related uncertainty sources can mainly be associated with the analog conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion the input signal undergoes. Due to the inherent non-analytical formulation of DSP measurement algorithms, the use of IEC-ISO recommendation for standard uncertainty estimation is usually unfeasible. The paper aims at showing the efficacy and reliability of an original approach, mandated to uncertainty estimation and based on the unscented transform, when applied to DSP measurement algorithms. A number of numerical tests are conducted on simulated measurement data. Remarkable concurrence between obtained estimates and those granted by Monte Carlo simulations confirms the efficacy of the proposed approach.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Leopoldo Angrisani, Aldo Baccigalupi, Antonio Langella, Michele Vadursi
PARAMETRIC SPECTRAL ESTIMATION: A PROPER SOLUTION FOR POWER MEASUREMENT IN DIGITAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Poor repeatability and low accuracy often affect power measurements in digital wireless communication systems. A new digital signal processing-based method is proposed, which exploits Marple’s solution to parametric spectral estimation in order to achieve the power spectral density (PSD) of the analyzed signal, and then evaluates the quantities of interest by applying straightforward measurement algorithms to the estimated PSD. The performance of the method is assessed through a number of experiments on laboratory signals, and compared to that offered both by an alternative measurement solution, based on a different parametric estimator, and high-performance instruments already available on the market.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaroslav Bohacek
REFERENCE RESISTORS FOR CALIBRATION OF WIDEBAND LCR METERS
A set of resistance standards ranging from 100 Ω to 10 000 Ω and applicable to calibrations of wideband LCR meters has been prepared using surface mount metal foil resistors. Frequency dependences of these standards have been evaluated by comparing them with resistors having calculable frequency performance.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sergey Y. Yurish, Nikolay V. Kirianaki
RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF MODERN METHODS FOR FREQUENCY AND PERIOD MEASUREMENTS
The resolution analysis of modern methods for frequency (period) measurements such as the ratiometric counting method and the method of the dependent count (MDC) is described in the paper. Comparative metrological performances for the methods and modeling results of resolution for the MDC with the help of Maple 6 software are given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. Caciotta, F. Leccese, A. Trifirň
THE PERCEIVED POWER QUALITY OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY: AN ASSESSMENT IN ITALY
The Perceived Power Quality by costumers has been faced, starting from ISO 9000 Quality definition. An experimental investigation is presented on customers of Rome (Italy). By the results one demonstrates that fluxes of parameters defined on own manner by costumers, can be determined.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Mariana-Rodica Milici, Leon Mandici, Laurentiu-Dan Milici
TRANSDUCER FOR LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN HYDROENERGETIC ACCUMULATIONS
The described measurement system is recommended for the measurement of the water level in hydroenergetical accumulations because permits the measurement of the water level in large limits with the error e desirable by user, eliminates the possible measurement errors due to the zones which could appear in the cold season between the water level and the appeared ice bridges and due to the fact that are used two distanced contacts systems are eliminated the situations appeared when the sensors register erroneously by reason of some objects appeared in the sensors placed above the water level.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

L. S. Palma, A. Oliveira, R. C. S. Freire, A. B. Fontes
THERMAL Σ-Δ MODULATOR: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
This work presents the system performance analysis, in terms of frequency response and system resolution, of a 1-bit first-order Σ-&Delta thermal modulator. In this system model, some of the operations conversion is performed by the thermoresistive sensor, which operates at constant temperature method. The system performance analysis was realized with a sampled version of the continuous time thermal Σ-&Delta modulator. It will be shown that system performance is dependent on the system oversampling ratio (OSR) and the system transfer function pole and zero which depends on thermal and physical sensor characteristics and system operation conditions. This system was proposed as a solar radiation meter, but it may be applied to fluid velocity measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Paul Roberts
UNDERSTANDING SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION
Calibrating a Spectrum Analyzer usually involves a variety of measurements, with each requiring a suitable input signal. A typical procedure generally utilizes a number of signal generators together with other pieces of equipment to generate the signals and ensure their accuracy. This paper provides an overview of spectrum analyzer calibration with discussion of the most common calibration tests, their signal requirements, and approaches for meeting those requirements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zdenek Havranek
PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF LOW AC VOLTAGE IN WIDE BAND WITH COMPOSITE AMPLIFIER
The paper describes theoretical design and simulation results of the high precision amplifier for use in metrology especially for measurement of low AC voltage in a wide frequency range. The whole device will be used in process of calibration of common multimeters with AC/DC comparation technique.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sergio Desogus, Alessandro Germak, Claudio Origlia, Giulio Barbato
PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR QUALIFYING METROLOGICAL ROCKWELL INDENTERS
Much work has been done on Rockwell diamond indenters to evaluate the relationship between geometry and hardness measurement results. However, it has been observed that the residual after geometrical correction is significant (within ±0,3 HRC). Some investigations on the non-geometric parameters of the Rockwell diamond indenters, as mechanical properties of the diamonds and the soldering of the diamond prism into the holder, were carried out in the past. Recently, using the INRiM primary machine, some experimental tests were carried out to investigate the possibility to correlate the differences on hardness measurements observed using different indenters to the nongeometric characteristics of indenters. The results show that this correlation exists and it can justify the discrepancies.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

John Song, Samuel Low, Alan Zheng
CALIBRATION REPRODUCIBILITY TEST FOR NIST’s No. 3581 STANDARD ROCKWELL DIAMOND INDENTER
Standard Rockwell diamond indenters play an important role for a worldwide unified Rockwell hardness scale. In 1994, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) established a Microform Calibration System with sufficiently small calibration uncertainty for the calibration of standard Rockwell indenters. In 1995, NIST established a group of Rockwell diamond indenters characterized both by high geometrical uniformity and hardness performance uniformity. One of them, No. 3581, was selected as the NIST’s primary Rockwell diamond indenter for the calibration of NIST’s Standard Reference Material (SRM) Rockwell C hardness blocks. This indenter was recalibrated in 1997 and 2005. The calibration results showed high stability for the microform geometry of the NIST’s standard Rockwell diamond indenter, as well as high calibration reproducibility for the NIST’s Microform Calibration System.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Satoshi Takagi, Kazuyuki Kamijo, Takashi Usuda, Haruo Kawachi, Kazutomi Hanaki
WIDE-RANGE VERIFICATION OF THE GEOMETRY OF VICKERS DIAMOND INDENTERS
The three different methods, the NRLM-type Vickers indenter verification instrument, the scanning white light interferometry and the atomic force microscope, are used for the wide-range verification of a Vickers indenter. Those methods are available in different range of indenter surface and it was found that the integration of different instruments are helpful for the better understanding of the thorough geometry of a Vickers indenter. In addition, an improved instrument is developed for low-force and microhardness range and evaluated its availability. The results show that it can indicate the similar value to the most reliable instrument even in the smaller range of indenter and it suggests that the range of the reliable verification may be expanded to low-force and microhardness.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Takashi Yamamoto
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF HARDNESS STANDARD BLOCKS
Looking at the current status of hardness standards, we occasionally come across the view that it is sufficient that hardness measurements can be matched somewhat forcibly to the hardness values of standard blocks. However, if the direct accuracy of a hardness tester and indenter and loading conditions are well managed and appropriate testing procedures are taken, the measurement of hardness should naturally agree with the value indicated on a standard block, and “hardness” should be an industrial quantity obtained in that way. Therefore, we should recognize anew the original purpose of a hardness standard block as a standard tool, such as the daily inspection (indirect verification) of a tester and/or whether testing practices are under proper management, as well as to make a comparison between testers and/or between indenters.
From this standpoint, we, in the capacity of a dedicated test-block manufacturer, discuss the principles of hardness test methods, the uniformity, durability and trends of hardness standard blocks, and future hardness standards relative to the ISO standards, based on our past results from testing and experiments with a number of standard blocks.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J.A. Cruz, R.R. Machado, S.P. Oliveira. A.R. Martins, A.C. Vidal, J.A.S. Pereira, I. Caminha, I. Abud , C. Barbosa
ESTABLISHMENT OF A HARDNESS METROLOGICAL SYSTEM IN BRAZIL
In the present work, part of a large project, developed in partnership among INMETRO, ITUC/PUCRio and INT since 1995, to establish a national hardness metrological system in Brazil to Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell hardness scales, is presented, e.g. the development of reference blocks, for different ranges of Rockwell B and C hardness scales. These results and the installation of a hardness standardization machine and an indenter calibration system at INMETRO will fill the existing voids up in the Brazilian traceability chain in hardness metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Christian Ullner, Erhard Reimann
EFFECT AND MEASUREMENT OF THE MACHINE COMPLIANCE IN THE MACRO RANGE OF INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION TEST
The contribution concerns the dominant source of uncertainty in the upper macro range of the instrumented indentation test. The strong effect of the machine compliance is demonstrated (including for machines with a displacement measurement which is related to the surface of the specimen). Four methods are applied for analyzing the experimental results up to 2500 N. The results show that the uncertainty of the compliance should be limited in ISO 14577 part 3.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Harald Kohlhoff, Christian Ullner
DESIGN AND CAPABILITY OF A NEW CALIBRATION MACHINE FOR THE MACRO RANGE OF INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION TEST
The instrumented indentation test provides a versatile method to determine several materials parameter. In order to provide reference specimens, a calibration machine according to ISO 14577-3 is designed for the macro range. Using innovative technology, the new machine design may lead to a standard solution not only for calibration machines.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Takeshi Sawa, Masaharu Tsujii, Masaru Kawazoe
INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION TEST FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SPECIMEN
Concerning the specimen heating table attached to an instrumented indentation testing machine, one of the hardness testing machines, for realizing the hardness test of heated specimen, thermal influences to the instrumented indentation testing machine by attaching the specimen heating table have been examined. Consequently, it has been clarified that test result errors are mainly induced by the fact that the thermal expansion by the increase in temperature of the indenter (the metal part fixing the diamond tip) is added to the measured indentation depth, so that the accurate indentation depth cannot be measured. Furthermore, it has been considered that the increase in temperature of the indenter is mainly caused by the thermal transfer (thermal conduction) while the indenter contacts with the hightemperature specimen, and it has been clarified that the behavior of temperature change of the indenter depends on specimen materials and testing conditions. In this paper, newly invented measures for obtaining correct indentation depth in high-temperature tests are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jiong-Shiun Hsu, Chi-Shen Chang, Yu-Yi Su, Jeah-Sheng Wu, Sheau-Shi Pan
UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF THE NANOINDENTATION SYSTEM
In this paper, the uncertainty of nanoindentation system was evaluated. The laser interferometer and electronic balance were respectively adopted to calibrate the quantities of displacement and load of nanoindeantion system. The results reveal that the relative expanded uncertainty of indeantion hardness, U_H, is 8.1%. The relative expanded uncertainity of reduced modulus, U_Er, is 5.4%.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Robert Ellis, Andy Knott, Konrad Herrmann
VERIFICATION OF IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING BRINELL INDENTATIONS
Recently image analysis systems have become available and are now used widely in industry. While there are great benefits in using this method to measure Brinell hardness indentations, a method to verify these systems is needed. Older methods using flat stage micrometers exclusively are not sufficient. Methods and guidelines for the use of these systems should be developed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G. Aggag, A. Abu-Elezz
EFFECT OF LOADING RATE AND DURATION TIME ON INDENTATION HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS
Previews studies on the effect of loading rate on the micro and nano indentation hardness showed that both of them affect hardness measurements. Such effect has been included in micro and nano hardness measurements. ISO/FDIS 14577-1 standard determine the loading rate of the indenter for micro hardness showed not exceed 2 µm/sec and for nano hardness should be less then 10 nm/sec. The present study is a trial to reveal the effect of both loading rate and duration time on the macro indentation hardness applied on standard hardness test blocks. A modern Zwick hardness tester that could vary loading rates and duration time over a broad range was used to preform this study. The study showed that a safe loading rate should not exceed 10 µm/sec. It also showed an obvious effect of duration time on the hardness value. It is recommended that the duration value should be stated clearly in such hardness measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G. W. Bahng, Colin Lea
ESTABLISHMENT OF A TRACEABILITY CHAIN IN METROLOGY FOR MATERIALS
Materials metrology is becoming an increasingly important international issue, with the worldwide efforts to realize a free trade agreement. The establishment of a traceability chain in materials metrology is, however, difficult because the measurement of materials properties is commonly procedure-dependent. This means that the establishment of a traceability chain in measurement of materials properties is not so straightforward as in physical measurement. In fact, three essential components, namely reference procedure, reference machine, and reference materials, are required to establish a traceability chain in materials metrology. In this paper, strategies to establish a traceability chain in metrology for materials are discussed to provide comparability amongst testing laboratories.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Stibler, K. Herrmann
ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN HARDNESS MEASUREMENT OF RUBBER AND OTHER ELASTOPLASTIC MATERIALS
In this paper the approach and results for the estimation of uncertainty in measurements of rubber and plastics are presented. The developed uncertainty guidelines are based on "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (ISO GUM). As the most important and widely used hardness measuring methods for rubber and plastics the methods according to Durometer (A and D) and to the International Rubber Hardness Degree (IRHD), scales N, M and L are dealt with. Additionally a new hardness measuring method for soft silicones, called Hardness Very Low (HVL), which is still in the process of standardization, is considered. According to the calibration methods direct calibration of test force, indentation depth and geometrical deviations of indenters must be carried out. Correspondingly the uncertainty of these direct calibrations have to be determined. In order to indicate the uncertainty based on these direct calibration expressed in hardness units, it is necessary to summarize the uncertainties of the direct calibration with the aid of sensitivity coefficients. Further, indirect calibrations with reference test blocks also require to indicate the uncertainty in hardness units.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Laurence Brice, Samuel Low, Rodney Jiggetts
DETERMINATION OF SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS FOR ROCKWELL HARDNESS SCALES HR15N, HR30N, AND HRA
This report describes the work carried out to provide sensitivity coefficients for the Rockwell HRA and Superficial Rockwell HR15N and HR30N scales. Sensitivity coefficients were determined for the preliminary test force, total test force, force duration times, loading times, and loading rates.
Work was carried out at both the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Teddington, UK and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, USA.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alois Wehrstedt
RESULTS OF THE REVISION OF THE ISO STANDARDS FOR BRINELL, VICKERS, ROCKWELL AND KNOOP HARDNESS TESTS
With the aim to achieve worldwide valid ISO Standards the International standards committee ISO/TC 164/SC 3 "Hardness testing of metallic materials" published in 1997-1999 the hardness testing standards for the Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell methods according to the parallel voting in CEN. This contribution contains the results of the first revision of these standards carried out in 2004/2005 and presents for the users the most important amendments.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zdravko Baršic, Biserka Runje, Vesna Alar, Gorana Baršic
CONFIRMATION OF THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION
The paper presents calculation of measurement uncertainty for measuring hardness by use of Vickers method based on ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and by method of Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). Finally, confirmation of correctness of measurement uncertainty calculation is obtained with participation in proficiency test.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ki-Bok Kim, Man-Soo Kim, Jeong-Gil Park, Sangdae Lee, Ghi-Seok Kim, Hyun-Mo Jung
DETERMINATION OF APPLE FIRMNESS BY ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT
One of the most important quality indicators for fruit is the firmness which is highly correlated to the elastic modulus. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of ultrasonic parameters for determination of apple firmness. Ultrasonic transmission system consisted of ultrasonic pulser, two specially fabricated ultrasonic transmitting and receiving transducers for fruit, and digital storage oscilloscope. Ultrasonic parameters such as ultrasonic wave velocity, attenuation, and peak frequency were analyzed. Firmness of apple was measured by using compression test apparatus. A multiple linear regression model describing the relationship between firmness and ultrasonic parameters was proposed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. Sanponpute, V. Sanh, D. D. Nguyen, R. Kongkavitool
BILATERAL COMPARISON IN HRC BETWEEN NIMT AND VMI
This bilateral comparison in HRC was conducted in order to confirm the accuracy claimed by National Institute of Metrology (Thailand) or (NIMT) and Vietnam Metrology Institute (VMI). Also, this bilateral comparison compares the difference of measurement results between lever-type machine and deadweight-type machine of two NMIs, which are NIMT and VMI, respectively.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

H.L. Amos, R.J. Gunn, M. Buxton
ENSURING THE ADVANCEMENT OF METROLOGY IN AREAS SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BUDGET ALLOCATION PROCESS
Metrology is developing as a field, and in the United Kingdom (UK) this requires development of the budget allocation process to ensure funding is provided to all areas. A research project is being undertaken within the UK National Measurement System aimed at creating a more balanced approach to ensure funding is granted at the appropriate level in areas of metrology for which the justification is non-economic.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

André Luiz Meira de Oliveira, Carlos Alberto Schneider, Gustavo Andrade Maestri
THE REMOTE SERVICES LABORATORY AS A METROLOGY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INTEGRATOR AND ITS IMPACTS ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The demands for qualified metrology consultancy and technical support are increasing exponentially due to the current market conditions. Consumers are more aware of quality issues than ever before, informed by the mass media and supported by organizations of consumer–right defense. Companies are investing in better testing and inspection facilities to bear the development of new products and processes, to maintain the processes operating on target with minimum variance and to segregate non-conforming products before they can reach the hands of the customer. In this scenery, there is a complete collection of free-lance professionals, technology centers and other companies and organizations that provide consultancy and metrology services pushed by the above-mentioned demand. Central LASAR is a remote laboratory that appeared as a channel to normalize these relations. The solution has been tested, showing that the approach is technically and economically feasible for the service suppliers as well as for their customers, including the increasing of social coresponsibility aspects between customers and suppliers.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Patrizia Ciarlini, Umberto Maniscalco
MIXTURE OF SOFT SENSORS FOR MONITORING AIR AMBIENT PARAMETERS
Monitoring the physical or chemical conditions of the materials composing a monument can be achieved in a not invasive way by using trained neural networks. Soft sensors based on Elman neural networks have been developed to provide virtual measurements at locations of the monument surface using only the measurements acquired by an Air Ambient Monitor Station located nearby the monument. Here we improve the accuracy of the virtual measurements by using averaging techniques or mixture of such soft sensors. The accuracy of these virtual instruments is analyzed and compared from a metrological and statistical point of view.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Oleh Velychko
ACTIVITY OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
Paper considers the problems of globalisation of the world economy and the role of national metrological services, main directions activity of international and regional organizations in the field of metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Edivaldo A. Bulba, ; Victor R. Svoll
ANOTHER ARGUMENT TO CONSIDER THE RELIABILITY OF THE UNCERTAINTY TYPE B SIMILAR TO TYPE A
The ISO-GUM express that the standard deviation of the experimental standard deviation of the mean q obtained for ratio σ[s(q)]/σ(q) has a not negligible value for practical values of n, and therefore that Type A evaluations of the standard uncertainty are not necessarily more reliable than Type B evaluations. Although this correct comparison either, the assertion based on the value of the σ(q) is the not best, in way that this work to consider other relation as argument for this comparison.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gilles Mauris
PROPAGATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY EXPRESSED BY A POSSIBILITY DISTRIBUTION WITH COVERAGE-INTERVAL-BASED SEMANTICS
The main purpose of this paper is to present a possibility theory-based generalization of conventional interval propagation to coverage intervals. Indeed, the whole set of coverage intervals for all the probability levels stacked on top of one another constitutes a possibility distribution. Thus by slight modifications of Zadeh’s extension principle, we will prove that it is possible to compute the coverage intervals of an indirect measurement from many other measurements (possibly dependent) by a known non decreasing relationship.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andréa Cristina Konrath, Gustavo Daniel Donatelli , Daniel Hamburg-Piekar
THE APPLICATION OF MONTE CARLO SIMULATION TO EVALUATE THE UNCERTAINTY OF CONTROL CHART PERFORMANCE INDICES
This paper presents the preliminary results of a research aimed to evaluate the effect of the measurement process on the effectiveness of control charting. To achieve this goal, the authors propose propagating the uncertainty of measurement through the control charting process using the Monte Carlo simulation technique (MCS).
Results are shown, evidencing that measurement uncertainty affects significantly the effectiveness of control charts an that the influence is different depending on the nature of the uncertainty contribution.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

I. M. Barbosa, E. del Moral Hernandez, M. L. C. C. Reis, O. A. F. Mello
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY CONTRIBUTION TO THE CALIBRATION CURVE FITTING OF AN AERODYNAMIC EXTERNAL BALANCE USING MLP ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
The aim of this study is to fit a calibration curve to a multivariate system. The experimental data are generated from the calibration of the aerodynamic external balance of the subsonic wind n.ş 2, the TA-2, of the Brazilian Aerospace Institute, IAE. Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) Artificial Neural Networks are employed. To fit the calibration curve, the MLPs are submitted to the learning process. The measurement uncertainties are taken into consideration, through the modification of the MLP learning algorithm, which in its classical approach, considers the data points free from error sources. The results of both methodologies, learning algorithm endowed or without uncertainties, are compared.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jean-Claude Krynicki
INTRODUCTION TO “SOFT” METROLOGY
Outside of the classical physical and chemical metrologies, there is a large field of measurement, which is called dimensionless or “soft “ metrology by analogy with hard and soft sciences.
The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of this field, to analyze the methods used and their linkage to classical metrology.
The author will take 3 examples, an historical one, the measurement of human character, and two modern research fields, software usability and customer satisfaction.
He will also show the recent efforts from the European Commission, as part of the New Emerging Sciences and Technologies program (N.E.S.T.), to increase the objectivity of these measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Karl H. Ruhm
MODELLING OF NON-IDEAL MEASURING PROCESSES – PREREQUISITE FOR ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
The determination of the uncertainty of measurement results is one of the most demanding but unpopular tasks in metrology. One of several reasons for this fact is the lack of well-structured models of non-ideal measurement processes on one hand and of qualification processes, which determine measurement uncertainties, on the other hand. Easily available and universally valid models would greatly help to improve measurement quality. But since process modelling is very laborious, practitioners are additionally confronted with cost-benefit questions. This paper starts with the most popular but rather incomplete error model and, on the basis of Signal and System Theory, derives a quantitative structure of the non-ideal measurement process. This structure is comprehensive and open for further and more challenging extensions.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jose U. Delgado, Maria Cd. M. de Almeida, Roberto Poledna
PRECISE DETERMINATION OF GE DETECTOR EFFICIENCY CURVE FOR OBTAINING ACTIVITIES IN RADIONUCLIDES GAMMA-EMITTERS
An efficiency curve obtained in a gamma-ray spectrometric system using a high purity germanium detector and radioactive standards of ¹³³Ba, ¹⁵²Eu and ^166mHo in an energy range of 50 to 1400 keV was established for metrological purposes. To do this, the efficiency response of the detector was used considering 29 different energies. This allowed calibrating various gammaemitter radioactive point sources, within of a 50 kBq to 550 MBq activity range, with expanded uncertainties below 2.5% at two-sigma confidence level (k=2). The obtained activity value for ²²Na was validated by sum-peak coincidence method.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Silvio B. Melo, Carlos C. Dantas, Emerson A. de O. Lima, Francisco P. M. Simőes, Eric F. de Oliveira,Valdemir. A. dos Santos
RECONSTRUCTION OF RADIAL CATALYST CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL TYPE FCC RISER
A gamma ray tomographic reconstruction of catalyst concentration distribution in laboratory experiments is presented. The images are generated by gamma transition measurements in an experimental riser simulating flow experiments. The manual scanner is adequate for mapping radial catalyst concentration distribution under spatial resolution of 0.002 m and density resolution of 10 kg/mł.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M.Darowski, W.Klonowski, M.Kozarski, G.Ferrari, E.Olejarczyk, R.Stepien
HYBRID MODELING AND NONLINEAR DATA PROCESSING FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
The main purpose of this paper is to present application of hybrid (i.e. combined physical and in silico) modeling and nonlinear (fractal) biosignal analysis for improving quality of life through modeling and knowledgebased measurements in medicine.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marja Lähdekorpi, Heimo Ihalainen, Risto Ritala
USING IMAGE REGISTRATION AND ALIGNMENT TO COMPARE ALTERNATIVE 2D MEASUREMENTS
We present in this paper a novel method for comparing alternative 2D measurements. The method is based on a new image registration algorithm developed for the automatic registration and alignment of randomly textured image data. Our aim in the algorithm development has been to enable fast registration of the measured 2D property maps without the need for special registration marks. To improve robustness, the maps are registered in two steps; the first step exhibits plain translation and the second phase iteratively refines the transformation estimate. Sub-pixel registration accuracy is achieved. Several experiments have been conducted showing that the algorithm is able to register various 2D property maps successfully. After the registration we align the alternative 2D measurements. This enables the comparison and statistical joint analysis of several 2D property maps measured from the same target area. The high amount of independently measured data points in the property maps provides a firm statistical ground for conclusions. We have used the new registration algorithm to align various 2D surface profile measurements of paper and board. The analysis of the aligned measurements has confirmed the feasibility of our registration method and revealed fundamental differences between the measurement devices.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zdenek Havranek, Ludvik Bejcek
VERIFICATION OF THE DOUBLE LAYER HOLOGRAPHIC ARRAY FOR EXTRACTION OF SOUND FIELDS IN REVERBERANT CONDITIONS
This paper describes methods and presents verification results of improvement of algorithms for visualization of sound fields based on near-field acoustical holography (NAH) by the double layer holografic array (DLA) measurement and iterative technique to remove disturbing sound fields which are not in the examinated area under measurement planes (holograms).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luigino Benetazzo, Matteo Bertocco, Claudio Narduzzi
AD-HOC MEASUREMENT NETWORKS
This discussion paper presents issues in the design of ad-hoc, networked measurement systems. Key requisites are summarized at first. Then, architectural features will be analyzed in order to let a designer be aware of advantages and efforts of presented choices.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luca Mari, Sergio Sartori
THE METROLOGICAL SYSTEM AS A SMALL-WORLD NETWORK: SOME NOTES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ITS STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY
The metrological system is presented in its structure as a network, and as such analyzed in view of its efficiency. It is shown that the general strategies adopted at this regards in the small-world networks can be usefully exploited in this case, and some empirical solutions are derived.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Thomas Allevard, Eric Benoit, Laurent Foulloy
A NEW DISTANCE FOR FUZZY DESCRIPTIONS OF MEASUREMENTS
Fuzzy nominal scales were introduced in order to propose a formalism to the representation of empirical quantities by fuzzy subsets of words. This paper presents the results of studies on distances associated to this formalism and proposes a new distance operator.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S. H. Khan, L. Finkelstein
GENERIC PROBLEMS AND ADVANCES IN THE COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTS AND INSTRUMENT ELEMENTS
The paper is based on a long-term programme of research on mathematical modelling and computer aided design of instruments and instrument elements in the Measurement and Instrumentation Centre of City University London. It considers the principal generic problems of computer aided design of instrument systems and aspects of the research agenda that arises from them. It describes recent advances in the computer aided design of sensors and actuators.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Albert Weckenmann, Bernd R. L. Siebert, Stefan Heidenblut, Karina Weißensee
A SYSTEMATIC MODELLING CONCEPT FOR UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
The evaluation of measurement uncertainty is based on both, the knowledge about the measuring process and the quantities which influence the measurement result. The knowledge about the measuring process is represented by the model equation which expresses the interrelation between the measurand and the input quantities. Therefore, the modeling of the measurement is a key element of modern uncertainty evaluation. A practical modeling concept has been developed that is based on the idea of the measuring chain. It gets on with only a few generic model structures. From this concept, a practical stepwise procedure has been derived.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gerhard Linss, Susanne C N Töpfer, Uwe Nehse
AUTOMATIC EXECUTION OF INSPECTION PLANS FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS OF MICRO- AND NANOSTRUCTURED COMPONENTS
Due to the fast advancement of manufacturing technologies for micro- and nanostructured components the need for sophisticated inspection methods increases. The paper on hand discusses the prerequisites for automatic execution of inspection plans. Main goal is to enable automated dimensional measurements of micro- and nanostructured components instead of executing functional tests. Besides reducing manufacturing cost this approach enables the setup of a closed quality loop which allows a higher level of efficiency. It provides a constant feedback to the manufacturing processes and to the design process. Based on the latest state-of-the-art the setup and operating principle of a closed quality loop for dimensional inspections is described. Vital part of the closed quality loop is a multisensor system consisting of adaptive, intelligent sensors with cascaded measuring ranges. The paper provides a novel and consistent overall view of dimensional inspections of micro- and nanostructured components and how they will be executed in the future. This paper shall deliver a significant contribution to the birth of industrial nanometrology which must overcome the limitations of research oriented nanometrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

I. Frollo, P. Andris, V. Juráš, Z. Majdišová
MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT OF THIN-LAYERS USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SEQUENCES
Magnetic field distribution measurement and imaging of thin layers using magnetic resonance techniques on biological samples have been performed. The resultant image represents the magnetic susceptibility distribution in the sample. An NMR imaging method susceptible to the homogeneity of magnetic field Gradient Echo was used. Since the investigated physical or biological samples did not generate any NMR signal, a homogeneous phantom (reference medium) was used - a container filled with water - as a medium. An image acquired by this method is actually a projection of the sample properties onto the homogeneous phantom. The method could be applied in nanotechnology, microelectronics and especially in the biological and medical sciences.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

José Eduardo Manzoli, Paulo Roberto Rela, Juliana Silva Félix, Magali Monteiro
INITIAL CONCENTRATION PROFILE INFLUENCE ON MIGRATION MEASUREMENTS FROM PLASTIC PACKAGING: A SIMULATION STUDY
Migration of components from plastic packaging into foodstuffs or into medicines is a very important issue, concerning public health. Using experimental techniques, like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, these essays measure total migration and specific migration of components from plastic packaging. This work presents an explanation and applications of a numerical technique tool for this measurement, allowing the comprehension of the diffusion process and the estimate of component migration in difficult or impractical measurements. As an application example, the non-uniform influence of initial concentration profile on the migration is presented, demonstrating the necessity of this profile determination for high quality considerations on involved metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

I.Bal, W.Klonowski
APPLICATION OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS METHODS FOR MEASURING CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOSIGNALS AND QUALITY OF MATERIALS’ SURFACES IN "SENSATION" PROJECT
We present FP6. Integrated Project SENSATION and works done by our Group on application of nonlinear dynamics for analysis of biosignals measured by new nanosensors for vigilance monitoring and for biomedical applications.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaime M. Ticona, Mauricio N. Frota
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF QUALITY CERTIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ON THE BRAZILIAN DOMESTIC MARKET
Abstract: This work reviews the economics of standards, conformity assessment procedures and the trade of Brazilian industrial products. It also evaluates the associated economic impact resulted from their product certification based on international best practices. Four leading products were chosen: steel, bus coachwork, automotive tires and cement. The production time series of these products (made available by governmental agencies) were fitted by means of the multiple linear regression method. The method was successfully applied at a 5% level of significance (a probability value –p-value– lower than 0.05 guarantees the existence of non-zero polynomial coefficients).
The simulation investigated the combined economic impact of (i) the regionalization process that has led to the establishment of a common market in the South Cone (Mercosur); (ii) the exposure of the Brazilian market to international trade competition (the opening up of the Brazilian economy in the 1990’s); (iii) product certification and (iv) the monetary inflation in Brazil, in the period. Each individual impact was documented. The product certification proved to be beneficial as 15.1% growth in production of cement, 12.4 % in steel, 11% in automotive tires and 13.3 % in bus coachwork were observed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Kimmo Latva-Käyrä, Risto Ritala
OPTIMISING A MEASUREMENT SETUP FOR DECISION MAKING
Measurements are the key to rational decision making. Measurement information generates value, when it is applied in the decision making. An investment cost and maintenance costs are associated with each component of the measurement system. Clearly, there is – under a given set of scenarios – a measurement setup that is optimal in expected (discounted) utility. Contrary to process design, design of measurement and information systems has not been formulated as such an optimization problem, but rather been tackled intuitively. In this presentation we propose a framework for analyzing such an optimization problem. Our framework is based on that the basic mechanism of measurement is reduction of uncertainty about reality. Statistical decision theory serves as the basis for analyzing decision making. In this paper we apply the framework to a problem that is rather simple but of practical importance: how to arrange laboratory quality measurements optimally. In particular, we discuss a case in the paper making industry, in which the product quality is measured with automated quality analyzers and by laboratory measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Akie K. Ávila, Renata M. H. Borges, Thiago de O. Araujo, Maria Cristina B. Quaresma, Fabio S. Bazilio, Lígia C. C. Oliveira
FIRST ROUND OF THE PROFICIENCY TEST SCHEME ON BRAZILIAN CACHAÇA
Cachaça is the Brazilian most popular spirit and the quality of analytical results is essential for protection of consumers and to expand the international acceptance of the product. The first round of the proficiency-testing scheme (interlaboratory study), Brazilian cachaça, was carried out between November 2004 and March 2005. The blended sample was prepared for this round containing several components, including copper, methanol and ethyl carbamate. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the laboratory performance on the determination of the copper concentration in Brazilian cachaça. Eleven laboratories reported results for copper; these results were compared to the reference value attributed by Inmetro in partnership with The Laboratory of the Government Chemist – LGC from the United Kingdom and with the consensus value. A comparison between these values was made to determine which approach could guarantee better reliability to the conclusions taken from the PT scheme. The samples used have shown good homogeneity and stability, the reference value attributed by Inmetro and LGC is SI traceable and showed to be more appropriate to be used as the conventional true value than the consensus value calculated with the participants’ results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alessandra Licursi Maia C.da Cunha,Roberta Lourenço Ziolli, Ricardo Queiroz Aucélio
MULTIVARIATE OPTIMIZATION AIMING THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SELECTIVE ROOM-TEMPERATURE PHOSPHORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHRYSENE
In this work, a factorial design was applied for the development and validation of a solid surface roomtemperature phosphorimetric method aiming the selective determination of chrysene. Data analysis was made using several strategies: statistical experimental analysis (testing the significance of the factors using the analysis of variation, F-test and t-test), graphic method (Pareto´s chart) and the evaluation of the interactions among all variables. This procedure aimed the achievement of high accuracy of results and minimization of the time spent for optimization. A statistical program was used as a supporting tool. As the result, the experimental conditions selected for the determination of chrysene were: use of silver (I) as the selective phosphorescence inducer (applied as single 5 µL spike of Ag⁺ solution in the concentration range between 0,03 and 0,05 mol L^-1); Basic pH of the analyte solution (NaOH 0,002 mol L^-1); use of SDS as the substrate surface modifier (employed as single 5 µL of a SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) solution between 0,25 and 0,50 mol L^-1). The optimized method is highly selective towards the presence of pyrene and allowing the detection of an effective mass of chrysene in the ng range (based on the absolute limit detection, ALOD).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Calin Ciufudean, Camelia Petrescu, Emil Petrescu
MEASURING BOTTLENECK TIMES IN PRODUCTION LINES WITH DISCRETE EVENT SYSTEMS FORMALISMS
This paper presents a theoretic approach to measurement of the bottleneck times in production lines. The mathematical formalism utilized is characteristic for Discrete Event Systems approaches, and is about the Markov chains. Using this approach, we introduce definitions of bottlenecks, and we discuss their implications for production automation and preventative maintenance. The bottleneck of a production line is a machine that impedes the system performance in the strongest manner. The size of the buffer between the two machines is assumed to be finite. The approach is based on the sensitivity of the system production rate to machine reliability parameters.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alan Steele
ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT COMPARISONS
Can we use the probabilistic interpretation of uncertainty budgets when analyzing measurement comparisons for consistency among the participants?
Can statistical data analysis help simplify our understanding of comparison results, including the notions of a reference value, agreement, and for MRA KC only, ‘degrees of equivalence’ among the participants?
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Franco Pavese
SOME NOTES ON REPLICATED MEASUREMENTS IN METROLOGY AND TESTING: CLASSIFICATION INTO REPEATED OR NON-REPEATED MEASUREMENTS
Replication of measurements and the combination of observations are standard and essential practices in metrology. They are done with different methods to match distinct purposes.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sergey Muravyov
RANKINGS: ARE THEY USEFUL FOR MEASUREMENT PRACTITIONERS? ARE THEY IN THE SCOPE OF METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT SCIENCE?
Rankings are sometimes considered to be non-empirical, non-objective, low-informative and, in principle, are not worthy to be titled measurement. In our opinion, a ranking is a result of measurement on ordinal scale and is useful to the same extent as any ordinal measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Iwahara, C. J. da Silva, L. Tauhata, E. M. O. Bernardes, J. U. Delgado
RADIOACTIVITY LABORATORY OF LNMRI IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MRA
This work presents the experience of the National Laboratory for Ionizing Radiation Metrology (LNMRI) in the implementation of the requirements of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) signed by 38 National Institutes of Metrology (NMI) in 1999. The degree of equivalence of activity reported by Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in the Key Comparison Data Base (KCDB), the main data of a specific radionuclide listed in the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMC) and the implementation of a quality system are informed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Carlos J. da Silva, L. Tauhata, R.A. Barbosa, C.N.M. da Silva, M.M.O. Ramos, A. Iwahara, E.S. Da Fonseca, J.U. Delgado, Margareth M. de Araújo
ORGANIZATION OF THE IONIZING RADIATION METROLOGY IN BRAZIL
In this work it is presented the historical of the implementation and evolution of the metrology of the ionizing radiations in the Instituto de Radioproteçăo and Dosimetria, the formation of its technical staff, its participations in the Key-comparisons and in the metrological traceability programs developed by its metrology laboratory. It is also presented the main commitments assumed, as the adhesion to the Mutual Recognition Arrangement, MRA, the implementation and improvement of a quality system based on the ISO/IEC 17025, and the results of some quality indicators as the participations in scientific events and publications.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alessio Carullo, Franco Ferraris, Marco Parvis
TRACEABILITY ISSUES IN DISTRIBUTED MEASURING SYSTEMS
This paper deals with the traceability-assurance problems that are faced when a distributed measuring system is employed. These problems are highlighted for different distributed-system architecture, then a set of guidelines is provided in order to correctly manage such systems from a metrological point of view. The proposed solution is based on a network-assisted calibration procedure, which requires suitable travelling standards that are sent to the nodes of a distributed system under calibration and are remotely controlled through the Internet. Two prototypes of travelling standard are also described that have been designed in order to implement the proposed calibration procedure. The first prototype can be used for the calibration of system, which require tight temporal coherence, while the second one is able to calibrate measuring nodes that monitor the chemical pollution.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Valery A. Granovsky, Mikhail D. Kudryavtsev
THE PLANE ANGLE CONCEPT AND ITS UNIT IN THE CONTEXT OF TRACEABILITY PROBLEM
The features of traceability structure of plane angle unit are considered. It is shown that the structure is contradicted the legalized unit, radian. It is offered to remove the contradiction by institution of the full angle (revolution) as the unit. The set of the problems demanding decisions for realization of this offer is outlined.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Walter Link, Marisa Ferraz Figueira Pereira
CALIBRATION ANGLES AT THE LEVEL OF TENTH OF SECONDS
The main purpose of this paper is to show how to reach a high precision in calibration of angle measuring devices for industry. Actually, the demand for use of optical polygons is growing, manly for calibration of CNC machines, and so their own calibration. The article will deal with basic concept and the actual technology, giving information and testing results as well as the evaluation of the uncertainty using “CIRCLE CLOSURE”.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Vanderléa de Souza, Janaína Marques R. Caixeiro, Renata M. H. Borges, Paulo R. Guimarăes Couto, Rafael A . L. da Silva, Leandro R. Pedro, Thiago M. Fernandes
DETERMINATION OF THE EVAPORATION FACTOR OF ETHANOL AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL
This work presents the determination of the evaporation factor of ethanol and the contribution of this source of uncertainty in the process of certifying a reference material composed of solutions of ethanol in water. For this purpose, an experiment involving three technicians was carried out, where each one of them performed measurements during two days. Since the certification process is based on the gravimetric preparation of solutions by two different methodologies: individual and batch, the evaporation experiments involved measurements that complied both methodologies.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Hideyuki Tanaka, Toshimichi Watanabe, Mihoko Yabe
EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTY OF THE RICE MOISTURE MEASUREMENT BY THE DRYING METHOD
The uncertainty in the rice moisture content measured by the drying method, which is the highest standard in rice moisture content measurements, was evaluated. Based on the results, it was possible to assign a numerical index to the precision of the measurement obtained by the drying method. Further, since it is now possible to assign uncertainty for rice to calibrate rice moisture meters, this has for establishing traceability of the rice moisture meters in International System Units (SI).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marcos F. de Campos, Jailton C. Damasceno, Rogério Machado, Carlos A. Achete
UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF LATTICE PARAMETERS MEASURED BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Abstract: The uncertainties in lattice parameters determination, for X-Ray Diffractometers with Bragg- Brentano geometry, were estimated according GUM recommendations using the Monte Carlo simulation approach. The analyzed specimen was a Corundum NIST 1976 SRM Standard. Misalignment of instrument (zero 2theta offset and peak position) is an important error source, and should be kept (2θ) < 0.015° to be able to perform lattice parameters measurements with an accuracy = 0.0001 Angstrons. Sample displacement is in general the main source of error, and the above mentioned misalignment of instrument (0.015°) only becomes dominant as error source if the sample displacement is very small (<10 µm). The analysis showed that sample absorption (Corundum) is negligible as error source, if compared with sample displacement and equipment misalignment. Other possible sources of systematic error are discussed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

India Maria H. de Lima, Maurício N. Frota
MEASUREMENT RELIABILITY IN HORSERACING LABORATORY OPERATION
Abstract: Similar to many other testing laboratory activities, horseracing laboratory’s operation requires formal recognition of measurement results, mainly to establish the presence of a wider range of prohibited substances (low concentrations) in biological matrices. The objective of this work is twofold: (i) the qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of various substances detected among all (over 50,000) racehorses’ urine analytical analysis conducted by the Antidoping Laboratory of the Brazilian Jockey Club (LAD/JCB) between 1996 and 2005 to identify the most frequent prohibited substances marked as ‘forbidden’ on the list of Brazilian National Horseracing Code (CNC) and (ii) to develop and validate an specific mass spectrometry analytical method for the routine determination of traces of doping by caffeine. Caffeine confirmed to be the most common doping substance used in the Brazilian horseracing activity in 2002 when this investigation started. The tailored made analytical method developed (ALCAC-18), ensuring that false-negative’ results are kept to a minimum, was then validated for the determination of caffeine.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Roman Tabisz
COMPUTER AIDED METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION PROCESSES - CAMCP
The need for undertaking the actions, aimed at elaborating the uniform methodology of carrying out the processes of metrological confirmation, was justified. The significance of the processes, which guarantee credible measurement results and the undertaking of appropriate decisions in the industrial quality management systems and systems of human safety management and health protection, was emphasized. Essence of adequate realization of the processes of metrological confirmation in respect to recommendations of international standards and the determination of two components of measuring system accuracy i.e. measures of precision and trueness, was described. Conception of the creation of the CAMCP computer system, supporting the realization of the processes of metrological confirmation in the present industrial conditions, was presented. This conception can be successfully used in other fields also.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ricardo Rezende Zucchini, Juliana de Souza Themudo
CONTRIBUTION TO DETERMINATION OF DENSITY AND ALCOHOLIC CONTENT IN MIXTURES ETHANOL-WATER IN BRAZIL
Ethanol is one of the most important Brazilian export goods and its international market is growing strong, mainly because of a number of measures taken by several countries in order to reduce environmental pollution, for example, adding amounts of ethanol into regular gasoline or even using pure ethanol-moved motors. Quality assurance of ethanol is becoming more and more important in order to make Brazil able to achieve larger shares of international market, every day more demanding and competitive. Chemical composition of ethanol-water blends can be determined from their density. In this paper is presented an analysis comparing the density of blends of ethanol with water at 20°C, obtained using Brazilian standard NBR 5992-80, and by using the model described in the International Recommendation OIML R22. The analysis has identified systematic differences between the results, suggesting that the Brazilian standard should be revised.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

P. P. Borges, I. C. Fraga, A. P. Ordine, H. C. Carnaval, B. S. Rossini, J. C. Dias
POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID DILUTE SOLUTION USING A METROLOGICAL APPROACH
Primary methods of measurement are essential in the realization of the SI units. In 1995, the CCQM (Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matičre) identified titrimetry as a primary method of measurement. Titrimetry is a method that has wide range of applications for amount of substance measurements and can be applied at primary level and at working level depending on the uncertainty values. The aim of this work is to present the results of potentiometric titration of a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The potentiometric titration method was carried out with the solution addition controlled gravimetrically. The results were accurate and HCl concentration of (0.010042 ± 0.000112) mol kg^-1, k = 2 for approximately 95% confidence level was obtained. The molality determination of HCl solution is a prerequisite for the use of a Harned cell, the primary method for the realization of pH measurement. The HCl solution is used in the pH primary system at Inmetro to obtain accurate value of the silver-silver chloride electrode potential. This standard potential is very important for the correct measurement of pH to certificate pH buffer.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Mihai Simionescu
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF TEST AND MEASUREMENTS RESULTS: FROM NATIONAL STANDARDS TO THE END USER
Quality is demonstrated by measurements. Therefore quality management of measurements and tests results is the cornerstone of the quality infrastructure. By now, the ISO IEC 17025 is well established as the best reference to provide effective quality management of test and calibrations results. To be effective quality assurance should be a continuum. The paper deals with practical steps and solutions implemented by NIM-Romania in order to provide the necessary quality from national standards calibration level to the customers offered calibrations one. Keywords: NIM-s, MRA, CMC-s, quality systems.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luciano Brunetti, Luca Oberto, Marco Sellone
REFERENCE VALUE IN HIGH FREQUENCY POWER COMPARISONS
According to the modern trend, the reference value of a measurement comparison among laboratories is established considering the contribution of all the participants appropriately. The main problem is deciding whether the data are consistent or they have to be discarded because of the evidence that the measured value is too different from the expected one. In this paper, the problem of the data rejection is analyzed for a specific comparison concerning microwave power measurements and a decision algorithm is presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

António Cruz, Eduarda Filipe
SI, BIPM, RMOs, NMIs. WHAT NEXT?
The organizations responsible for the maintenance of the measuring standards according the SI at international, regional and national levels are facing new challenges. A worldwide efficient and transparent metrology requires a new model of organization. The authors give an overview of the actual challenges and explain their thinking about where to go and how to built up it in the future.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Valter Y. Aibe, Anderson Ilha
A NEW TRACEABILITY CHAIN FOR CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
A new viscosity traceability chain composed of three capillary viscometers at each chain level is proposed. The correlation matrix between the viscometers at each level can be determined, which enables one to lower the uncertainty relative to the traditional “single-threaded” traceability chain.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G. Ruiz, A. Gamboa, B. Valera, R. Nava
ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION OF A FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER WITH A LIQUID PLANE
The calibration process of a Fizeau interferometer using a liquid reference plane in an accredited secondary laboratory is presented. Influence factors involved, mainly vibration effects, are considered. The interferograms obtained, are then processed by two means: with self- developed software, based on mathematical morphology theory; and with free available web software. For validation, the results of measurement are compared with two previous calibrations made with commercial interferometers. An uncertainty of 26 nm is associated to the calibration process.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marisa Ferraz Figueira Pereira, Walter Link, Antonio Carlos Garcia
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPABILITY TO CALIBRATE LOAD CELLS IN TENSION AT THE LEVEL 0F 2 MN USING THE PYRAMIDAL METHOD
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the development, at the Mechanical Metrology Laboratory – IPT, the capability to calibrate load cells until 2 MN in tension using the pyramidal method. This type of assembly in normally applied for compression. The goal is achieve an uncertainty of 0,05%.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Joăo Cristiano Ulrich, Helena Miho Shihomatsu, Marcos Antonio Hortellani, Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis
ESTIMATE OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF METHYLMERCURY IN FISH SAMPLES BY FIA-CV-AAS
The uncertainty for methylmercury determination in fish samples by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry technique was estimated based in the guide for quantifying uncertainty in analytical measurement of EURACHEM and ISO to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. The expanded uncertainty (9,5%) was obtained with 95% confidence level (k = 2).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Vanderléa de Souza, Janaína Marques R. Caixeiro, Raquel D. C. Cunha, Laura A. N. Valente, Renata M. H. Borges, Rafael A. L. da Silva
EVALUATION OF STABILITY OF ETHANOL IN WATER CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIAL: MEASUREMENTUNCERTAINTY UNDER TRANSPORT AND STORAGE CONDITIONS
This study simulated the transport and storage conditions of ethanol in water certified reference material (CRM) produced by the Chemical Metrology Division of Inmetro – DQUIM with the purpose to estimate the measurement uncertainty related to stability. The short-term stability study was performed on five different concentrations in terms of g ethanol/100g solution (%) of the ethanol in water CRM: 0.0509%, 0.0890%, 0.1145%, 0.3820% and 0.4960%, at the temperatures of 4 şC and 60 şC. On the other hand, the longterm stability study was developed on four different concentrations: 0.0509%, 0.0890%, 0.1145% and 0.4960%. In this paper will be shown data from the long- term stability study concerning 20 weeks.
The method used complies with ISO GUIDE 35, BCRGuideline for Feasibility Studies and ISO GUIDE 34.
According to the statistical parameters used in both studies the stability of the ethanol in water CRM was confirmed for all concentrations studied.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

L. C. Alves, J. F. S. Gomes, I. B. Couceiro, G. Rossi, M. Sarotto
FIRST RESULTS OF COLORIMETRIC MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION STUDY BETWEEN IEN AND INMETRO NATIONAL STANDARDIZING INSTITUTES
As part of the cooperation between two National Standardizing Institutes, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale "Galileo Ferraris" (IEN) and National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro), a colorimetric material characterization study has been initiated in 1999. With the main purpose of check the preliminary performance of the reference system used in the Radiometry Laboratory of Inmetro, four color samples were measured. On the first stage, the characterization of the samples was done at the IEN using a special goniophotometer, which doesn't need calibration of the detector and use an absolute measurement technique. Spectral measurements were made on typical configurations of lighting and reflecting conditions for colorimetric characterization of materials, 0/45 and 45/0. Photometric measurements were carried out by using a V(λ) filter in front of the detector and an illuminant A source at incident angles 0° and 45°. In the colorimetric and photometric cases, the results of measurements were respectively the three chromaticity coordinates calculated by the reflection factor (ρ), and the luminance associated to each direction. On the second and actual stage, measurements have been realized using an experimental set up for spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements at Inmetro. This work presents the results of measurements made by IEN.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Michael Schulz, Andreas Fricke, Klaus Stock, Ana D. Alvarenga, Hakima Belaidi
HIGH-ACCURACY POLARIMETRIC CALIBRATION OF QUARTZ CONTROL PLATES
Quartz Control Plates used as standards for the quality control of polarimetric and saccharimetric measurements have to be calibrated with low uncertainty. A set-up for this is operated at PTB, and INMETRO is building a similar one. In both set-ups, the null detection of the polarimetric signal is of high importance. A novel procedure for this is proposed and tested which avoids the use of an electronic feedback loop.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Cirilo C.S. Conceiçăo, Luiz Tauhata, Edgar F.O.J. Jesus
IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR HIGH-DOSE DOSIMETRY
The purpose of this work is to propose the implementation of methodology for high-dose measurements using traceable dosimeters related to the international metrology system, and to establish in the country, a standard for high-dose related to industrial irradiation facilities and research irradiators.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

F. R. Lima, S. N. Y. Gerges, T. R. L. Zmijevski, D. F. Bender
UNCERTAINTY FOR NOISE ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS OF HEARING PROTECTORS BY REAT METHOD
The objective of this paper is to present a model for the calculation of measurement uncertainty for noise attenuation measurements of hearing protector by REAT method. The uncertainty calculation was based on the document: "Guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement" by the International Organization for Standardization, first edition, corrected and reprinted in 1995, Geneva, Switzerland. The uncertainty of each source of error was estimated. The overall uncertainty of the noise attenuation measurement of hearing protectors was calculated for each 1/1 octave band frequency test and the results applied in the single number (NRRSF - Noise Reduction Rating for subject fit) uncertainty calculation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Štefica Celap
VERIFICATION AND USE OF CONTROL CHARTS IN SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS;ESTIMATING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
Consistency in analysis depends on being aware of a significant change in instrumental response, such as that caused by drift or changes in analytical precision, or both, and taking corrective action. The usual corrective action for drift is standardization. Standardization, however, when there is no real need, ca only broaden the spread of subsequent analyses. One purpose of this practice is to set guidelines that will avoid overstandardization. To control manufacturing processes, there must be confidence that a consistent material is being produced and that the analysis of the material is reliable. For assurance that the material meets specification, a purchaser may require the supporting record of control charts to assess that proper analytical control has been maintained.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Antti Vehkaoja, Jukka Lekkala
WIRELESS MEASUREMENT BAND FOR EEG MISMATCH NEGATIVITY REGISTRATION IN MOBILE ACTIVITIES
Specialized equipment for measuring certain phenomenon in human brain called electroencephalogram mismatch negativity (EEG MMN) is presented. The equipment is wearable and features a wireless telemetry link for transmitting measurement data to an analyzer computer thus enabling new kind of research with EEG MMN being made in mobile situations.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zemar M. Defilippo Soares, Samir Gerges, Michael Vorländer
MICROPHONE AND SOUND LEVEL METER CALIBRATION IN FREE FIELD BY A NEW METHOD
A new method of calibration of microphones and sound level meter based on the sequential comparison method is presented. The proposed method allows to determine the sensibility in free-field without the use of the expensive anechoic chamber. The results here presented are in accordance with the IEC 61672-3.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, Nicola Pasquino, Nello Polese
A METHODOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ENERGY MEASUREMENTS UNDER NON-SINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS
The evaluation of the electrical energy flows is at the base of all operations connected to the commercial transactions in energy market. The assessment of "metrological quality" of the power/energy measuring apparatuses is well establishes in ideal sinusoidal conditions. But, with increasing diffusion of power electronics the typical characteristics of power network are far from sinusoidal one. In this paper a new methodology for quality assurance of energy meters in non sinusoidal operating conditions is reported. The description of methodology and some experimental results obtained are discussed in detail.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yohei Kayukawa, Ken-ichi Fujii, Yuya Kano, Haruki Sato
DENSITY STANDARD LIQUIDS OF NEW CONCEPT BY THE MAGNETIC LEVITATION
The major uncertainty factor of the magnetic levitation densimeter, which is one of the most accurate densimeter, is the force transmission error caused by the magnetism of the fluid. We have examined this effect by FEM, and pro- posed a new method for the magnetic levitation densimeter.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Koichiro Hattori, Takashi Usuda
PRIMARY HARDNESS STANDARD OF BRINELL HARDNESS IN JAPAN
In the hardness standard, the top of national traceability chain is the primary hardness blocks. The National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) will start calibration service of primary Brinell hardness blocks. The uncertainty of the Brinell blocks is considered following to the test conditions presented in the paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luca Mari
ON THE MEASURAND DEFINITION
Among the sources of measurement uncertainty, the GUM [ISO 1995] lists the incomplete definition of the measurand. Because of its relevance to the very concept of measurement uncertainty, a short analysis of the problem of the definition of the measurand is worth.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Kramer, B. Mickan, D. Dopheide
DOUBLE PISTON PROVER USABLE AS FLOWRATE COMPARATOR FOR VARIOUS GASES
For the calibration of small flowrates and for use with different gases, a novel double piston prover with a spindle-stepper motor drive has been developed. The piston prover allows flowrates being generated with a very good reproducibility and flowrate constancy, and it therefore also makes possible the calibration of meters under test which generate a constant flowrate like critical nozzles. By means of this principle, it was possible to realize for the first time a flowrate comparator which can also be used for the measuring of gas flows.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gilder Nader, Claudia dos Santos, Paulo J. S. Jabardo, Monica Cardoso, Nilson M. Taira, Marcos T. Pereira
CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW TURBULENCE WIND TUNNEL
Wind tunnels with uniform velocity profiles and low turbulence are used to calibrate air velocity sensors such as anemometers and Pitot tubes among others. These wind velocity sensors are used in cases such as, for example, eolic turbines towers, meteorological stations, hospitals, etc. To make calibrations with high precision and accuracy it is necessary a wind tunnel with low turbulence (less than 0.4%) and uniform velocity profile in the test section. This study presents a characterization of the low turbulence wind tunnel of the Anemometry Laboratory of IPT (Institute for Technological Research), in which the calibrations are done in the discharge of the wind tunnel and the working range is from 2 m/s up to 40 m/s. A turbulence intensity less than 0.4% and a mean velocity variation of ± 0.2 % was obtained.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Przemyslaw Otomanski
THE USAGE OF THE APPROXIMATE METHODS TO DETERMINE THE UNCERTAINTY OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT USED TO INTEGRATED HUMIDITY SENSORS
Results of experiments concerning humidity measurements have been presented in the paper. Integrated humidity sensors were used for the experiments, which transformed the value measured into a corresponding capacity. The structure of a measuring system was described, and the requirements concerning particular elements of the measuring track were defined. Using the regression method, an analytical equation was modeled, combining the output capacity value of the sensor with the examined humidity changes. With the use of experimental results as well as the least square method, the values for the above equation’s parameters were determined. The knowledge of coverage factor characteristics for the convolution of four selected probability distributions was used for the research.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Karina Chacur Schraml, Valmir Ruiz
UNCERTAINTY AND ERROR EVALUATION OF A FLOW DIVERTER VALVE ACTUATED BY A PNEUMATIC PISTON
The purpose of this study is to estimate the uncertainty contribution due to the diverter valve in the total uncertainty, concerning the calibration of flow meters in the water laboratory of the Center for Fluid Metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Will Almeida, Bruno Costa, Raimundo Freire, Francisco Santos, Sebastian Catunda
WIND TUNNEL FOR TEST OF SENSORS APPLIED TO ANEMOMETRYN
The wind tunnel development with wind speed control is presented in this paper using an ultrasonic anemometer. It were used the Time Difference and Phase Difference methods in the measurement of the air speed, and the circuit used for the measurement as for the speed control it was based on a microcontroller and an motor (fan). The experimental results obtained from the proposed circuit are compared with a commercial anemometer. The analysis of temporal response performance of the fan speed control circuit was developed to validate the proposed system.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Wu Jian, Chua Hock Ann
A NEW PRIMARY GAS FLOW STANDARD FOR FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT FROM 0.001 TO 1000 NANO mol/s
A primary gas flow standard was designed and developed in SPRING for the calibration of gas flow meters or leak rate standard at nano-flow rate range of 10^-6 to 10^-12 mol/s. It is also used to generate very low gas flow for SPRING’s continuous expansion vacuum primary standard. The primary standard consists of two piston-cylinder flow units with diameters of 10 mm and 25 mm, which provide wider measurement ranges. A stepping motor is used to drive the piston moving at precise speed via a digital micrometer. Two methods, constant pressure method and constant volume method, are used for the measurement of flow rate. Flow meters can be calibrated automatically using a software program developed at SPRING. The expanded measurement uncertainty of the primary gas flow standard is estimated to be 1% of the readings.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Petr Benes, Stanislav Klusacek
ONLINE MEASUREMENT OF THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
New principle of the particle size distribution measurement is described. We analyze acoustic emission signal generated by a flow of particles impacting on a fixed obstacle. Changes of the power spectral density of the signal are well correlated with the particle size distribution. Our method was successfully used for measurement of particle size distribution in the range from 1mm to 10 mm of the ferrous sulphate monohydrate in real chemistry process. Particles were measured at the output of the dry kiln (temperature 150-200 °C, mass flow 4 tons/hour), where it is not possible to use any of other known principles such as particle vision, laser diffraction analyzers, ultrasonic analyzers, focused-beam reflectance measurement etc.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Lars Buettner, Christian Bayer, Katsuaki Shirai, Andreas Voigt, Juergen Czarske
THREE COMPONENT FLOW IMAGING BY A 2D3C LASER DOPPLER FIELD SENSOR
We report about a novel laser Doppler field sensor, which is capable of measuring the three-component (3C) velocity field in fluid flows in a twodimensional area (2D) without mechanical scanning and without using a camera. The sensor is based on laser Doppler velocimetry but employs four superposed fan-like interference fringe systems. A spatial resolution in the sub-micrometer range can be achieved enabling highly spatially resolved flow studies. Possible applications are investigations in micro-fluidics or precision flux measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A.F.Orlando, E.Santos, L.G.do Val
EMISSION MEASUREMENTS IN DUAL FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE TESTS
Dual fueled engine test procedures and result interpretation are not available in the literature, This paper describes a methodology for calculating the emission mass flow rates, using the chemical reaction mass balance of the components. The experimental data were obtained from tests made at the MWM dynamometer. Starting from basic principles, the hydrocarbon (HC) mass flow rate was related to molar concentration through the molecular mass and the exhaust gas mass flow rate, and compared to the available expressions in the EPA diesel engine test standard. The dual fuel model was established by a linear combination for the hydrocarbon (HC) equivalent molecular mass, when there is 0 % and 100 % natural gas in the fuel. Finally, the paper shows that, by a similar methodology, the natural gas mass flow rate can be calculated from emission measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G.L. Pankanin, J. Berlinski, R. Chmielewski
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS APPLICATION IN HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER INVESTIGATIONS OF PHENOMENA APPEARING IN VORTEX FLOW METER
Investigations of phenomena appearing in the vortex meter are considered in the paper. The hot-wire anemometer system has been used in the laboratory tests. Informations yielded due to spectral analysis of measuring signal facilitate interpretation of test results obtained in experiments and hence better understanding of phenomena is feasible. Results of laboratory investigations carried out on the measuring stand are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gerald Steiner, Frank Podd, Markus Brandner, Daniel Watzenig
ITERATIVE MODEL-BASED IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FOR ULTRASOUND PROCESS TOMOGRAPHY
Ultrasound process tomography is a method for imaging the acoustic impedance or sound velocity distribution within a closed pipe or vessel. It can be used for the determination of process parameters, like flow rates and material fractions, in industrial multi-phase flows. Many approaches are based on reflection measurements and the assumption of piece-wise constant acoustic impedance distributions. For this configuration we present a novel iterative approach for image reconstruction. Reflecting objects, like gas bubbles, are modeled by B-spline contours. The inverse problem of determining the object position and shape from the reflection measurements at the boundary of the vessel is solved using a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm. The forward problem, i.e. the simulation of the measurement given the object parameters, is solved using an efficient formulation based on Fermat’s principle. The model-based approach offers the advantage of always yielding closed contours. Both reflection and transmission measurement data can be used in a unified manner. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated using simulated data.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ales Hribernik, Gorazd Bombek
NEW METHOD FOR INWARD LEAKAGE DETECTION
A new non-destructive method was developed for the detection of refrigerant leakage at an evaporator’s inflow. Nitrogen and oxygen gas were blown through the evaporator in successive time intervals. A gas analyser was applied at the outflow of the evaporator and the oxygen concentration measured. It was possible to detect any leakage by investigating the oxygen concentration-time history diagram.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Milan Adámek, Petr Neumann
SMALL GAS FLOW MEASUREMENT - MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATION
This paper presents a flowmeter design applicable for measurement of low gas flow amounts. The designed flowmeter with a time – of – flight sensor represents a microcomputer application with a control and evaluation procedure. The mathematical model of energy and temperature balance is simulated in the FEMLAB environment. The designed measurement device was used for research of reaction kinetics of biodegradation reactions successfully.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G J Brown, D R Augenstein, T Cousins
AN 8-PATH ULTRASONIC MASTER METER FOR OIL CUSTODY TRANSFERS
This paper describes an 8-path ultrasonic flow meter, with emphasis on how this meter can be used as a master meter with traceability to appropriate standards. In particular the paper describes the methodology whereby transit time measurements and calibration factors can be established in factory and laboratory tests and then verified in the field. Simulations of distorted and swirling flows, and supporting test results are used to demonstrate the insensitivity of the 8-path configuration to installation effects.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Xie Dailiang, Liang Guowei, Wang Fang
A MULTI-LOOP SENSOR FOR THE FLOWRATE MEASUREMENT OF GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW
A multi-loop flowmeter is designed for the flowrate measurement of the gas-liquid two-phase flow. The differential pressure signals can be collected from the multiloop sensor at different positions. The total flowrate measurement model is established according to the average differential pressure value obtained from the optimal position. The time serial of the signals is obtained by using the high speed data capture device. A non-dimensional characteristic value related to the root-mean-square of the dynamical differential pressure signals is obtained. The relationship between this value and the volume void fraction is established. The online measurement of the volumetric void fraction of gas-liquid two-phase is realized and the flowrate of the gas phase and the liquid phase are measured. The experiments showed that the results were satifactory.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Guowei Liang, Dailiang Xie, Fang Wang, Changwu Li
DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF THE MULTI-POINT THERMAL GAS MASS FLOWMETER
A multi-point thermal gas-mass flowrate measurement method is proposed. A meter with four sensing elements is developed. The temperature characteristics of the hot-film probe are analyzed at a specific temperature with self-heated effect and large current through the resistance. The relationship of resistance-characteristics is obtained under several currents. The arrangement of the four sensing elements is studied According to the comparison of the testing results, the optimal disposition method, called Equal ring method, is selected. The polynomial curve fitting method is employed to calibrate the multi-point thermal gasmass flowmeter. The gas flowrate is measured in terms of the output of the sensing elements array through curve fitting.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yaoying Lin, Volker Hans
IMPROVEMENT OF ULTRASONIC CROSS-CORRELATION MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW BY BLUFF BODY GENERATED VORTICES
Ultrasonic cross-correlation flow meters using natural turbulences in a fluid must be calibrated. The reason is that the most frequent components in the fluid are determined by this method deviating from the average flow velocity. The calibration characteristic is nonlinear and depends on the flow velocity and profile, respectively. This disadvantage can be avoided by small artificially generated vortices combined with cross-correlation measurement. In this case the vortices are travelling with average flow velocity. The detection of travelling time of a group of vortices between two ultrasonic barriers by cross correlation admits the direct determination of the average flow velocity. Furthermore, the combination of vortex and correlation measurement results in a self-monitoring system.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Milan Adámek, Miroslav Matýsek, Tomáš Sysala
MODELLING OF MICROFLOW SENSORS BASED ON MEASURING OF TEMPERATURE FIELDS
This article describes modelling and measurement of tiny liquid flows of the order of microlitres through mililitres per minute. The measurement of mentioned flow range is becoming more and more important for a lot of applications in the life science, analysis, biotechnologies, synthesis (of e.g. pharmaceuticals) and nanotechnology markets. Accompanying demands to flow sensors suited for this low flow range are an extremely small internal volume, the use of for instance PEEK and fused silica as wetted material for the flow sensor tube (instead of stainless steel), and a modular set-up of the instruments, so they can be easily exchanged and adapted to a new need.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Will Almeida, Bruno Costa, Raimundo Freire, Francisco Santos, Sebastian Catunda
UNCERTAINTIES PROPAGATION STUDY OF THE TRANSIT TIME METHODS IN ULTRASONIC ANEMOMETERS
The fluids speed measurement, particularly the air speed measurement is very important for industrial and laboratory applications. The ultrasonic method is among the most common methods used for determining the air speed. The basic principle to measure a fluid speed, using an ultrasonic transducer, is based on the modification of the apparent propagation speed of an ultrasonic signal caused by the fluid movement. Particularly, the method based on the Transit Time, which can use the techniques of Phase Difference and Time Difference, is one of the most used. In this work we carry on a comparative study of the uncertainty propagation employing these techniques in ultrasonic anemometers for determining the air speed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Lilian A. Martins, Mauricio N. Frota, Ignacio Lira
EVALUATING THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE MEASUREMENT OF CUMULATED VOLUME OF NATURAL GAS
An equation to obtain the uncertainty in the measurement of cumulated volume of natural gas by orifice plate meters and gas chromatography is proposed. Results depend mainly on the sampling rate of chemical properties and on the expected variations in natural gas composition. The method may serve to perform a cost-benefit study of implementing on-line gas chromatography analysis.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gerald Steiner, Frank Podd
A NON-INVASIVE AND NON-INTRUSIVE ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER ARRAY FOR PROCESS TOMOGRAPHY3
Ultrasound process tomography is a method for imaging the acoustic impedance or sound velocity distribution within a closed pipe or vessel. It can be used for the determination of process parameters in industrial multiphase flows. A crucial part of the imaging system is the ultrasonic transducer array. It influences the achievable accuracy as well as the possible application areas. Existing approaches are either invasive, where the transducers are in direct contact with the flow media, or intrusive, where the transducers extend into the flow. To overcome these drawbacks, we present the design of a novel non-intrusive and non-invasive ultrasonic transducer array. Important design parameters are discussed and analyzed using simulations. A prototype transducer arrays is introduced and the feasibility of ultrasound process tomography using a non-invasive and non-intrusive sensor front-end is verified with measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Janusz Mroczka, Tomasz Wojtaszek
LIGHT SCATTERING SIMULATIONS OF SPHEROIDS USING THREE BEAMS PHASE DOPPLER SYSTEM
Problem presented in the paper concentrates on the light scattering on spheroids, that cross the probe volume of the laser Doppler system which exploits three laser beams. Comparison of the system responses between spheres and spheroids of different shapes is demonstrated. An influence of Euler’s rotation angles of the spheroid and differences in scattered field between two and three beam systems are shown.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Iris Trindade Chacon, Rodrigo Vivarelli Poggi Leal
METROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEM APPLIED TO ONITORING BEER PRODUCTION
The present paper intend to present the main metrological aspects involved in the flow measurement system (SMV) applied to monitoring beer production. The installation of the SMV in the manufacture units appeared as a necessity of the Inland Revenue of Brazil (RFB) in inspect the quantity of beer produced, having as intention the attainment of reference elements that could supply comparison information with the taxed quantity. In this context, the intention is the combat to the tax evasion, especially the guarantee of the fair competition, based on the relevance of this segment for the Brazilian economy...
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S. Osowski, T. Markiewicz, R. Salat
PARAMETRIC FAULT LOCATION OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE
The paper is concerned with the application of the Support Vector Machine to the discovering of the parametric fault in analog electrical circuits. The recognition of fault is based on the measurements of the accessible terminal voltage and current of the circuit at the set of frequencies. The SVM network fulfills the role of the recognizing system and of the classifier. The numerical results of recognition of faulty elements in the LC filter of the ladder network structure are presented and discussed in the paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

C. P. Souza, R. C. S. Freire, F. M. Assis
TESTING VLSI CIRCUIT USING ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
A VLSI circuit test scheme taking inspiration from the Human Immune System is presented. Such a scheme is based on the Negative-Selection Mechanism which provides the human body with the capability to discriminate between the self (body’s own cell) and any foreign cell (non-self). Based on this, it is design a output response analyzer which is able to evaluate is the circuit is faulty. Experimental results showing the effectively of the proposed scheme are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Chingiz Hajiyev
TWO-INTERVAL OVERLAP TEST FOR FAILURE PREDICTION IN KALMAN FILTER
An approach to failure prediction in Kalman filter is developed which uses confidence and tolerance intervals for a innovation sequence. The algorithm proposed is based on the criterion of overlapping these intervals and allows the detection of potential failures in Kalman filter. The problem of failure prediction in multidimensional Kalman filters is solved too. In this case a multidimensional innovation sequence is replaced by one-dimensional sequences.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Lech Hasse, Krzysztof Rogala, Josef Šikula, Ludwik Spiralski, Janusz Turczyński
DIAGNOSTICS OF ENDURANCE FOR HIGH RELIABILITY INTERFERENCE SUPPRESOR CAPACITORS
Non-linearity and noise phenomena, also partial discharge properties of a capacitor have been analysed to established criteria for segregation of interference suppressor capacitors into different endurance (sustainability) and reliability groups. It can improve the process of quality estimation of high reliability capacitors. The system for production testing of high reliability interference suppressor capacitors with implementation of this testing technique has been described. Selected experimental results of measurements for capacitors produced by MIFLEX (Poland) have been presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

László Monostori, Zsolt János Viharos
TECHNICAL MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS: INDISPENSABLE ELEMENT OF INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
The application of pattern recognition techniques, expert systems, artificial neural networks, fuzzy systems and nowadays hybrid artificial intelligence techniques in manufacturing can be regarded as consecutive elements of a process started two decades ago. The paper outlines the most important steps of this process. Agent-based systems are highlighted as promising tools for managing complexity, changes and disturbances in production. Further integration of approaches is predicted.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Zsolt János Viharos, Botond Kádár, László Monostori, Zsolt Kemény, Balázs Csáji, András Pfeiffer, Dávid Karnok
INTEGRATION OF PRODUCTION-, QUALITY- AND PROCESS MONITORING FOR AGILE MANUFACTURING
The paper summarizes the main ideas and results for realizing agile manufacturing systems having active disturbance handling approach for real-time manufacturing control. The intelligent integration of information received from production-, quality and process monitoring systems is addressed as the enabler of the approach.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Guillermo de Anda-Rodríguez, Eduardo Castillo-Castańeda, Salvador Guel-Sandoval, Juan Hurtado-Ramos, Maria Eugenia Navarrete-Sánchez
ON-LINE WEAR DETECTION OF MILLING TOOLS USING A DISPLACEMENT FIBER OPTIC SENSOR
One of the major problems in precision machining processing can be related to the failure condition of the cutting tool. Hence online tool condition-monitoring is of much interest in metal-mechanics industry. The spontaneous problem of failure in a cutting tool, such as chipping and breakage, is becoming more and more important in the manufacturing technology and is usually associated with the stresses put on the tool during the cutting process. Other abnormal tool conditions in metal-machining includes: tool wear, tool-work piece, etc. In this work a method is presented for determining the wear and fracture of a cutting tool, by means of a fiber optic sensor with high resolution and large bandwidth, used during the manufacturing process. The sensor has been configured with two groups of fibers, distributed in a random fashion. One of the groups works as a light emitter that illuminates the tool, while the other captures the light reflected by the tool surface itself. The light is generated by a photodiode, which does not represent any risk to the health. This technique will allow observing the wear and breakage of the tool in real time while the tool is rotating, with a high degree of accuracy.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jose Dival Pastor Ramos, Luiz Carlos Simőes Jr., Iuri Pepe
AN ALTERNATIVE MULTICHANNEL SYSTEM FOR PRESSURE PULSATION ANALYSIS ON RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS FOR PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
The need of alternative instrumentation and analysis methods for improving reciprocating compressor monitoring has been motivating an intensive effort in research. The goal here is to find new resources providing increased reliability and availability to such type of equipment. We explore the possibility of developing digital multichannel systems allowing simultaneous measurement of different parameters such as vibration, pressure, position, etc. Synchronous measurement of such parameters is a fundamental resource for diagnosing defects on components of the gas compression end, in addition to providing significant subsides for identifying defects on compressor power end.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Antonio Pietrosanto
FAULT ACCOMMODATION OF MASS AIR FLOW SENSORS IN DIESEL AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES
This paper deals with the design and the application of Artificial Neural Networks to the fault accommodation of the mass air flow meter in diesel engines. Several architectures are proposed and tested. In order to verify their real applicability to the automotive context, making use of suitable graphical tools and computational load indexes, their performance was compared in terms of accuracy and resource requirements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaromír Volf, Stanislava Papežová, Josef Vlček, Petr Novák
ORTHOPAEDIC INVESTIGATION SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTICS
The qualitatively new measuring and evaluating system for orthopaedic purposes has been derived from the Matrix Areal Pressure Transducer, and from the special 3D – SW for PC evaluation. Digitising the transducer’s outputs (up to 7500 sensors – semiconductive elastomer) insures the comfortable complete orthopaedic non-invasive diagnostics, and beside that the extraordinary high processing dynamics (up to 60 snaps/200 ms, i.e. – 300 Hz for full snaps).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ricardo Rezende Zucchini
SIMPLIFIED EVALUATION OF THE SMALLEST SAMPLE MASS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN FOR AN ACCURATE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Technology has been developed very much during the last decades. In order to get better materials, with precise chemical composition, electrical properties, thermal properties, etc, it is a must to be capable to accomplish chemical analysis of blends, sometimes dealing with components in very low levels. Today, there are a number of new analytical techniques which allows quantifying extremely low levels of analytes, even employing very small samples. However, using small samples could generate sampling errors. Experimental determination of the minimum sample masses in order to get good accuracy can be a very costly operation, and a time demanding one. In this paper is proposed a simple method to evaluate the minimum sample mass that should be used in chemical analysis, to get low dispersion results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Stefan Johann Rupitsch, Bernhard Günther Zagar
ULTRASOUND MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES TO DETECT DELAMINATION IN STACKED LAYERS
We present the theory and some applications of the synthetic aperture focusing technique applied to single transducer ultrasonic data sets. In this technique a virtual source located at the geometrical focal point of the physical transducer is algorithmically generated and thus allows for tighter focusing over a geometrically larger scan volume. We present results from a structural test phantom (two copper wires) and a delaminated specimen.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marek Niedostatkiewicz, Romuald Zielonko
TIME DOMAIN PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF ANTICORROSION COATING VIA SOME TYPES OF POLYNOMIAL SIGNALS
The paper presents a time domain method of anticorrosion coating diagnosis on the level of equivalent circuit parameter identification, based on applying a set of shape-designed polynomials and measuring the object’s responses (so-called observables) at a given time T. Equivalent circuit parameters are calculated directly from observables using analytical equations, determined by modelling circuit topology. In the paper the comparison of different polynomial signals (Chebyshev, Legendre, Optimal) against the criteria of stationary error propagation is presented, on the base of analytical and simulation results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marek Niedostatkiewicz, Romuald Zielonko
ACCELERATED MULTISINE IMPEDANCE SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT METHOD DIRECTED AT DIAGNOSIS OF ANTICORROSION COATINGS
The paper presents a method of impedance spectrum measurement based on multisine signal stimulation of an object and response analysis by triangle window filter-banks. The method is directed at anticorrosion coatings diagnosis. It enables an acceleration of impedance spectrum measurement. The results concerning measurement time and impedance spectrum accuracy are discussed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jacklyn Reis, Agostinho Castro, Joăo C. W A Costa, Jaume Rius i Riu, Fredrik Lindqvist
CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSCRIBER LOCAL LOOP BY MEASURES OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND TDR
The aim of this paper is to present procedures and methodologies in order to characterize a subscriber local loop which carries Digital Subscriber Line technology. This characterization is based on frequency response and time domain reflectometry measurements performed at local loop under test.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sandro P. Leite, Walsan W. Pereira, Evaldo S. da Fonseca, Karla C. de Souza Patrăo
EMISSION RATE CORRECTIONS FOR ²⁴¹AmBe SOURCES IN MANGANESE BATH OF LNMRI/IRD
This work tries to get better: uncertainties and accuracy for determination of bath losses. With simulation is possible to individualize calculations from all the loss components, for each specific measurement. A regression model is also evaluated based on an old and a new proposed model.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Edmilson M. de Souza, Samanda C.A.Correa, Ricardo T.Lopes, Ademir X.da Silva
DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA POST PROCESSING PROGRAM OF IMAGE SIMULATION WITH MCNP5
A post processing program used to convert MCNP5 radiographic tally output for use with external graphics programs is presented. This program was evaluated through analysis of geometric and physical parameters in simulated images. The results show good agreement with teorical values.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Samanda C.A. Correa, Ricardo T. Lopes , Márcia T. Carlos, Paulo H.B. Becker
DEVELOPMENT OF DATA TREATMENT SOFTWARE FOR CALIBRATION OF NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF X-RAY TUBE POTENTIAL
A data treatment software that serves as support for high voltage dividers in the non-invasive meters calibration is presented. This software calculates quantities like the absolute peak potential, maximum peak potential, average peak potential, practical peak voltage, ripple, average current, exposure time and current-time product through voltage and current waveforms. The software was evaluated using theoretical waveforms, where it showed that works correctly. In this work is also presented the results obtained with the analysis of voltage and current experimental waveforms.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Fiona Redgrave
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF THE CIPM MRA - THE VIEW FROM AN NMI ”USER”
The mutual recognition of national measurement standards and of calibration and measurement certificates issued by national metrology institutes (NMIs) was signed in October 1999. Since then the NMIs have striven to develop and effectively implement the CIPM MRA. Following the completion of the transition period, this paper describes those activities from an NMI’s viewpoint, the lessons learnt and the challenges to be faced in the future, including ensuring that the benefits of the CIPM MRA are taken out into the wider international community and that the CIPM MRA can be developed and sustained in the long term.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Attilio Sacconi, Monica Cariola
EUROPEAN FORESIGHT PROCESSES ON METROLOGY R&D
The background and the results of a first investigation on national foresight processes carried out in European countries, and what we learned from it, are here presented. This work is one of the basic tasks of the European project “iMERA” started in 2005. A questionnaire provided detailed information on the national activities of metrology foresight, in particular, information on:
- the number of countries performing foresight processes in metrology or in related areas,
- the number and the typologies of foresight processes in different metrology fields,
- the methodologies used,
- the frequencies of the foresight processes and the dissemination of related results,
- the level of participation of NMIs to national foresight processes and their feeling about the real utility of these kind of activities.
The survey gave an overview of the present state-of-the art of the metrology foresight processes, by focusing mainly on their characteristics rather than on their contents. The analysis show a large variety of national foresight processes on metrology R&D ranging from solid and highly formalised procedures to a much more informal and simple methodology. Many reported studies seem to have the characteristics of Forecasting and Strategic Planning rather than of Foresight exercises.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luc Erard
IMPLEMENTING METROLOGY IN THE EUROPEAN RESEARCH AREA – THE iMERA PROJECT
Advances in metrology underpin innovation, enable improvements in quality of life, and unlock potential from other areas of science. Increased demand for top-level metrology in traditional areas, allied with the need to support emerging areas of technology, requires a new approach from the European NMIs. Increasing levels of cooperation in R&D will enable the NMIs to significantly improve impact from funding that can not reasonably expected to keep pace with demand growth. Within the iMERA project a coordinated European Metrology Research Programme will be prepared and the institutional and legal conditions for its implementation will be generated.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Seton Bennett
EUROMET – COORDINATING METROLOGY IN 21^ST CENTURY EUROPE
EUROMET is the regional collaboration of National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) in Europe. Since the signature of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement in 1999 EUROMET has concentrated on the evaluation of CMCs and NMI quality systems. Meanwhile, the iMERA project is exploring the many issues associated with a coordinated metrology research programme. Plans for a research network will be well advanced by the time of the IMEKO Congress.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Pedro Paulo Almeida Silva, Maurício Martinelli Réche, Maurício Evangelista da Silva
THE LEGAL METROLOGY BRAZILIAN MODEL
Objectifying to present the legal metrology Brazilian model, this article will concept its aspects, showing the characteristics, procedures and the main lines. In this context, the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (Inmetro - Instituto Nacional de Metrology, Standardization e Qualidade Industrial – Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizaçăo e qualidade Industrial), considering its mission, the effective and efficient warranty of the activities in the whole country (Brazil has continental dimensions), the structure aimed for the legal metrology work is responsibility of the Legal Metrology Direction (Dimel – Diretoria de Metrologia Legal), with the support of the Metrological State Organizations (OME – Órgăos Metrológicos Estaduais) for that Inmetro has delegated the operational activities of metrological verifications and supervision of measurement instruments in use and pre-packed goods. This OME constitute the Brazilian Net of Legal Metrology and Quality – Inmetro (RBMLQ-I – Rede Brasileira de Metrologia Legal e Qualidade-Inmetro). Dimel does, directly, the Metrological Technical Regulation (RTM – Regulamento Técnico Metrológico) and the type approval of measurement instruments, being responsible for the management of the RBMLQ-I work.
The operation of the RBMLQ-I in accordance with Inmetro strategies and politics for legal metrology activities, including the normative prescriptions, the way of action, the appropiation act and the resources are primordial factors for the best attainment of the Institute’s mission, in the metrological guarantee of the measurements to the citizen protection and the consolidation of a free trade and a fair invitation to bid.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andy Henson, Fiona Redgrave
REACTIVE METROLOGY OR PROACTIVE METROLOGY - WHICH APPROACH WILL BEST MEET THE GRAND CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
The traditional modus operandi of the National Metrology Institutes has been the development, realisation and dissemination of the SI Units. However sustainable development poses challenges for our economies and societies that do not neatly align themselves with the SI Unit divisions of mass, length, time etc. Whilst the need for the NMIs to support the core mission is not questioned, this paper examines the case for top-level metrology to play a far more proactive role in rising to the grand challenges of the future.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S.R.. Reynaldo, D. L. Floresta, T. A. da Silva
SOME METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW SECONDARY STANDARD FOR BETA RADIATION
In Brazil, beta radiation metrology was based on a 30-years-old irradiation system. Aiming to fulfill a regional metrological gap and safety requirements, a new secondary standard for beta radiation – the BSS2- was installed at the CDTN/CNEN. Results of three metrological characteristics of the BSS2 are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Willians Portella, Maurício N. Frota
FREQUENCY OF CALIBRATION: A CRITICAL ISSUE FOR QUALITY CONTROL IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
A methodology which defines the frequency of calibration of measuring instruments that control key processes in the pharmaceutical industry is described. In accordance with international standards and best laboratory practices (ISO/IEC 17025), the methodology incorporates the experience of renowned laboratories of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry. These laboratories accepted to participate in a survey to analyze the current practices and procedures regarding the choice of the periodicity of calibration. Given the uncertainty associated with the master standard as stated in the calibration certificate of the instrument to be used in the manufacturing process, the concept of maximum error assessment was introduced. In this sense, the acceptable error in the manufacturing process and the impact of non-compliance in calibration led to a general criterion for establishing the frequency of calibration.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

André Victor Alvarenga, Marissa A. Rivera Cardona, Rodrigo P. B. da Costa-Felix
ACOUSTIC PRESSURE FIELD MAPPING SYSTEM AT LABORATORY OF ULTRASOUND OF INMETRO
The acoustic pressure field mapping system of Ultrasound Laboratory (Labus) of Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality (Inmetro) is being implemented, based on Standard IEC-61102. This system will be capable to estimate ultrasound pressure field parameters from biomedical transducers, essential step to calibration and certification of ultrasound equipments. The data acquisition is carried out on a water bath, where a positioning system moves a hydrophe, which produces electrical signals in response to waterborne acoustic signals, over the transducer acoustic field. This work presents the implementation of acoustic pressure field mapping system, based on IEC-61102 that defines the necessary steps to acoustic beam assessment and calibration.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Salvador Echeverría-Villagómez, Steve R. Stahley, Malcolm Smith
EXPERIENCES ON METROLOGY, STANDARDIZATION AND ACCREDITATION FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
The paper reports on a series of workshops on Metrology, Accreditation and Standardization for the Automotive Industry (MASAI) that has been carried out in México in 2004 and 2005. The workshops analyze those aspects common to the quality triangle (MAS) that are relevant for the automotive industry in its very specific standards and practices (ISO/TS 16949, MSA, PPAP, APQP, etc.), and then focus on the metrology needs derived from them to propose possible solutions and best practices.
In 2004 the workshop addressed the basics of this field and was carried out in 2 main Mexican locations, where automotive industry is most important. In 2005-2006 the workshop will have a focus on the requirements common to the supply chain in this industrial sector and the challenges to achieve intercomparability at low cost.
The workshop has been sponsored by CENAM, NCSLI and CUMMINS, and it is expected that more organizations in more countries participate in the future.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ralph Santos Oliveira, Mércia L. Oliveira
PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF QUALITY VS. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: THE CASE OF THE LABORATORY OF CALIBRATION OF THE DIVISION OF METROLOGIA, CRCN-RECIFE
The present work presents a prospective analysis of the implementation of Norm ISO17025 and PNQ criteria in the Laboratory of Calibration of the CRCN. The adopted methodology was described by Griffth. The results showed an average increasing of the 70.25 in all evaluated parameters, demonstrating the importance of the implementation of the quality norms and accreditation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Estela Maria de Oliveira, José U. Delgado, Carlos José da Silva, Maria Antonieta R. R. Di Prinzio, Maura Julia Camara da Silva Bragança, Maria Elizabeth Dias Acar
MANAGEMENT QUALITY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE LNMRI RADIONUCLIDE GROUP BASED ON ISO/IEC 17025 REQUIREMENTS
In recent times, the Ionizing Radiation Metrology Laboratory implemented the ISO/IEC 17025 requirements for the radioactive source production and calibration services. To this a peer-review process was done in the main measurement systems of the laboratory. This work describes with details the structure of quality system adopted as well as the action plan and non-conformities.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Chingiz Hajiyev
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM INPUT SIGNALS FOR CALIBRATION OF MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
A procedure for optimal selection of sample input signals to get the best calibration characteristics of measuring apparatus is proposed. As an example the problem of optimal selection of standard pressure setters when calibrating differential pressure measurer is solved.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Salvador Echeverría-Villagómez, Carmen Marina Trejo-Morales
ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF METROLOGY, ACCREDITATION AND STANDARDIZATION FOR THE WATER SECTOR IN THE 21^stCENTURY - A MEXICAN PERSPECTIVE
The paper presents an analysis of the structure and infrastructures of Metrology, Standardization and Accreditation (MSA) for the Water Sector in the 21st Century, from a Mexican perspective.
Water is passing from being ‘just’ a vital element to become a key element of interest for societies in every field, from economics to politics and technology. The quality structures and infrastructures of every country in terms of Metrology, Standardization and Accreditation have to respond to the new challenges and demands.
The paper analyses the relevant aspects of this sector in the Mexican scene. Within this reference frame it goes to classify the main macro-processes which take place with water, from recollection and extraction, to processing in different ways (desalinization, potabilization, recycling, etc.), to distribution and charging for its consumption.
In every process, there are different social actors involved, from government to private industries and social organizations to the final user. Aspects of standardization, conformity assessment and metrology are typified for the most common of these processes.
In every stage of every process there are critical variables to be measured. This measurements are classified in quantity (volume, flow, mass, etc.), quality (contents, purity, inorganic analysis, organic analysis) and process variables (temperature, pressure, chemical substances, materials, etc).
Finally, some general ideas about the MSA structures and infrastructures are put forward, as well as specific proposals for common work on metrology.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rubén Verdugo, Manuel Lladser
THE CHILEAN METROLOGY NETWORK – A NATIONAL EXPERIENCE PRESENT STATE OF THE METROLOGY IN CHILE
The traditional approach for the establishment of a metrology infrastructure in other countries has been established as central laboratory, call generically National Metrology Institute (NMI) which has an official recognition to enhance the capacities of measurement of the country or economy. Chile has took the decision to have a Network more than an unique NMI, so at the present time, the structure of the Network is included by 7 magnitudes managed by 6 Institutions, CESMEC (mass and temperature), IDIC (force) and ENAER (pressure), DICTUC S.A. (length), CISA (Liquid Flows) and University of Conception (electrical Magnitudes).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

K.D. Hill, A.G. Steele
THE TRIPLE POINT OF XENON: A CANDIDATE FIXED-POINT REFERENCE TEMPERATURE
The triple point of xenon has recently been shown to be a suitable fixed point for incorporation into the next revision of the International Temperature Scale as a means to reduce the non-uniqueness in the important 84 K to 273 K range. We summarize the results, which illustrate that the xenon triple point itself is highly reproducible, with a standard deviation of 48 µK for the eight melts of this study, and a total realization uncertainty of just 76 µK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Waldemar Nawrocki
JOULE INSTEAD OF KELVIN IN A SET OF BASE UNITS
The joule is proposed to replace the kelvin in the set of SI base units. Arguments in favour of such replacement are presented, including improved standard accuracy and unit system coherence. The joule is also proposed to be added to the quantum metrological triangle (which couples the volt, the ampere and the hertz) to transform the latter into a system called quantum metrological pyramid, that would couple four units rather than three, and allow comparison of the respective standards.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Slavolhub G. Petkovic, Paulo R.F. Santos, Antônio C. Baratto, Hamilton D. Vieira ,Renato N. Teixeira, Klaus N. Quelhas
INMETRO ZINC FIXED-POINT OPEN CELL
A zinc fixed-point open cell (419.527 °C) was manufactured by the Thermal Metrology Division of Inmetro for the realisation of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). This paper presents the fixed-point cell design, fabrication method, results of the cell evaluation and the estimated uncertainty assigned to the temperature of the cell.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Denise Camarano, Vinícius S. Moreira, Roberto M. de Andrade
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ZINC FREEZING POINT - EFFECT OF MULTICOMPONENT AND ACCURATE DATA
A numerical investigation of zinc freezing point is presented. Comparison of results for the solidification of same alloy using two different sets of data shows the need to have accurate phase-equilibrium data and the necessity of considering all of elements present in an alloy. The results give an indication of what areas require more careful examination if accurate modeling of freezing point is to be accomplished.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Graham Machin
A PARADIGM CHANGE IN HIGH TEMPERATURE METROLOGY
The measurement of temperatures above 1100 °C is undergoing a step change improvement with the development of high temperature fixed-points and improved thermocouple types such as Pt/Pd. This paper reviews international developments in these areas that could lead to an improved way of realising ITS-90 above the Ag point, reduced thermocouple uncertainties by factors of two or more, and improved dissemination and measurement of high temperatures to industry.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yong-Gyoo Kim, Inseok Yang
DEVELOPMENT OF METAL-CARBON EUTECTIC CELLS FOR CONTACT THERMOMETRY AT KRISS
We report the status of development of metalcarbon eutectic cells for contact thermometry at KRISS. Up to now, Co-C, Ni-C, Fe-C and Pt-C eutectic cells have been fabricated and their performance has been tested. The uncertainty of Co-C melting point using a Type B thermocouple was 0.9°C (k = 2). The melting plateau of the Fe-C eutectic cell has shown a dependence on the prefreezing set temperature.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tohru Iuchi, Kensuke Hiraka
HYBRID TYPE SURFACE THERMOMETER
A hybrid-type surface thermometer combines the contact and non-contact methods, which allows us to overcome the shortcomings of both methods. The hybridtype surface thermometer is a modified radiation thermometer. Temperature measurement using this thermometer is possible within a random error of ±0.5 K at temperatures of around 1000 K. This thermometer provides a useful means for calibration of in-situ temperature measurement in various processes, especially in the semiconductor industry. This paper introduces the basic idea of the hybrid-type surface thermometer, presents experimental results and discussions, and finally describes an application.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Maurício Simőes Lima, Renato Nunes Teixeira, Augusto Poças Cunha, Iakyra Borrakuens Couceiro
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY CALIBRATION OF THE LINEAR PYROMETER OF INMETRO
This paper describes in detail the spectral responsivity calibration of the Linear Pyrometer of the Thermal Metrology Division (Diter) of Inmetro. This calibration was performed at the Radiometry Laboratory (Larad) of the Optical Metrology Division (Diopt). It was made using two different experimental setups. In the first one, mirrors were used to direct the radiation beam from the exit slit of the monochromator to the entrance of the detectors. In the second setup the detectors were aligned directly in the exit slit of the monochromator. The spectral responsivity values in the first setup were lower than the second one. The uncertainty evaluation was performed for the second configuration data. The characterisation process of the linear pyrometer, will allow the maintenance of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) on the instrument itself.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Masahiko Gotoh, Hideaki Oikawa
DEVELOPMENT OF DURABLE GOLD VERSUS PLATINUM THERMOCOUPLES
The gold versus platinum (Au/Pt) thermocouples are very stable under long term repeated usage at higher temperature. Still there are some unsolved problems that the stress-relieving coil at the top of measuring junction is deformed after thermal cycling. In this study twist pair of thermocouple-element and U shape thin Pt wire at the measuring junction instead of the coil are tested in addition to the ordinary measuring junction. It was found that good stability and immersion characteristic is realized by a thermocouple having ordinary junction with appropriate anchoring of the thermocouple elements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Davor Zvizdic, Tomislav Veliki
TESTING OF THERMOCOUPLES FOR INHOMOGENEITY
It is good calibration practice to test thermocouples for homogeneity of the Seeback’s coefficient during calibration process. If change in homogeneity the coefficient, commonly known as inhomogeneity is not detected, thermometer although calibrated might not be able to measure temperature correctly. Several different testing techniques are developed, depending on type of the thermocouple and the equipment available. In order to automate process of thermocouple inhomogeneity testing for all applicable testing methods a Thermocouple Inhomogeneity Testing Device was developed in Laboratory for Process Measurement (LPM), University of Zagreb. The device is mostly used for the testing of thermocouple inhomogeneity in conjunction with heater moving along the thermocouple. The sled for mounting of the heater or the thermometer is translated by a threaded shaft and a step motor in horizontal axis, vertical axis or its sliding direction can be tilted in six steps between those two positions. Sled is mounted on shafts guides with precision linear ball bearing, which allow for smooth translation. The frame of the device is designed with adjustable height and distance between legs, which allows testing in most available metrological baths or furnaces. System is controlled by custom made program on LabView platform, with ability to automatically acquire, store and analyze data test data. Variation of the thermovoltage recorded during measurement is used in calculation of the uncertainty of the calibration. This paper describes the techniques for inhomogeneity testing and design of the testing device. Interpretation of the measurement results and calculation of inhomogeneity related component of the uncertainty budget is presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Václav Kubernát
HEAT MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES IN VERIFICATION IN METROLOGICAL LABORATORY
Heat-meters as a kind of revenue meters are metrologically certified and this certification is executed with some measurement uncertainty. Since these certifications are performed by means of temperatures and flow amounts simulations, it obviously results in some measurement uncertainty. The value of the measurement uncertainty can be seen in the following calculation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Joăo Nildo de Souza Vianna,Michael E. K. de Almeida, Alberto C. G. C. Diniz, Alessandro B. S. Oliveira
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN DYNAMIC CALIBRATION OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS
This paper presents a preliminary methodology for the calculation of measurement uncertainty of temperature sensors in dynamic regime. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology is suitable for the determination of the measurement uncertainty in the transient state of the calibration process.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. Katsumata, H. Kubo, S. Mochida, H. Aizawa, S. Komuro, T. Morikawa
HIGHLY SENSITIVE FLUORESCENCE THERMOMETER USING LONG AFTERGLOW PHOSPHOR
Long afterglow phosphorescent SrAl₂O₄ and CaAl₂O₄ based phosphors are found to be a useful sensor head material in the fluorescence thermometer because of extremely long fluorescence lifetime. Highly sensitive temperature sensor can be developed based on temperature dependence of afterglow intensity of long afterglow phosphor. Sensitivity of long afterglow phosphorescent SrAl₂O₄:Eu, Ln and CaAl₂O₄:Eu, Ln based phosphors are considered to be dominated by depth of the hole traps generated by doped rare-earth elements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. Katsumata, K. Morita, A. Okabe, H. Aizawa, S. Komuro, T. Morikawa
THERMALLY EXCITED LUMINESCENCE FROM RARE-EARTH DOPED SiO₂ FOR FIBER-OPTIC THERMOMETER
Thermally excited luminescence from rare-earth element doped SiO₂ fibers were studied for the fiber-optic thermometer application in high temperature. Thermal radiation similar to the black body radiation was observed in visible light region from the SiO₂ fibers doped with Y, La, Ce, Pr, Eu, Tb and Lu. Visible light radiation peaks due to f-f transitions of rare-earth ions were clearly observed in the Nd, Dy, Er, Ho, Tm and Yb doped SiO₂ fibers. Intensity ratio of thermal radiation at different wavelength is suitable for the highly sensitive temperature measurement. The hybridization of fluorescent thermometry and thermal radiation thermometry is suggested to extend the temperature range and increase the temperature resolution.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alexandre Titov, Igor Malinovsky
PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF SELF-HEATING EFFECT OF RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS INSTALLED ON MATERIAL ARTIFACTS
Measurement of a self-heating effect (SHE) of a platinum resistance thermometer (PRT), which is to be performed under real experimental conditions, is the trickiest part in the calibration procedure of PRTs for precise temperature measurements of material artifacts. New double-channel synchronous detection technique has been developed for precise measurement of the SHE of a resistance thermometer, located on the surface of a material artifact. With new technique, we demonstrate that a PRT modifies the temperature distribution in the artifact, and the SHE of a PRT measuring a selected point on the artifact surface, is shown to depend on the distance from the thermometer to the selected point, the heat flux conditions in the artifact, and on the temperature rate, recorded by the thermometer. New approach, based on the use of pairs of specially calibrated thermometers, which are installed at a fixed distance on the artifact surface, realizes temperature measurements of the artifact surface without temperature gradient and velocity error. The demonstrated uncertainty in temperature measurement of gauge blocks inside our interferometers is at the level below 100 µK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Radek Kuchta,Radimir Vrba
WIRELESS TEMPERATURE MEASURING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Knowledge of temperature course during a certain time is needed in scientific, medical and industrial applications. In some applications, however, the recorded temperature course should be read wirelessly.
This paper describes main principles applied in a set of mobile temperature data logger and portable interrogator with wireless transfer of digitized temperature values.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

V. C. Fernicola, A. Frattolillo, L. Rosso, P. Vigo
NEW RESULTS IN MODELLING OF A SURFACE TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION SYSTEM
A dedicated calibration system for contact surface thermometers was designed and constructed and a thermal fluid dynamic model of the system for simulating the impact of the different influence parameters on the measurement was developed. The paper describes the new results of the comparison between the numerical predictions of the calibration system theoretical model and the experimental values, as obtained from its calibration.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

James Tennermann, Steven Santoro
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT IN FUEL CELLS AND GAS TURBINES: PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF WARMED PROBE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
This paper describes the practical application of humidity instrumentation for water management in fuel cells and inlet air monitoring of gas turbines. A description of the instrumentation is provided. Measurement challenges in each application are identified and successful solutions are described in detail.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sergio Libanio Campos, José Luiz Fernandes, José Alberto Reis Parise
MECHANICAL FAILURE DIAGNOSIS IN AUTOMOTIVE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS THROUGH THERMAL MEASUREMENTS
The present paper describes a simulation model for the operation of an automotive air conditioning system subjected to typical mechanical failures. A review identified the most common mechanical failures in automotive A/C systems. Simple mathematical models of two of the most common of these failures were developed and introduced in a simulation model of the vapor compression cycle. Simulated components of the cycle, operating trouble-free or under failure, included the compressor and the condenser. The evaporator, thermal expansion valve, filter-dryer, hoses and connections are also sources of failures and malfunctions. The modeling effort was employed to relate temperature and pressure field measurements with typical system failures. Uncertainties of these measurements and their effect in the predictions of the most probable system failures were studied with the simulation model, aiming at the standardization of mobile A/C system diagnosis procedures.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Krzysztof Strzecha, Anna Fabijańska
SEGMENTATION ALGORITHMS FOR INDUSTRIAL IMAGE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS SYSTEMS
In this paper computerized system for high temperature measurements of superficial properties has been presented. The process of superficial properties determination is based on digital image processing and analysis algorithms. Particular attention has been paid to adaptive thresholding algorithm with a local iterative threshold selection. Algorithm was elaborated to segment images obtained from the measurement process. Moreover, results of proposed algorithm have been presented. In the final stage of the paper difficulties appearing during high temperature measurements have been outlined. The authors have proposed methods of results correctness verification applying essential laws of the optics to a CCD camera lens.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Krzysztof Górecki, Janusz Zarebski
A NEW METHOD OF THE THERMAL RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS OF MONOLITHIC SWITCHED REGULATORS
The problem of measurements of the thermal resistance (R_th) of monolithic switched regulators (MSR) is considered in the paper. A new method of measuring this thermal parameter is proposed and the proper measuring set is presented. The results of measurements of R_th of the considered devices are compared with the similar results obtained with two other known methods.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Davor Zvizdic, Tomislav Stasic, Lovorka Grgec Bermanec
CHARACTERIZATION OF LPM'S 1-T DEW POINT GENERATOR
This paper describes characterization of 1-T dew point generator developed at Laboratory for Process Measurement (LPM) self. Present operating range of generator is from -7°C to 18°C dew point range. The air flows through saturator in closed loop and is controlled with regulated flow meters. Air saturation degree is determined by measuring the temperature deviations between saturator air outlet and liquid in saturator. Thermometers are connected to the resistance bridge, which is in turn connected to the computer for data acquisition. The main design features of the 1-T generator are presented. The deviations between generated dew point temperature and LPM’s dew point transfer standard hygrometer (recently calibrated in PTB) are discussed. The deviations between saturator air outlet and liquid in saturator are also examined. The test results are presented in graphical and tabular form together with an example of uncertainty estimates for various test dew points.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Antonio Carlos de Barros Neiva, Emerson dos Reis, Caio Glauco Sanchez
CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF A NEW ASPIRATED PSYCHROMETER FOR TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A HUMIDIFIER
The main purpose of this work is to present the manufacturing, calibration and validation of a system for wet and dry bulb temperature measurements obtained on a new psychrometer.
The calibration has lead to the adjustment of the appropriate psychrometer coefficient for the developed psychrometer, as a function of the wet bulb temperature, which fits best with experimental data, obtained on the range from 34% to 87% RH and 15°C to 30°C. Another set of experimental points on this range was used for evaluation of the psychrometer uncertainty.
An electronic hygrometer was calibrated simultaneously, and its calibration was also evaluated. The uncertainty of the Relative Humidity obtained in the calibration of the psychrometer was found to be only slightly higher than the uncertainty for the electronic hygrometer. For the wet-bulb temperature determination, the hygrometer presents itself as more precise, while the psychrometer was more accurate. Either could be used for technological development of the humidifier, but the psychrometer delivers a direct measurement of the wet-bulb temperature, independent of the local pressure and dry-bulb temperature, which affects the calculation obtained from the hygrometer data.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Francisco Santos, Rafael Cantalice, Raimundo Freire, Will Almeida, Elmar Melcher
THERMAL MICROSENSOR FOR APPLICATION IN RADIOMETER
In this paper presents two microsensors structures compatible with microelectronic technologies that are analyzed for application in radiometers. The first structure is formed by one resistor that is made by doping a monocrystalline silicon substrate with boron. The second is a polysilicon resistor doped with phosphorous, over a silicon dioxide (SiO₂). The analysis is made by mathematical modeling of these devices, numeric simulation and graphics to obtain the better thermal-electrical characteristic of microsensor material. We choose the best microsensor structure with the increase performance of the system and with time decrease of sensor thermal response in relation the conventional manufacture for application in incident solar radiation measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

M. G. Ahmed, K. Ali
STUDY OF SOME METAL FIXED POINTS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
A comparison of some defining temperature fixed-points on the ITS-90 was carried out at the National Institute of Standards using four calibrated SPRTs. The comparison was performed using large and small sealed cells from two different sources. The large cells, namely set1 cells and taken as reference cells were realized using the same technique used with the small cells (set2). The main task is to study the set2 cells and the possibility of using them instead of the large size (reference) cells. Measurements showed good results and some agreement between the two sets. The differences between the set2 cells and reference cells set1 were well within 2 mK.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Manuel Antonio Pires Castanho, Rudinei de Brito Maciel
BILATERAL INTERCOMPARISON BETWEEN ACCREDITED LABORATORIES BY RBC (BRAZILIAN CALIBRATION NET)
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a bilateral interlaboratory comparison (ILC)[1] between the Mechanical Metrology Laboratory - IPT and Metrology Laboratory - Ecil. Both laboratories are accredited by Brazilian Calibration Net (RBC). In this program eight temperature artifacts have been calibrated in the range of –40°C to 1100°C. The artifacts are 02 thermocouples, 02 platinum resistance thermometers and 04 liquid in glass thermometers.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Mladen Bezjak
DYNAMIC METHOD OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
This work deals with the dynamic thermal conductivity (λ) measurements by hot wire method. This measurements are performed at unstationary state conditions (short time). Very thin (0.05 mm) manganin wire is supplied by DC electrical power and produces a thermal impulses which pass through the testing sample. Dynamics of this process depends on the type of the sample material. Temperature, electric power and time elapsed during the process are measured parameters from which thermal conductivity could be calculated. Measurement results are compared with those gained by the standard guarded hot plate (stationary) method. Testing samples are made from isotropic and homogenous materials.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

L.F. Mouzinho, J.V. FonsecaNeto, B.A. Luciano, R.C.S. Freire
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE VIA KALMAN FILTER
The development of an indirect measurement model for electro thermal furnace and its implementation in a reconfigurable architecture are the main issues of this article. The proposed measurement system is based on the system model, the principle of conservation of energy and the laws of thermodynamics are applied to build a model of the thermal system where the Kalman theory is applied for filtering and prediction of the temperatures inside of a resistive furnace. Three setup are established to evaluate the performance of the indirect measurement system: off-line implementation of the algorithm on a test platform, the indirect measurement system is connected on the furnace hardware for standalone and real time operations. The measurement algorithm can be seen as a good alternative for temperature indirect measurement systems, due to its effectiveness and simplicity during the performance evaluations.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Mingjian Zhao, Rick Walker
USING A MINI TRIPLE POINT OF WATER SYSTEM TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY IN A TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION LABORATORY
A mini TPW system was introduced as an excellent way to measure the errors in the calibration system of a secondary level temperature laboratory. In this paper, the structure and operation of this system is briefly introduced. Also, its performance is discussed. The mini TPW system was directly compared to a traditional TPW cell. The difference between the mini TPW system and the traditional TPW cell was found to be less than 0.3 mK using an SPRT. The expanded (k = 2) uncertainty of the mini TPW system is better than 0.5 mK. Several thermometers with different structures were tested in the system. Errors seen with the different thermometers between the mini TPW system and the traditional TPW system are reported.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Irene Safinaz Hassan, Hafidzah Othman, Md. Nor Md. Chik
ICE POINT BLACKBODY CAVITY FOR CHECKING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INFRARED RADIATION THERMOMETER OPERATING NEAR 0 °C
An ice point blackbody cavity has been designed and constructed at NML-SIRIM, Malaysia. It is a mean to measure the ice point reading of client’s infrared radiation thermometer that operates near 0 °C. The ice point check will predict the performance of the thermometer at other temperature range.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Barbara Juroszek, Jan Stanislawski
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN FORCED EXPIRATION
The authors present a model of the respiratory system in forced expiration as an answer to the unknown pressure pulse excitation. The model has the form of a voltage divider circuit, where gas flow volume velocity is the current reaction (or the volume is the voltage reaction). The analysis is presented in time domain. The model’s finding is realized in two main stages. In the first stage an RCL net is built. On the basis of this structure the exciting signal is found in the form that the answer to the model is V(t) (or Q(t)), very similar to the real object’s answer, in the minimum mean-square-criterion.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Du-Yih Tsai, Noriyuki Takahashi, Yongbum Lee, Katsuyuki Kojima
SIMPLE METHOD TO ENHANCE CT BRAIN IMAGES FOR USE IN DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE CEREBRAL ARTERY INFARCTION
In this paper we propose a simple method aiming at improving the visibility of the loss of the gray-white matter interface in computer tomography (CT) brain images. The loss of the gray-white matter interface is one of the early signs of acute cerebral artery infarction (ACAI). The method is to employ our proposed adaptive smoothing filter (ASF) to reduce local noise with edges preserved in CT brain images. The ASF is a specially designed filter with adaptive size and shape depending on local pixel-valuerelated information surrounding the pixel of interest. In order to demonstrate the superiority of the ASF, two commonly used filters for image smoothing, i.e., the averaging filter and the median filter were used for comparison. Two criteria, standard deviation and slope ratio, were adopted in this study for performance assessment. Moreover, the ASF was also applied to clinical CT brain images in hyperacute stroke patients for performance evaluation. Our preliminary results showed that the detectability of early infarct signs is much improved. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method and its usefulness.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Matteo Bonaiuti, Luigi Rovati, Charles Riva
A PC-CONTROLLED REFLECTOMETER FOR FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF OCULAR FUNDUS
The paper presents an imaging reflectometer designed to detect flicker-induced reflectance changes of the ocular fundus. The system is based on a modified fundus camera completely controlled by a personal computer via USB interface.
The system allows in-vivo functional imaging of the ocular fundus in the near-infrared region with flicker light stimulus in the visible spectrum.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Milan Tysler, Vladimir Rosik, Peter Kneppo
MULTICHANNEL ECG MEASUREMENT FOR NONINVASIVE IDENTIFICATION OF HEART REGIONS WITH CHANGED REPOLARIZATION
Multichannel system for ECG measurement and body surface potential mapping is introduced and its application for noninvasive identification of ischemic heart regions with changed repolarization is presented. The system uses up to 128 active electrodes, separate common mode signal sensing and active neutralization of the patient to get optimal signal quality. Microprocessor controlled and battery powered data acquisition module is connected through an optical extension cable to the USB port of a personal computer with Windows based measuring and data analysis software. In 11 patients with myocardial infarction, integral maps of the QRST interval of the ECG signal were measured before and after the percutaneous cardiac intervention. Changes in the maps together with information on a model of the patients’ torso volume conductor were used to calculate an equivalent current dipole characterizing the region influenced by the therapy. In this way, the affected ischemic region could be noninvasively identified in 7 patients.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

S. Osowski, T. Markiewicz, L. Tran Hoai
ENSEMBLE OF NEURAL NETWORKS FOR IMPROVED RECOGNITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ARRHYTHMIA
The paper presents different methods of combining many neural classifiers into one ensemble system for recognition and classification of arrhythmia. Majority and weighted voting, Kullback-Leibler divergence and modified Bayes methods will be presented and compared. The numerical experiments will be performed for the problems concerning the recognition of different types of arrhythmia on the basis of ECG waveforms of MIT BIH AD.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tomasz Koszmider, Krzysztof Strzecha
3D LUNGS SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION FROM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES
New 3D medical images reconstruction algorithm is presented in this paper. It concerns utilization of digital processing and analysis of Computed Tomography images in process of 3D lungs reconstruction.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Satu Kärki, Jukka Lekkala
PRESSURE MAPPING SYSTEM FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Pressure mapping provides knowledge about interface pressure between a person and the surface person is laying or sitting on. In medical applications the surface is commonly a bed or a wheelchair. The distribution of pressure applied to the skin by a supporting surface can be measured with a pressure mapping system. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the pressure, it can cause pain and tissue injuries, such as pressure ulcers to the person. By means of pressure mapping technology, it is possible to detect the areas where the pressure is concentrated and thus prevent the development of pressure ulcer. However, the properties of the commercial pressure mapping systems are usually inadequate for physiological measurements. In this study, properties of a commercial Xsensor pressure mapping system were studied. Measurements with test persons as well as measurements with a constant measurement load were carried out. Repeatability, sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and hysteresis of the pressure sensor were determined. Only the hysteresis was noticed to be poor while the other properties were satisfactory.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Barbara Juroszek
ABOUT SOME METROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION IN SPIROMETRY
Almost all of the spirometric parameters are measured or calculated during forced expiration because it is one of the most popular and most valuable tests. The American Thoracic Society (ATS) together with The European Respiratory Society (ERS) formulated the technical requirements, which should be fulfilled in spirometry today. The author shows how these requirements can be fulfilled in modern digital spirometers.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Erwin Peiner, Lutz Doering, Uwe Brand, Andreas Christ, Gerrit Isenberg, Michael Balke
FORCE CALIBRATION OF MICRO PIPETTES FOR SINGLE-CELL PROBING
Force calibration of micro pipettes is described used for the application of mechanical stress to isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes which are immobilized on glass substrates. For this purpose two methods have been developed based on a nano-Newton compensation balance at PTB and cantilever-type silicon sensors used as transferable force standards, respectively.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Erwin Peiner, Arti Tibrewala, Holger Lüthje, Ralf Bandorf, Saskia Biehl, Lutz Doering
PIEZORESITIVE DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON MICRO STRAIN GAUGES
Hydrogenated (a-C:H) and hydrogen-free (a-C) amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) strain gauges have been successfully integrated on micromachined silicon bossmembrane force sensors. DLC strain gauges were investigated under vertical and horizontal connection as well as longitudinal and transversal orientation at temperatures between RT and 60°C revealing piezoresistive gauge factors typically in the range of 50-90 (a-C:H) and 20-30 (a-C).
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luigi Rovati , Nicola Zambelli, Stefano Cattini, Giorgia Salvatori
HOLLOW BEAM GEOMETRY FOR DIFFUSING TEMPORAL LIGHT CORRELATION
The paper presents an optical setup for diffusing temporal light spectroscopy of living tissues. The system allows to study the dynamical properties of living tissues molecules. The proposed approach exploits the hollow beam geometry in conjunction to mode-selective detection. First experiments, aimed to demonstrate the functionality of the measuring system, have been performed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J. Germano, M. S. Piedade, L. Sousa, T. M. Almeida, P. Lopes, F. A. Cardoso, H. A. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas
MICROSYSTEM FOR BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS BASED ON MAGNETORESISTIVE SENSING
This paper presents a microsystem for biomolecular recognition (DNA, enzymes) based on a biochip, which uses magnetic field arraying of magnetically tagged biomolecules and high sensitivity sensors for single biomolecule detection. The microsystem provides the electronic circuitry for addressing, reading out and sensing each of the 16 x 16 magnetoresistive sensors that compose the biochip. A prototype of the microsystem was developed and experimental results show that it is able of nanoparticle detection and, consequently, be used for magnetic labelled based bioassays.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Tykva, R. Hanus, J. Jakůbek, Z. Wimmer, J. Novák, V. Vlasáková
NORMALIZED MODEL SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF TERMITE MANAGEMENT
A set of partial working procedures has been designed for standardizing the laboratory setup modeling the control of harmful acitivity of termites in nature by affecting caste differentiation by a juvenogen. This set of verified procedures monitors the metabolism of the juvenogen in both the worker and the metamorphosis-derived soldier. The standardization permits an evaluation based on using only a single worker and a single soldier from the whole experimental group and increases thereby considerably the efficiency of the monitoring. The methodology is based on the use of radiolabeled juvenogen and transmission X-ray radiography of the selected termite.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girăo, Miguel Dias Pereira, Mário Figueiredo
DISTRIBUTED VIRTUAL SYSTEM FOR DOLPHINS’ SOUND ACQUISITION AND TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Dolphins are mammals whose sound emitting and hearing capabilities are very important tools for their underwater life. At the same time, dolphins’ life activities assessment uses dolphins’ emitted sounds to localize them and to better understand their habits and behavior. The present work reports a distributed virtual instrument based solution for dolphin sounds acquisition, transmission and analysis (Dolphin Monitoring Network). The system hardware includes a set of “field listen cells” constituted by a hydrophone connected to a TCP/IP audio server. For wireless communication, a wireless bridge is connected to the audio server Ethernet port. Using tailor-made LabVIEW software, which includes several iTalk/X (ActiveX) components, the data is received by a Wi-Fi connected laptop-based monitoring base station. The recorded sounds are analyzed by a time-frequency analysis block implemented within the software associated with sound classification tasks.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Venkatesh Iyengar
INTEGRATION OF METROLOGICAL APPROACHES INTO FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Society, as a client and as an end-user, looks at quality assurance (QA) in terms of net economic benefits gained by solving real-life problems that contribute to national development. As a measurable parameter, economic benefit is a reliable indicator of sustained attention and public support for QA. In the world of food as a trading commodity, we are moving towards a global but borderless-trade situation. Food safety being a prime concern under this scenario, reliable food and nutritional (F&N) measurements take centre stage in decision-making. A measurement process characterized by metrological concepts enhances the reliability of analytical results and ensures sustainability to the QA process. These steps infuse authority to the F&N analytical results, and to the ensuing public health decisions from well-designed projects. Integration of metrological concepts into the F&N measurement system strengthens the very base of nutrition education for young professionals (scientific and technical), improves institutional measurement infrastructure, and contributes to the much-needed capacity development in F&N areas. The World Bank and several other United Nations Agencies are now embarking on human capacity building as a critical focal point in the context of national development. Simply put, QA promotes economic benefits. This is the challenge to be met in practice in the field.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Janusz Mroczka, Tomasz Wojtaszek, Dariusz Wysoczański
SINGLE AND MULTIPLE LIGHT SCATTERING IN ERYTHROCYTE MODELLING
The light scattering models of red blood cell (RBC) are presented. Erythrocyte is modelled as a spheroid. Main purpose of this paper is to present single and multiple light scattering by erythrocytes in different physiological conditions. The osmotic pressure and oxygenation, as well as hematocrit influence on scattered light properties are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. André, B. De Schryver, M. Francaux, P. Sente, C. Eugčne
CONCEPTION OF A LOW-COST RECORDER FOR THE HEART RATE VARIABILITY STUDY IN THE ATHLETE
A simple, compact and low-cost device is presented. It is able to measure, store and transfer to a computer the beat-to-beat interval of the heart, using a POLAR chest belt and receiver. The conception of this device is based on a microcontroller 8051 associated with flash memory and a real time clock. The statistical error on this interval is below one millisecond. The device suits particularly well for studying the heart rate variability (HRV) at rest in athletes.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rosário P A Palomares, Paula M P Gouvęa, Elisabeth Costa Monteiro
METROLOGICAL RELIABILITY OF HIGH FREQUENCY SURGICAL EQUIPMENT
The metrological reliability of high frequency surgical equipment in use at three hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was evaluated. The units tested did not satisfy safety and performance requirements, indicating that (post-sale) periodic verifications are essential, and that crest factor analysis should be included in technical standards.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Elton Gomes Pereira
PROPOSAL OF A NEW METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE AMBIENT DOSE EQUIVALENT, WHICH ACCOUNTS FOR THE INFLUENCE OF THE HIGH VOLTAGE IN A MEDICAL X RAY FACILITY
Two methods of radiological survey in a medical X ray room are compared. The first method is just the usual one, as done today in Brazil. It is based on the election of a high voltage (HV) value, by legal rule the highest used in the clinic, taken as a standard. This highest HV value is supposed to be constant and representative of all others values, which are simply ignored. This work shows that the results of this approach move away a bit from the actual radiation doses, overestimating the values. A second method is proposed and compared with the first one. It takes the various values of HV into account. One should only assume a quadratic relationship between the dose measurements and HV and change the way of workload data acquirement. This second method presents a modified way to calculate the ambient equivalent dose [H*(10)]. It is shown that the spread of values present by the 2nd method is smaller than that of the current one, although in the 2nd method the values are still overestimated, however not too much. Putting both methods side by side, as a conclusion, the second one shows to be better than the first, as it adheres more to the reality.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gregor Geršak, Valentin Batagelj, Janko Drnovšek
OSCILLOMETRIC VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT FOR BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
In this paper a simple educational model of a non-invasive blood pressure measurement device, based on the oscillometric principle is presented. The device is composed of a pressure transducer, auxiliary instrumentation for signal acquirement and digital signal processing module in the LabVIEW environment. Since the most problematic part of metrological evaluation of oscillometric devices is in proprietary algorithms of determining systolic and diastolic blood pressure, two basic algorithms are discussed. The amplitude algorithm is used for building the virtual instrument (VI). Preliminary comparisons of the built VI were done using simulated and real person's blood pressure waveform. The VI proved to be a useful tool for studying amplitude algorithms of determining systolic and diastolic pressure from the oscillations envelope.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J.T. Filho, L.R. Lidízio, L.A. Sena, J.C. Damasceno, C.A. Achete
TITANIUM OXIDE FILMS PRODUCED BY MICRO-ARC OXIDATION FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE TITANIUM IMPLANTS
The growth of titanium oxide layer on titanium surface by the micro-arc oxidation technique was investigated. Ca(CH₃COO)₂ (0.3M), Na₂CO₃ (0.6M) and Na₂HPO₄ (0.1M) solutions were employed as electrolytes. SEM and EDS microanalysis were used for morphology, composition characterization and low-angle X-ray diffraction to describe titanium oxide crystallographic orientation. TiO₂ films formed by using 0.3M Ca(CH₃COO)₂ and 0.1M Na₂HPO₄ solutions showed a porous, homogeneous surface structure, with presence of phosphorous and after an hydrothermical treatment using a Ca(OH)₂ suspension during 24h at 60şC was observed phosphorous and calcium.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jarkko Mäkiranta, Jukka Lekkala
OPTIMIZATION OF A NOVEL MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE SENSOR
This paper represents an experimental iteration of a novel magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) sensor. MNPs can be used as labels in quantitative diagnostic. Planar microcoils in an impedance bridge are used to measure the amount of the particles. Particles change the inductance of the coil due to their permeability. The shape and size of the coil are critical to the sensitivity and robustness. Experimental measurements supported by numerical simulations have been used in sensor designing, improving and optimization.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luís Pina Soares, Raul Carneiro Martins
NON-LINEAR FIT OF A 6 SKEWED GAUSSIAN TEMPLATE FOR FILTERING, COMPRESSION AND CLINICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECG USING A DSP WIRELESS SETUP
In this paper we present an improved method for the acquisition, filtering, compression and clinical parameter identification of the ECG. The method involves the use of an improved instrumentation setup with high resolution and sample rate, as well as DSP monitored automatic gain and offset control (AGOC) which maximizes the range of the signal. It also involves the fitting of the signal with a nonlinear model consisting of six generalized Gaussians (with skew). The method further includes the use of sinefitting techniques to selectively remove electromagnetic interference such as the power-line (50 Hz or 60 Hz component). We will further describe the experimental setup developed, which is a DSP based portable 3-lead device, and show some experimental and characterization results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Marissa A. Rivera Cardona, André Victor Alvarenga, Rodrigo P. B. da Costa-Felix
PRIMARY LEVEL ULTRASONIC OUTPUT POWER MEASUREMENT AT LABORATORY OF ULTRASOUND OF INMETRO
The primary level ultrasonic output power measurement service is being set up at the Laboratory of Ultrasound (Labus) of Inmetro, based on the standard IEC 61161. Labus´ main purpose is to provide support, in accordance with procedures developed by its services, to industry, to calibration laboratories, and to final consumers (patients, for instance). Labus’ clients will have means and necessary data to obtain, between other things, pre-market approvals of new models or equipment, laboratory accreditation, and on demand checks of equipment already being in use. These procedures will ensure optimized and safe use of ultrasound technology at all levels. This paper presents the main characteristics of Labus’ primary level ultrasonic output power measurement service.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rodrigo P. B. da Costa-Felix, André Victor Alvarenga, Marissa A. Rivera Cardona
THE BRAZILIAN NATIONAL LABORATORY OF ULTRASOUND
Aiming to support the national metrology on ultrasound, Inmetro, the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology (NMI), has been putting effort on its Laboratory of Ultrasound (Labus). In a first approach, Labus is able to offer traceability in basically four general areas: Ultrasonic (US) Transducer Calibration, US Power Measurement, US Field Mapping, and Reference Materials Certification for US applications. The frequency range Labus firstly established its calibration and testing methods is from 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz, being the limits dependent on the particular application considered. So far, Labus most important facilities consist in two water tanks, three manuals and one complete remote-controlled micro-positioning systems, three equipments sets to generate and acquire US signals (arbitrary waveform generators and scopes-like instruments), a set of transducers and primary standards in Power Measurement (a stable US power source) and Hydrophone Calibration (two membrane hydrophones). For while, Labus is traced to others NMI, but the goal is to implement absolute calibration methods in two years time. Within this paper, Labus will be presented in details, particularly outlining its state of art in Transducer Calibration, Power Measurement, and Reference Materials Certification. Join ventures with industry and private and universities laboratories will be outlined, either.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
INFLUENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON LIVING TISSUE
This paper describes a system, which enables quantitative monitoring and evaluation of the influence of a pulse magnetic field on a live organism by using of bioimpedance measurement. There are presented results of performed experiments.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. Katsumata, H. Aizawa, Y. Kakinuma, E. Matashige, S. Komuro, T. Morikawa
TWO DIMENSIONAL PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING OF FOOD FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE QUALITY CONTROL
Non-destructive evaluation technique of the foods including starches has been developed based on photoluminescence from starches in the foods. The visible PL with broad peak at wavelength of λ = 462 nm are observed from various foods including starches, such as polished rice, flour and corn starch, under illumination of ultra-violet (UV) light at λ = 365 nm. Peak intensity is found to vary with the source and the breed of the specimens. PL images from starches also reveal the uniformity of the food products. Two-dimensional images of PL, which revealed the uniformity of foods under UV irradiation, are potentially useful for the evaluation and the quality control of the foods and starchy products.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. M. Almeida, M. S. Piedade, P. C. Lopes, L. Sousa, J. Germano, F. Cardoso, H. A. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas
MAGNETORESISTIVE BIOSENSOR MODELLING FOR BIOMOLECULAR RECOGNITION
This paper presents the modelling of a magnetic biosensor included on a hand held microsystem based on a fully integrated magnetoresistive biochip for biomolecular recognition (DNA hybridisation, antibody antigen interaction, etc.). The biochip uses magnetic field arraying of magnetically tagged biomolecules and high sensitivity sensors which can be used to detect single or few biomolecules. The biosensor has an matrix-array structure and each biosensor site consists of a thin film diode in series with a magnetic tunnel junction. Schottky and pin diodes are used as temperature sensors and switching devices, although this paper specially emphasises pin diodes characterisation. A complete theoretical model characterising biosensor electrical, temperature and magnetic behaviour is derived and experimental results are provided.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ireneusz Jablonski, Janusz Mroczka
INTRODUCTION TO RESPIRATORY MECHANICS MEASUREMENT BY ENHANCED INTERRUPTER METHOD
In the paper, there are postulated the basic requirements for the effective modification of a standard scheme of the interrupter technique (IT). The new method dedicated to respiration mechanics measurements, which meets such assumptions, is called enhanced interrupter technique (EIT). Using the idea of indirect measurements, it was showed by computer simulations the possibility to estimate the more number of parameters in EIT than in IT (only airway resistance R_aw) for the proposed, modified Dubois’ model. EIT gives the higher accuracy and the reduced dispersion of the measurement results, at the same time. As it follows from the computer simulations, analysing the measurement data in the time domain and the use of as quick as possible occlusion valve (occlusion needs to include both the sudden, postocclusional transient states and the slow rise of the pressure at the mouth P_ao) is essential to optimize EIT from the metrological point of view. The worked out problems are a base to construct a portable device, dedicated to measurement of the mechanical properties of the respiratory system.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ireneusz Jabłoński, Janusz Mroczka
MEASUREMENT – MODELING, MODELING – MEASUREMENT: A TRANSITIVE COUPLE OF REALITY AND ABSTRACTION IN EQUIPAGE OF COMPREHENSION AND PREDICTION FOR EXAMPLE OF BREATHING CONTROL
The paper presents the problems of modeling and measurements in the medical sciences in the context of a dynamical system theory. Modeling can be seen here not only by the optics of a concrete object – system of breathing control, but first of all by the features of the tools used during reality reconstruction, which directly transfer to measurement procedure. The article is an introduction to a given research area.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Flávia Pompéia, Luiz A. P. Gusmăo, Carlos R. Hall Barbosa, Elisabeth Costa Monteiro, Lídice A. P. Gonsalves, Fernando L. A. Machado
CHARACTERIZATION OF A MAGNETIC FIELD TRANSDUCER BASED ON THE GMI EFFECT
A magnetic field transducer based on the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect has been developed by the Laboratory of Biometrology at PUC-Rio. It is aimed at biomedical applications, especially three-dimensional localization of needles accidentally inserted in the human body. This manuscript presents some new measurements that led to a better understanding of the prototype’s behavior.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yuri Chugui, Sergei Plotnikov, Anatoly Potashnikov, Alexander Verkhogliad
3D MEASURING TECHNOLOGIES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
The novel results of the R & D activity of TDI SIE SB RAS in the field of the optical measuring technologies, as well as laser technologies for solving safety problems are presented. To measure the rocks stress and to prevent the mountain impact, as well as for basic investigations, a set of optical-electronic deformers and systems was developed and produced. For permanent noncontact bearing position inspection of oil-drilling platforms on Sakhalin coast (Russia) we have developed optical-electronic method and system SAKHALIN. Multifunctional laser technological system LSP-2000 equipped by two Nd-YAG lasers was developed for cutting, welding and surface micro profiling with ablation process (working range of 3 x 2 x 0.6 mł, positioning error less than 10 mkm). Results of development and testing the specialized high productive laser measuring machine, based on structured illumination, for 3D inspection of grid spacers for Russian nuclear reactors with micron resolution are presented. Using high-speed laser noncontact method on the base of triangulation position sensors, TDI SIE has developed and produced automatic laser diagnostic system COMPLEX for inspection of geometric parameters of wheel pairs (train speed up to 60 km/hr.), which is used successfully on Russian railways.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

José Sánchez, Sergio Padilla, J.M. Dorador
NEW FACILITIES OF VIRTUAL MACHINES: OPERATING MACHINES FROM CAD BROWSERS, FOR ANALYSIS
The main purpose of this paper is to show advances on the concept of virtual coordinate machines, already developed for aiding calibrating and teaching tasks. It is now possible to operate these machines directly from CAD browsers. No matter how distorted are the machines, it is possible to perform the analysis.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J. Sładek, R.Sitnik, M. Kupiec, P.Błaszczyk
THE NEW HYBRID METHOD FOR FAST AND PRECISION MEASUREMENT
In this article a new concept of a hybrid measurement method will be presented. The hybrid method is developed for fast and precise measurement especially for the automotive industry. It combines the high-speed of optical methods with the high-accuracy of CMMs measurement. A laboratory prototype of the system is described. Furthermore we present preliminary work on assessment of measurement uncertainty of the hybrid system based on the comparison of the results with CMM measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Olga B. Basun, Valery A. Granovsky, Mikhail D. Kudryavtsev
PRECISION SCALES OF PLANE ANGLE: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CALIBRATION
Precision angular scales are considered from common point of view, and principles of their construction are formulated. Methods of mutual calibration of circular scales are developed to meet these principles taking into account the redundancy factor. Multidimensional classification of the methods is proposed. The family of designs is constructed, and relations of procedure parameters of a scale carrier calibration with required accuracy of the procedure results is established.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alexandre Titov, Igor Malinovsky
ADVANCES AND NEW TECHNIQUES IN LENGTH MEASUREMENTS BY OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY
Studies of a long gauge block Kösters interferometer, performed at INMETRO, and the results of the CIPM Key Comparison CCL-2 show that the uncertainty in realization of the SI length unit achieved with this type of instrument in the range of 500 mm is ~1 part in 108. Basic advances in philosophy and techniques of high-precision temperature measurements, realized in Brazil in the last few ears, permit to reduce crucially the uncertainty of length measurements by optical interferometry and to reach the Nanometrolgy regime in artifacts with nominal lengths above 100 mm. New measurement and calibration techniques give an opportunity to realize the temperature measurement of a particular point on the GB surface inside the interferometer with a total uncertainty below 0.1 mK, realizing the measurement without the contributions of the temperature gradient in the GB and velocity error. The demonstrated reproducibility in length measurements of 100-mm steel gauge block is at the level of 58 pm.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andrea Magalini, David Vetturi
LASER INTERFEROMETRY FOR STRAIGHTNESS MEASUREMENTS IN A WEAKLY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Straightness measurements for the geometrical inspection of machining tools have been operated in a weakly controlled environment (concerning temperature, pressure, humidity and induced mechanical vibrations) with reference to industrial manufacturing departments.
Measurements have been performed by means of a Wollaston prism laser interferometer.
A first experimental characterization of this instrumentation has been operated by repeatability tests conducted in controlled and not controlled environments, considering different relative positions for the interferometer and the laser head. Then a calibration diagram has been constructed, assessing the accuracy and the instrumental uncertainty in the case of displacement measurements in a plane perpendicular to the laser beam direction.
In a second stage a suitable method has been developed to estimate the uncertainty level associated to straightness measures operated by the laser interferometric technique and also by traditional instrumentation, such as taut-wire and microscope and precision level. Measurement uncertainty is estimated by means of the Monte Carlo Method and according to standards.
Measures obtained by the laser interferometric method prove to be affected by higher levels of uncertainty than those coming from traditional approaches.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yuri Chugui, Nikolai Yakovenko, Michael Yaluplin
FRESNEL MEASURING METHOD FOR DIMENSIONAL INSPECTION
Accuracy characterization of a Fresnel method for objects dimensions measurement in coherent and partially coherent light is investigated. The major sources of a systematic measurement error are estimated analytically including non-uniform illumination of the object, the interference effect of the diffraction object edge images, the integration properties of the linear multi-element photodetector, influence of extended size of partially coherent light source. Effective algorithms for account of basic error components and for increase accuracy in low measuring range are proposed. The obtained results are confirmed by experiments.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tomáš Radil, Jan Fischer
TWO-DIMENSIONAL POSITION MEASUREMENT OF OBJECTS WITH CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION USING SINGLE LINEAR CCD SENSOR
This paper describes a novel method of twodimensional position measurement of objects with circular cross-section. The proposed method employs a single linear CCD sensor and two point light sources. Using this simple measuring set-up the described method achieves typical linearity deviations below 4.5 µm in the direction along the senor and 22 µm in the direction perpendicular to the sensor.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

P. Fernández, B.J. Álvarez, J.C. Rico, D. Blanco, G. Valińo
SCANNING OF FREE-FORM SURFACES BY USING A LASER-STRIPE SENSOR ON A CMM
This research presents a working methodology for developing an automatic planning system of the scanning process of free-form surfaces. The surface has been modelled using a STL format, that permits the automatic recognizing of any type of surface. This work does only consider collision-free orientations that guarantee the visibility of the zone to scan and that are compatible with the constraints imposed by the process parameters. To speed up the calculation of these orientations, different methods like back-face culling and space partitioning techniques, such as kd-trees, are applied. Once the space occupied by the part is partitioned in regions, recursive ray traversal algorithms are used in order to check for intersection exclusively the part triangles (STL) that can potentially be traversed by each laser beam direction.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rigoberto Nava-Sandoval, Rufino Díaz-Uribe
OPTICAL POLYGON CALIBRATION USING ONLY ONE AUTOCOLLIMATOR
In this paper we present a new measuring method to obtain the angular variations of the faces of an optical polygon using only one autocollimator. The method requires additionally an external beam splitter to divide the light from autocollimator and a flat mirror for second autocollimator emulation. The method can be used for polygons of any number of faces. In this case we present calibration results of a twelve faces polygon.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Cristiana Zanatta Viana, André Roberto de Sousa, Anésio Mariano Junior
STANDARDIZATION OF MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES IN COORDINATE METROLOGY IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN
The outsourcing in the automotive industry transferred the responsibility to produce products with quality to its supplier and, consequently, the definition and execution of the measurements in the supplied products. However, it is still frequent the occurrence of the conflicts between companies related to divergences in the dimensional tests. This problem is more critical in coordinate metrology, due to the many parameters in the measurement process. This paper describes a methodology developed for the standardization of measurement strategies to be used during the product development and its application in the supply chain of the Brazilian automotive industry.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Vitor Camargo Nardelli, Gustavo Daniel Donatelli
A SIMPLE SOLUTION TO INTERIM CHECK OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
This paper describes the development of a simple solution to the problem of performing interim checks in coordinate measuring machines (CMM). The design constrains have been chosen in such a way that the resulting product can be used in small and medium sized industries of Brazil and other emergent economies.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Daniel Hamburg-Piekar, Gustavo Daniel Donatelli
A HYBRID APPROACH TO THE UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS
In this paper, a new methodology for the uncertainty analysis of coordinate measurements is presented. The methodology can be applied on any kind of measurements performed by a CMM, and it is intended to be especially useful when performing reference measurements of geometrical and dimensional characteristics of workpieces. Master parts calibrated using this approach can be used in connection with ISO/TS 15530-3 for the uncertainty assessment of other CMMs, when measuring similar parts. Consistent measurement strategies and the real measurand definition according to the technical drawing are the foundations of this methodology, generally based in high-density measurement points. Assessment of uncertainties is performed using models in complete agreement with the measurement procedure, considering all major uncertainty contributions. Resources from artificial intelligence were applied to accelerate the development of adequate measurement procedures, simplifying the work of the CMM operator. To validate the proposed methodology, a cast iron steering case was calibrated and compared to simulation results obtained with PUNDIT/CMM, a software solution for task-specific uncertainty evaluation of coordinate measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J. E. Decker, A. J.Lewis, M. G. Cox, A. G. Steele, R. J. Douglas
EVALUATING RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS: WORKED EXAMPLE OF CCL-K2 COMPARISON OF LONG GAUGE BLOCK CALIBRATION
A method for the evaluation of international comparison results is demonstrated via detailed consideration of the CCL-K2 Key Comparison of long gauge block calibration. Although CCL-K2 involves a geometrically simple length measurand, associated with it are many of the difficult measurement issues often encountered in international comparison exercises.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

N. Arunachalam, B. Ramamoorthy
VISION BASED SURFACE ROUGHNESS EVALUATION OF GROUND COMPONENTS USING WAVELET TRANSFORM AND NEURAL NETWORK
This paper describes a non-contact technique to assess the differences in surface characteristics of the ground components. The computer vision based system is used to analyze the pattern of scattered light from the surface to asses the surface roughness of the component. The ground specimens were manufactured using varying machining parameters. The images of the specimens are captured using a CCD camera. The image parameters based on the wavelet transform are evaluated. Then, the evaluated parameters along with the cutting parameters were used to train the artificial neural network to predict the surface roughness parameters R_a, which is measured using the stylus instrument. The comparison of stylus R_a and that predicted using ANN are presented and analyzed in this paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J. Kundrak, P. H. Osanna, A. Afjehi-Sadat, V. Bana
SURFACE QUALITY OF HARD TURNED BORE HOLES
Hard turning is used more and more frequently for finishing of precision hardened bores, namely for replacement of grinding. This paper studies the experimental results performed for qualifying of surfaces machined with hard boring. It presents the results of surface roughness measurements (2D, 3D) and indicates the changes occurring in the surface layer. It proves that the presented surface quality characteristics of the investigated parts suit the requirements moreover in some cases they are even better than characteristics of surfaces machined by grinding. As a summary it is stated if the cutting parameters are chosen well, surfaces and/or parts with better wear resistance and higher durability can be manufactured.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Michal Wieczorowski, Leszek Rozanski
ROUGHNESS ASPECTS IN THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MACHINE TOOLS
In the paper analysis of surface topography influence on emissivity of metals was shown. This was performed for infrared band comprising wavelength region of 7.5 – 13 micrometers. Appropriate characterization and description of object emissivity has a crucial influence on accuracy of IR system for remote temperature measurement, e.g. IR thermography or pyrometry. These properties depend on many factors, including surface topography of material, where especially cavities play a very important role. In references so far emissivity are discussed mainly as influence of type of material (metal, dielectric), its temperature, wavelength or direction of emission. In the paper characterizing emissivity of construction materials in connection with 3D surface topography.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

B. Ramamoorthy, P. Priya
ROUGHNESS ESTIMATION OF INCLINED SURFACES USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Practical use of Machine Vision for surface roughness estimation faces many challenges, as in this case only image is used for evaluation and not the component. In such cases, if the component is kept at an angle during imaging, there is a possibility of getting distorted information and therefore the consistency of evaluation/ quantification would become a problem. So, there is a need to ensure that the measured surface is kept horizontal and flat when the image is being taken. In this work, estimation of the surface roughness has been done and analysed using digital images of machined surfaces obtained by a Machine Vision system deliberately maintained at varying angles. The quantitative measures of surface roughness are extracted in the spatial frequency domain using a two dimensional Fourier Transform. An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained and tested to arrive at the Ra values using the input obtained from the digital images of inclined surfaces which include optical roughness parameters estimated and angular of inclination of test parts. The estimated optical roughness parameter results based on the images of the surfaces are compared with the surfaces that are kept horizontal and the results are presented and analysed in this paper. In addition optimal combination of calculated roughness parameters which act as input to the ANN in order to obtain best correlation between estimated R_a using ANN and stylus measured R_a value is determined.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Nomak Akdogan, M. N. Durakbasa, P. H. Osanna, M. E. Yurci
HIGH PRECISION DETERMINATION AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ALTERATIONS OF SELECTED MATERIALS
In practice, ninety percent of the engineering faults initiate from the surfaces by means of the mechanisms of fatigue crack wear behavior, corrosion and erosion. In this point of view, researchers are attracted by measuring surface and near-surface zone suitability of work pieces and evaluation studies. Surface roughness is a factor not only in composing the work piece aspect but also in defining the performance of the work pieces in coating processes. In this study, 3 different test specimens are subjected to molten glass that was in forming temperature and the changing surface roughness parameters have been monitored with precise measuring techniques. The obtained data is evaluated by SPSS 13.0 statistical package program. Results are informative about the product quality either.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Robert Schmitt, Frank Moenning
ENSURE SUCCESS WITH INLINE-METROLOGY
Inline-metrology is an important aspect in actual production concepts. The philosophy is to gain measurement data directly in the manufacturing processes and use them for an effective and fast process control and quality assurance. The goal is to increase the quality of products and the stability of processes.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

J.J. Aguilar, J.A. Yagüe, J.A. Albajez, J. Velázquez
OUT OF MACHINE CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE FOR ANALOG PROBES
A technique for the out of machine calibration of analog probes for CMM is presented in this paper. The process and the results obtained in different tests carried out on two different probes are shown. This calibration procedure allows to find out the measuring errors of these systems in a quick and reliable way.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Vedran Mudronja, Sanjin Mahović, Biserka Runje, Srđan Medić, Gorana Baršić
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATING CORRECTIONS AND MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN THE PROCEDURE OF MEASURING SPHERES
Metrology practice confirms that very often by carrying out the corrections the result of measurement may contain greater error (deviation) than in the case of no corrections at all. Therefore, it is often assumed that the value of correction is zero, with assumed influences on the uncertainty of correction included in the uncertainty of the measuring results. In the field of length metrology the correction cannot be avoided in case of temperature influences or actions of the measuring force during the measurement procedure. Numerous experiences show that temperature correction is a questionable procedure due to a whole number of unknowns, and in case of more demanding measurements and the related more demanding uncertainties of measurement, one resorts to achieving of standard temperature conditions. However, the measurement results have to be corrected in case of the action of the measurement force, especially because the value of correction often exceeds the value of uncertainty of measurement. An example of measuring the sphere diameter, described in this work, fully supports the mentioned claim.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yukitoshi Ihara, Shozo Matsushita
MOTION ACCURCY MEASUREMENT DEVICE BY USING PARALLEL MECHANISM FOR MULTI-AXIS MACHINING CENTERS
The main purpose of this study is to develop a measuring device by parallel kinematics for measuring a motion accuracy of multi-axis machining centers. The initially developed measuring device had three displacement sensors and it could measure only position of the spindle because it had only 3 DOF. Optical linear encoders were used for the displacement detecting sensors, while the steel balls and permanent magnets were used for the joints of parallel mechanism. With the 3 DOF device the motion accuracy of machine tools with three-axis was measured. Since the mechanism of the joint was smooth and the sensor resolution was small enough, the measured result showed that the measuring device had an enough performance for the machining centers in normal accuracy. Then the 6 DOF measuring device was developed. It had six displacement censors and it could measure both position and posture angle of the main spindle. In spite of the adoption of parallel kinematics, the forward kinematics calculation was possible due to the sophisticated arrangement of sensors, thus the hi-speed data acquisition could be possible.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tsukasa Watanabe, Hiroyuki Fujimoto
HIGH ACCURACY ANGLE INDEXING TABLE
National Metrology Institute of Japan studied the high precision angle indexing table. We used the principle that NPL reported the indexing accuracy 0.01" in 1984. We verified this principle using the angular primary standard of Japan and proved this principle can exceed 0.001" super-high angular precision.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Sueli Fischer Beckert, Edson Pacheco Paladini
MEASUREMENT PROCESSES ANALYSIS WITH GRR OR EXPANDED UNCERTAINTY? APPLICATION OF CONFIDENCE LEVEL OF 99,73% OR 95,45%?
This paper demonstrates the application of the ISO GUM for analysis of the measurement processes used in the product control. It describes the attention in the method application and the need to establish the acceptability criterion for the measurement process. But also their advantages, such as, the identification of the existent uncertainty sources, the simplification through the sample selection and the application of a confidence level of 95,45%.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Bartosz Gapinski, Miroslaw Grzelka, Miroslaw Rucki
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENT WITH CMM
In the article, the form deviation (roundness) measurement with the Coordinate Measuring Machine has been discussed. The influence of the measuring points number and the type of the roundness deviation on the result (since different fitting elements are used) has been presented. The obtained investigation results prove that minimal number of points is not enough for measurement, while the too large number does not improve the measurement, as well. The recommendation on the measuring points number have been given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Kazuhiro Ishizu, Akihito Takahashi, Tomoyuki Miyazaki, Kentaro Nemoto
MINUTE FORM MEASURING SYSTEM
According to the progress of industrial products, high-accuracy and minute parts are increasing rapidly. As one of the desired measuring systems for accurately and efficiently evaluating the 3D form of these mass-production minute form parts, an evaluation system constructed by combining "a high-accuracy stage", "minute probes" and "an optical unit" is described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Antonio Piratelli-Filho, Geraldo G. Soares-Neto
ERROR EVALUATION OF SECONDARY FREE FORM SURFACES IN COMPLEX PART MEASUREMENT
The main purpose of this work is to investigate the errors on secondary surfaces generated to joint free form surfaces of complex parts measured with Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) and modeled with CAD techniques. The approach involves the measurement of a complex part and fitting using NURBS curves and surfaces. The errors were determined by difference between determined points on secondary surfaces and fitted CAD surface.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Dariusz Janecki, Stanisław Adamczak, Marek Cabaj
DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSORS DISPLACEMENT IN INSTRUMENTS FOR ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENTS
In the paper "A new approach to the examination of the displacement sensor characteristics" published in Measurement, vol. 28, pp. 261-267, sebrowska-Lucyk proposes a new, interesting method for measuring the characteristics of displacement sensors. The method consist in exciting the sensor tip with a sinusoidal signal having a known amplitude. In this paper, the authors modify the method so that it is possible: (1) to conduct measurements by means of a typical sensor tip with a circular crosssection, (2) to eliminate the necessity of possessing an additional measuring eccentricity standard, (3) to determine the sensor characteristics on the basis of non-closed roundness profiles.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Cristian Fosalau, Emil Vremera, Marinel Temneanu, Mihai Cretu
USING THE GMI EFFECT FOR DETECTING SMALL ROTATIONAL MOVEMENTS
The paper goal is to describe the way in which the Giant Magnetoimpedance Effect (GMI) occurring in the magnetic amorphous wires can be utilized to detect small rotational movements. The operation principle is based on modification of the wire impedance under action of a torsional stress when an ac low current flows through it. The schematic overview of an angle sensor built around this effect, along with some experimental results obtained upon the functional model are presented in the paper. Analysis was performed on the sensor behavior under different frequencies and intensities of the current flowing through the wire as well as under different values of an axial dc magnetic field applied to the wire in order to control the angle span of the sensor.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ichiko Misumi, Satoshi Gonda, Osamu Sato, Kentaro Sugawara, Kazunori Yoshizaki, Qiangxian Huang, Tomizo Kurosawa, Toshiyuki Takatsuji
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF NANOMETRIC LATERAL SCALE CONSISTING OF GaAs/InGaP SUPERLATTICE
Nanometric lateral scales with 25 nm pitch using GaAs/InGaP superlattice were designed and fabricated for realization of the-smallest-pitch-CRMs. The pitch of the scales was measured by a nanometrological AFM and uncertainty in pitch measurements was evaluated. The quality of the developed scales as CRMs was verified.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Michael Balke, Erwin Peiner, Lutz Doering
CANTILEVER STRUCTURES FOR MEASURING MICROSTRUCTURED SURFACES OF MACRO AND MICRO COMPONENTS
In this paper we present a new type of silicon micro cantilever structures with integrated tips for measuring microstructured surfaces. Results of FEM simulation and calibration results will be discussed. Also the fabrication of the structures and the fabrication of the tips are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Albert Weckenmann, Jörg Hoffmann
CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A TRACEABLE METROLOGICAL LONG RANGE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE
Based on a commercial laser interferometrically controlled long-range nanopositioning unit a traceable metrological STM with a range of 25 mm · 25 mm · 5 mm and a resolution up to 0.1 nm has been designed, set-up and tested. Design objectives of the custom made STM probing system were low noise and high thermal and mechanical stability to enable for time consuming large area scans.
As the nanopositioning stage is capable of traceable position measurement the probing system is used in compensation method, i.e. minimizing the effective measuring range of the sensor so that the length measured untraceably by the sensor is negligible compared to the lengths measured traceably by the interferometers.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Albert Weckenmann, Thomas Wiedenhoefer
MODULARIZED MODELING OF MEASUREMENT PROCESSES IN MICRO- AND NANOMETROLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION
Measurement uncertainty characterizes the quality of a measurement result. It is determined according GUM by modeling the measurement process with all effective influences. Compared to conventional measurement processes detailed models in micro- and nanometrology are not yet sufficiently published due to ongoing research on influences and correlations. In the paper the modeling background according GUM is shown and research results and a demo application in modularization of measurement processes in micro and nanotechnology will be presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. Füßl, G. Jäger, R. Grünwald, I. Schmidt
A NEW VECTORIAL MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN NANO COORDINATE
Nano coordinate measuring machines (NCMMs) are technological devices enabling the positioning, touching and measuring of centimetre-sized objects with nanometre precision. When using such measuring machines the specification of measurement results requires the expression of uncertainty of measurement. This paper describes a concept for the expression of three- dimensional uncertainty of NCMMs based on a vectorial metrological model. By means of a modular model approach submodels can be easily included in the metrological main model. Furthermore, cross-coupling effects arising between the measuring axes can be taken into account. The described model provides a basis for the expression of uncertainty according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) or by means of the Monte- Carlo-Method. The results of the uncertainty analysis are shown for a special example of a vectorial model.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G. Jäger, T. Hausotte, E. Manske, H.-J. Büchner, R. Mastylo, N. Dorozhovets, N. Hofmann
NANOMEASURING AND NANOPOSITIONING ENGINEERING
The paper describes traceable nanometrology based on a nanopositioning machine with integrated nanoprobes. The operation of a high-precision long range three-dimensional nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine (NPMMachine) having a resolution of 0.1 nm over the positioning and measuring range of 25 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm is explained. An Abbe offset-free design of three miniature plan mirror interferometers and applying a new concept for compensating systematic errors resulting from mechanical guide systems provide very small uncertainties of measurement. The NPM-Machine has been developed by the Institute of Process Measurement and Sensor Technology of the Technische Universität Ilmenau and manufactured by the SIOS Messtechnik GmbH Ilmenau. The machines are operating successfully in several German and foreign research institutes including the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany.
The integration of several, optical and tactile probe systems and nanotools makes the NPM-Machine suitable for various tasks, such as large-area scanning probe microscopy, mask and wafer inspection, nanostructuring, biotechnology and genetic engineering as well as measuring mechanical precision workpieces, precision treatment and for engineering new material. Various developed probe systems have been integrated into the NPM-Machine. The measurement results of a focus sensor, metrological AFM, white light sensor, tactile stylus probe and of a 3D-micro-touch-probe are presented. Single beam-, double beam- and triple beam interferometers built in the NPM-Machine for six degrees of freedom measurements are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Miroslaw Grzelka, Bartosz Gapinski
RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF CYLINDRICAL GEARS WITH COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
The accurate metrological analysis of the proposed measuring software enables to determine the errors of gears measurement with CMM, as well as to formulate recommendations on the chiose of the appropriate CMM with known uncertainty for the metrological task of gear measurement, where the gear is manufactured in certain accuracy class. Criterion of the metrological correctness allows that the final error would not exceed 10% of tolerance (or in some cases 20% of tolerance). In order to perform full metrological analysis of the measuring software accuracy it is needed to carry out several simulations that would enable to determine particular errors and their influence on the final measuring result.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Han-Young Ryu, Won-Kyu Lee, Han-Seb Moon, Chu-Shik Kang, Ho-Suhng Suh
A NOVEL DILATOMETER FOR MEASURING COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF ULE-MATERIAL USING A FIBER RING LASER
A new type of measuring system for coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) of ULE (Ultra Low Expansion) material by using a fiber ring laser is introduced in this paper. The lasing frequency of the laser is stabilized to one of the transmission peaks of the etalon filter by controlling the resonant frequency of the tunable filter. The spacer of the (Fabry-Perot type) etalon filter is made of ULE material.
We could measure the CTE of ULE by measuring the optical frequency change caused by the temperature change of the etalon spacer. The combined standard uncertainty is estimated as the value of 3.66 · 10^-8.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alexandre Titov, Igor Malinovsky
HIGH-PRECISION TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF MATERIAL ARTIFACTS
Important advances in temperature measurements of material artifacts are reported as a result of a new approach in high-precision calibration of thermometers, which is free from contribution of temperature gradients in the calibration system and velocity error, associated with time delays due to propagation of heat waves in artifacts.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jean Mailhé, Jean-Marc Linares, Jean-Michel Sprauel
VERIFICATION BY VIRTUAL GAUGE USING A STATISTICAL CRITERION
For the most part, metrology software is currently based on the measurement of distances or angles between geometrical elements. If this method of verification is well adapted to geometrical specification without a virtual state modifier, this is not appropriate for specification based on envelop zone such as in maximal matter condition, for example, for the ISO2692 standard. Usually the least squares best fit method is used to estimate derived surfaces, but the statistical information contained in the acquired coordinates remains under-used. The aim of this paper is to present a new approach for the verification of a part, based on a virtual gauge and using a statistical criterion.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andrej Predin, Ignacijo Biluš, Mitja Kastrevc, Roman Klasinc
MEASURING SYSTEM FOR RIVER BED AND WATER SURFACE MAPPING
This contribution presents a measuring system model (up to 5 m crossing distance) for river bed and water surface mapping. The basic parameters of the system are given together with principles of driving/controlling and measuring data processing.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Petri Österberg, Heimo Ihalainen, Risto Ritala
MEASUREMENT OF WOOD QUALITY PARAMETERS FROM ANNUAL RINGS USING COLOR ANALYSIS WITH DIGITAL IMAGES
In this paper we present an image analysis method which provides wood quality parameters from board and log end images. Our analysis recognizes annual rings in prepared cutting surface despite of varying color pattern or lighting. After locating annual rings accurately, proportions of earlywood and latewood can be measured globally and locally in the image. Our method is based on combining moving window to principle component analysis (PCA). Furthermore, we apply various filtering methods to enhance result matrixes.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Stanislaw Adamczak,Dariusz Janecki, Krzysztof Stepien
AN ANALYSIS OF ERRORS OF V-BLOCK CYLINDRICITY MEASUREMENT WITH REGARD TO THE METHOD PARAMETERS
At the Kielce University of Technology (PL) a new method of cylindricity measurements using V-blocks has been developed. Results of the statistical verification of the method show that its accuracy equals about 19% in relation to accurate radial method. The paper presents results of the research work covering the analysis of potential sources of errors of the method, related to the method parameters.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Ilknur Cavusoglu, M.Numan Durakbasa, P. Herbert Osanna
PROCESS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT FOR THE QUALITY PROGRESS IN THE INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS
As the competition gets tougher, there is more pressure on manufacturing sectors to improve quality and customer satisfaction while decreasing cost and increasing productivity. These can be achieved by using modern quality management systems and process improvement techniques to reduce the process variability and driven waste within manufacturing process using effective application of statistical tools. There are a number of different methods for collecting and evaluation data. One of them is pre-control. Pre-control is a technique that helps shop operators to control the process so that defective parts are not produced. This technique is also simple to understand for the shop operators and statistically robust. In this study, it was used this techniques for the quality progress of the production parts with one-sided geometrical tolerances.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Saulius Kaušinis, Aurimas Jakštas, Rimantas Barauskas, Albinas Kasparaitis
INVESTIGATION OF DYMANIC PROPERTIES OF LINE SCALE CALIBRATION SYSTEMS
The paper addresses the error-related problems specific to line scale calibration in dynamic mode of operation that are caused primarily by geometrical and thermal deviations of the calibration system components. A new 3D finite element model has been developed in order to both investigate thermo-mechanical processes in the comparator structure and evaluate possible temperature influence on geometrical dimensions of the line scale. An interferometer-controlled comparator setup with a moving microscope has been designed to evaluate the performance of the long scale calibration process.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

B. Dhanasekar, B. Ramamoorthy
SURFACE ROUGHNESS EVALUATION OF CYLINDRICAL MACHINED SURFCAES
Computer vision based on digital image processing is a fast emerging as a research tool in various branches of engineering. In manufacturing engineering environment it is mainly used for robot applications like inspection, recognition and navigation. In this work the area of application is extended to incorporate its use in metrological applications where the objective of the work had been to evaluate the surface roughness of cylindrical machined surface (turned) using machine vision technique. Basically to estimate the roughness of a cylindrical surface based on the images would pose a fundamental problem as the surface being a doubly curved one. This image distortion need to be resolved before proceeding to the evaluation of roughness of such surfaces. This study uses involved the geometric correction technique by developing an algorithm in which distortion encountered in the projection of cylindrical machined surface image is rectified. The quantification for surface roughness after opening the surfaces is performed using the surface image parameters (spatial frequency (F), arithmetic mean value (Ga) and standard deviation (STD)). Then the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) technique was used to obtain an analytical relationship of the roughness parameters calculated using the digital surface image and the stylus instrument values. An analysis based on the comparison to make sure that the present approach of estimation of surface finish based on the digital processed image could be implemented in practice, is presented in this paper.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Bartosz Gapinski, Miroslaw Grzelka, Miroslaw Rucki
THE ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENT WITH COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES
In the article, the form deviation (roundness) measurement with the Coordinate Measuring Machine has been discussed. The influence of the measuring points number and the type of the roundness deviation on the result (since different fitting elements are used) has been presented. The obtained investigation results prove that minimal number of points is not enough for measurement, while the too large number does not improve the measurement, as well. The recommendation on the measuring points number have been given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Rodrigo Riquelme, Ignacio Lira, Carlos Pérez-López, Juan A. Rayas, Ramón Rodríguez-Vera
INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF A DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
In this paper we present two methods to measure the diffusion coefficient in transparent media using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). Although these methods are not new, it appears that they have not been compared, and that the proposed scheme of data treatment by least-squares adjustment for one of these methods has not been applied before. The methods were tested on a cell containing a 1.75 M NaCl solution diffusing into distilled water. Results using either method were very similar and they compare well with the value of the diffusion coefficient reported in the literature for the two substances.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Leonardo Massunari Lieu, Agenor de Toledo Fleury
PROJECT OF A MICROPOSITIONING SYSTEM FOR A ROUNDNESS MEASURING MACHINE
This work presents the design of a X-Y table, which features a “Deadbeat” type controller to be used as an auxiliary device in a roundness measuring machine.
In order to give evidences and to complete the development of this work, several numerical simulations have been executed through the timing of the work and a prototype has been built to test the concepts.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Matías Roberto Viotti, Armando Albertazzi G. Jr., Ricardo Suterio
A MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER AS A CALIBRATION TOOL OF A RADIAL IN-PLANE DIGITAL SPECKLE INTERFEROMETER
The paper reports on the use of a Michelson interferometer for calibration of a radial in-plane digital speckle pattern interferometer. Also presents a numerical method to calculate a correction factor from the assessment of the displacements measured with both interferometers. This factor allows correcting mistakes introduced in the measurement process and generated mainly by a laser diode, which is used as light source of the digital speckle pattern interferometer. The description of the experimental set up and calibration procedure are presented. Experimental results obtained during one calibration process are also given. Finally, it will be demonstrated that the calibrated RIP system can measure displacements with a smaller average deviation, once the experimental results were analyzed and the calibration process was carried out, since it diminished from 6.2 % up to 1.5 %.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yong-Hak Huh, Dong-Iel Kim,Chang-Doo Kee
ESPI TECHNQIUE FOR MEASURING MICRO-TENSILE PROPERTIES OF THIN FILM MATERIALS
In-plane ESPI(electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometric) technique was developed to measure the micro-mechanical properties for thin film materials. The properties were determined from the micro-tensile stress and strain curve by measuring micro-tensile strain in micro-sized specimen 0.5 µm thick and 200 µm wide. The specimen was monotonically loaded by the micro-tensile loading system developed in this study. The micro-tensile strain during tensile loading was measured using the in-plane ESPI technique. In order to continuously measure the strain during loading, the subsequent strain measurement algorithm was developed. Furthermore, sensitivity to measurement of the strain was enhanced by phase estimation algorithms: sinusoidal fitting technique and object-induced dynamic phase shifting technique. Using these algorithms, the micro-tensile stress-strain curves were generated. It is shown that the sensitivity was increased by 6 times to a maximum.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gilder Nader, Paulo Tiago Fracasso, Paulo José Saiz Jabardo, José Pucci Caly, Wagner Cesar Bruna, Flavius Portella Ribas Martins, Eduardo Ferrara, Mikiya Muramatsu, Niklauss UrsusWetter, Marcos Tadeu Pereira
A LOW COST PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY
A low cost PIV was developed for Fluid-flow measurement and studies of flow around structural models or industrial facilities in wind tunnels. The analysis were conducted in a 100 mm x 150 mm optical window. The results show that the PIV prototype is working even though further development is necessary.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gilder Nader, Ronny Calixto Carbonari, Emílio Carlos Nelli Silva
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF XY PIEZOELECTRIC NANOPOSITIONERS
XY nanopositioners consist of two piezoceramic actuating a compliant mechanism. Prototypes were manufactured in aluminum using a wire EDM process, and bonded to PZT5A. Finite element simulations were carried out using the commercial ANSYS software application. Experimental analyses were conducted using laser interferometry to measure displacement, while considering a quasi-static excitation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Tokihiko Kobata
MEASUREMENT OF EFFECTIVE AREA RATIO OF GAS AND HYDRAULIC PRESSURE BALANCES
This paper describes a method to compare the pressure generated by gas and hydraulic pressure balances with different medium, in order to improve harmonization between a gas pressure standard and a liquid pressure standard. The pressure range compared is 0.5 MPa to 7 MPa. In the method, a gas-liquid exchanger is used and a precise pressure transducer is employed as a comparator to determine the equilibrium state between the two pressure balances. From the measurement result obtained from the method, it was shown that the effective area ratio of gas and hydraulic pressure balances was determined as a function of pressure with the estimated uncertainty in all the pressure ranges compared.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

G. Buonanno, G. Giovinco, G. Molinar Min Beciet, P. Delajoud, R. Haines
A FEM ANALYSIS OF A NEGATIVE FREE DEFORMATION PRESSURE BALANCE OPERATING UP TO 100 MPa
The main purpose of this work is the numerical and experimental analysis of an innovative negative free deformation pressure balance. The numerical prediction of the pressure distortion coefficient, the piston fall rates, the piston-cylinder elastic distortions is achieved through the Finite Element Method (FEM). The numerical results are compared to the experimental values.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alaaeldin A.E. Eltawil, Douglas Olson
CHARACTERIZATION OF A PRIMARY STANDARD CONTROLLED CLEARANCE PRESSURE BALANCE USING HEYDEMANN AND WELCH MODEL
For a traceable measurement to be verified and meaningful, it is important that all the measuring apparatus have to be calibrated against standards that are traceable to National/ International Standards. Calibration is a process that determines the operational integrity of mislaying instruments by determining their measurement uncertainties. In order to ensure the calibration of a measuring instrument traceable to National Standards, a hierarchy of standards and standards laboratories are established. A primary pressure standard that can metrologically characterized in a complete and an independent way with reference only to the basic units of the S.I. system, is defined as force per unit area (pressure balance) or the height of a liquid column (liquid manometer). Pressure balances are excellent primary standards for measuring pressure with high resolution and high accuracy. Characterization of primary standard pressure balance (controlled clearance) will be presented in this work.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Davor Zvizdic, Lovorka Grgec Bermanec, Tomislav Stasic
REALIZATION OF NATIONAL ABSOLUTE PRESSURE STANDARD AT LPM
This paper presents absolute pressure calibration system in the range from 25 kPa up to 2 MPa which is being developed in Croatian national pressure laboratory- Laboratory for Process Measurement (LPM) at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FSB) in Zagreb.
Design of the system, theoretical basis, effective area determination methods and the model for estimation of absolute pressure measurement uncertainty are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jorge C. Torres-Guzmán, Pablo Olvera-Arana, Luiz H. Paraguassú, Paulo R. G. Couto
COMPARISON BETWEEN INMETRO (BRAZIL) AND CENAM (MEXICO) ON BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, RANGE FROM 80 kPa UP TO 115 kPa
This paper presents the comparison between the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizaçăo e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO, Brazil) and the Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM, Mexico) on barometric pressure in the range from 80 kPa up to 115 kPa. This comparison was carried out at the end of 2004 and has been entered within the data base of the Sistema Interamericano de Metrología (Interamerican Metrology System, SIM) as comparison SIM.7.25 P. The pilot laboratory was CENAM. The standards used by the national laboratories were pressure balances, operated in free deformation. The transfer standard used for the comparison was a digital barometer, accuracy class of 0.01 % of full scale. Eight points of pressures were selected and each pressure was measured four times. The results obtained by the two laboratories were in agreement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Myroslav Tykhan, Liubomyra Kolochenyk
METHOD FOR INPUT SIGNAL RESTORATION DURING DYNAMIC PRESSURE
One of the methods for input signal restoration during dynamic pressure measurement in real time and its relevant piezoresistive sensor are proposed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaroslav Kadlec, Radimír Vrba, Radek Helán
PRESSURE SENSING VIA OPTICAL INETRFEROMETRIC PRINCIPLE
This paper describes steps involved in a new type of pressure sensing. Significance of this approach and propose approaches for improving sensitivity, resistance to electromagnetic interference, dimensions and accuracy. The goal of the project is the research of complex smart pressure sensor based on the new sensing system with galvanic fiber optic isolation including research and experimental validation of this new pressure sensing principle.
The objectives of the project of applied research are in new methods and technology of pressure sensors with galvanic isolation and function specimen of smart optical pressure sensor for explosive industrial environment and/or environment with high electromagnetic interference and very high precision and absolute resistance to electric and magnetic interference.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alberto C. G. C. Diniz, Alessandro B. S. Oliveira, Joăo Nildo de Souza Vianna , Fernando J.R. Neves
DYNAMIC CALIBRATION METHODS FOR PRESSURE SENSORS AND DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD DEVICES FOR DYNAMIC PRESSURE
This paper presents state-of-the-art research being carried out in Brazil for the development of methods and devices used in the dynamic calibration of pressure sensors. The work is part of an effort set forth to set up a national reference laboratory. The devices developed and their metrological characteristics are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

SamYong Woo, InMook Choi
INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF 133 Pa CDG USING PRESSURE BALANCE
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of precise low-pressure gauges such as Capacitance Diaphragm Gauge (CDG) devices in the range 133 Pa using a commercial gas-operated pressure balance. Generally the pressure balance is not adequate to calibrate such low pressure gauges as the minimum pressure to balance the tare weight corresponds to a pressure of several kilopascals. However using a variable bell-jar pressure method can overcome this difficulty. To realize this method effectively, we developed a new weight-handling device that makes it possible to add or remove weights easily. This apparatus is very useful to find the characteristics of such low-pressure gauges. Moreover, one of the greatest benefits of this method is the traceability to link directly to the gas pressure standard that is easily traceable to the national standard.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jorge C. Torres-Guzmán, Luis A. Santander-Romero, Luiz H. Paraguassú, Paulo R. G. Couto, Ilca L. Bezerra
SIM VACUUM COMPARISON FROM 13 Pa UP TO 1,33 kPa
This comparison constitutes the first vacuum comparison among National Metrology Institutes (NMI) within the Interamerican Metrology System (SIM). Each laboratory used its national standards. The Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM, Mexico) used a primary standard (static expansion system type) and the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizaçăo e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO, Brazil) used a secondary standard (comparison system type). CENAM had the role of coordinator and pilot laboratory. The comparison started in December 2004 and finished in March 2005. The objective of the comparison was to estimate the level of agreement for the realization of the quantity and the uncertainty associated to its measurement.
One transducer (Capacitive Diaphragm Gauge) was used as transfer standard; the comparison range was selected from 13 Pa to 1,33 kPa. The relevant aspects of the measurement protocol are summarized in the paper but were widely developed in the comparison reference documents. The gas used for the comparison was nitrogen. The measurements started at the lowest pressure and the pressure was increased up to the maximum range. The analysis of measurements comparability between the laboratories is included here. This bilateral comparison has been entered within the SIM data base as a pilot comparison SIM.7.26 P.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Felix Sharipov, Guilherme Bertoldo
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF PIRANI SENSOR
Numerical calculations of heat flux in the Pirani sens were carried out for a wide range of the gas rarefaction based on the kinetic Boltzmann equation. To take into account a non-diffuse gas-surface interaction the Cercignani-Lampis scattering kernel was used in the boundary condition. Such a kernel allowed us to study the influence of the momentum and energy accommodation coefficients on the heat transfer from the sensor wire into surrounding gas. The present results can be applied to improve the precision of pressure measurements by Pirani sensor.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Paulo R. G. Couto, Luiz Henrique Paraguassu, Leonardo Rodrigues Cinelli, Ilca Lopes.Bezerra, Isabela Wanderley Alves, Walmir Sérgio da Silva
VERIFICATION OF THE CONVERGENCE BETWEEN ISO GUM 95 vs MONTE CARLO METHOD REGARDING THE EXPANDAD UNCERTAINTY AT THE PRESSURE LABORATORY IN BRAZIL
This paper describes the way by which the National Pressure Laboratory in Brazil has been calculating its calibration measurement capabilities (CMC) using the uncertainty estimations contained in the ISO GUM 95 and declared in the appendix C of the BIPM, and verifying if there is any convergence and consistency between the measurements results calculate with both methods.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Anil Agarwal, Claude Jacques
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO ESTIMATING UNCERTAINTY IN PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
For any measurement to be meaningful, the result of the measurement must be accompanied with a statement of its uncertainty. The evaluation of uncertainties associated with pressure measurement is sometimes complex but an important task. This paper presents a systematic approach for estimating measurement uncertainty by providing a worked example for the case of pressure measurement by a pneumatic dead-weight tester.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Andrzej Masłowski, Wojciech Ulatowski
MODELING OF SUPERVISOR’S ACTION MEASUREMENTS IN CONTROL OF MULTI-AGENTS MOBILE ROBOTIC SUBSYSTEM
The ways of modeling of supervisor’s action measurements in control of multi-agents mobile robotic subsystem using cognitive idea are discussed. The architecture of a transport subsystem, which can work efficiently both in the newest and existing manufacturing systems as well as rules for co-operation and coordination of vehicles have been presented. Computer simulation results are given.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaromír Volf, Josef Vlček, Tomáš Šemnický
THE PIEZOELECTRIC TACTILE SENSOR FOR STATIC FORCE MEASUREMENT
The new tactile sensors - based on piezoeffect – have been developed. Piezoceramics PZK 850 is used as the force – electrical signal converter. This sensor is able to measure static force to 50 N without charge amplifier using. Functional principles and sensors properties are described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jaromír Volf, Josef Vlček
INVESTIGATION FOR TIMBER BARKING ROBOTIZED SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
The original Timber Barking Principle – Using Electrical Current Effects has been tested for an industry timber barking purposes. This untraditional timber barking - no wood loss - method demands the special measuring Stand By Post to be done – for the parameters identification and setting; to be realized the voltage control for the Timber Barking Model with Operational Dimensions. The other control way – acceptable for the logs with the low quality subcortical layers has been tested. The speed control tests of the feeding device has been done – to be improved the robotized system intelligent behaviour. The tests results and problems are given. To the successful Timber Barking - the specific energy range w [Ws/m˛] has been caught.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Mariolino De Cecco, Luca Baglivo, Enrico Ervas, Enrico Marcuzzi
ASYNCHRONOUS AND TIME-DELAYED SENSOR FUSION OF A LASER SCANNER NAVIGATION SYSTEM AND ODOMETRY
This paper presents a description of the ‘sensor fusion’ algorithm for our proprietary new navigation system, the LS_NAV, which is based on laser range scanning data inside natural environment. The fusion is exploited between odometric navigation and the LS_NAV. In the proposed algorithm the accuracy of both navigation systems is estimated as a function of the actual manoeuvre being carried out. The method allows compensating the drift of the incremental system estimation, high data rate and noise reduction of the LS_NAV estimates. Experimental verification is carried out using an autonomous vehicle.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jerzy Sładek, Grzegorz Sokal
THE CORRECTION OF THE MEASURING ACCURACY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ROBOT BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Using industrial robots to the measurement tasks in the field of multicoordinate metrology is worth the interest. But it demands performing adaptation process, correcting the measuring accuracy if needed and determining the field of measuring tasks. During the adaptation process it is important to perform analysis of the accuracy of built measurement system. In the case of lack of accuracy it is indispensable to correct this values. The use of software methods like ANN (Artifical Neural Networks) seems to be expedient, because it is not the mechanical interference. The point of the described method is the determination of error in the given spaces. Then it is possible to built the accuracy model of whole robots space.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Milan Kvasnica
PROPERTIES OF SIX DOF MEASUREMENTS FOR ROBOTICS AND CONTROL
he paper is focused on the analyze of the accuracy and linearity of the six degrees-of-freedom (DoF) measurement system for the sampling of structural dynamic properties in robotics, engineering constructions and for control operation in space. The subject of this measurement device is the sampling and information processing used in the conversion of the 2-D CCD array images into three axial and three angular displacement values. Every 2- CCD array image consists of one, alternatively four light spot produced by light rays from four laser sources. These light beams form the edges of a pyramidal shape with one, alternatively four 2-D arrays forming its base and the intersection of laser light rays is forming its apex. The analyze of the accuracy and the linearity is based on algorithms for direct and inverse transformation for the computation of three axial shiftings and three angular displacements values in order to determine the relative location and orientation of a floating 2-D coordinate system against fixed 3-D coordinate system of laser rays.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Koji Ito, Tsutomu Imai, Toshiyuki Kondo
MOTOR ADPTATION TO DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS IN ARM REACHING MOTIONS
In daily life, humans must compensate for the resultant forces arising form interaction with the physical environment. Recent studies have shown that humans can acquire a neural representation of the relation between motor command and movement, i.e. learn an internal model of the environment dynamics. The present paper discusses whether humans can identify one side of dynamics from the mixed environment dynamics in the case where humans have experienced either of them.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Teresa Goodman, Alistair Forbes, Helen Walkey
A PRACTICAL MODEL FOR MESOPIC PHOTOMETRY
This article reports the results of a multinational research project investigating visual performance in halflight (mesopic) conditions. From the experimental investigations using reaction time, detection threshold and recognition contrast threshold techniques, the results were used to develop a system for practical mesopic photometry, which provides an acceptably good fit to the experimental data and is also suitable for practical implementation by the lighting industry. A major feature of the model is that it can be implemented in terms of photopic and scotopic luminance measurements, measurements that can easily be made in practice.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Anna Ostaszewska, Sabina śebrowska-Łucyk, Rafał Kłoda
METROLOGY PROPERTIES OF HUMAN OBSERVER IN COMPRESSED VIDEO QUALITY EVALUATION
The main purpose of this paper is to present the method of subjective quality evaluation recommended by International Telecommunication Union and the results obtained. Authors propose a bunch of factors describing an individual viewer.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Maura Casadio, Alessandro Noriaki Ide, Pietro G. Morasso, Vittorio Sanguineti
COMPUTER HAPTICS FOR NEUROMOTOR REHABILITATION
The paper proposes an approach for linking the analysis of the neural control of movement and motor learning with robot therapy in neuromotor rehabilitation. A new haptic workstation is described and a pilot study of robot therapy with hemiplegic patients is presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jan Holub, Michael Street, Ondrej Tomiska
COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT NON-INTRUSIVE ALGORITHM FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION QUALITY MEASURMENT
A new, wavelet-based, non-intrusive method for speech transmission quality measurements is described in the abstract. It models human perception of quality of transmitted speech signal. The deployed Discrete Wavelet Transform, in comparison with Fourier Transform, enables to reduce the computational power. In comparison with standardized methods (based on ITU-T P.563 algorithms), the described method saves about 90% of operations needed, achieving about 90% of the results of P.563. Thus, it is suitable for operational continuous assessment, or even for applications embedded in the mobile terminal.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Jukka Lekkala, Timo Salpavaara, Satu Kärki
EMFI - VERSATILE MATERIAL FOR MONITORING OF HUMAN FUNCTIONS
ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi1) is a thin, plastic material that can be utilized as a sensor and actuator. We have tested the material in three different applications. A prototype of a chair equipped with EMFi sensors was constructed in order to monitor pulse, breathing and other activities of a person sitting on the chair. Measured information can be used to study human behavior during computer use. Pulse and breathing were noticed to be easily found from measurement signals of a person sitting restfully on chair. Ultrasonic radar that is based on EMFi has been built and studied. EMFi is quite new material in the field of ultrasonics and has favorable properties like good matching to air in comparison to present transducer materials. The device detects, if there is an object in front of the transducer. Measurements of directivity pattern of the built transducer, transmitter output and receiver sensitivity are presented. Some experiments were carried out to determine device’s ability to detect different objects. A flexible and thin headset prototype including microphone and earphone was realized by using EMFi material. According to the preliminary tests the sensitivity of the microphone is adequate.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Edwardo Arata, Yamamoto Murakami, Toshihiro Matsui
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN VISUAL, FORCE AND AUDIO SENSORY FEEDBACK INTEGRATION IN MANIPULATION TASK
In most of the cases the lack of appropriate sensory feedback, as limited visual information and/or absence of force feedback, became a barrier to the widespread use of master-slave robotic systems. The analysis of how the human operator attains and processes the sensory feedback information is of great importance in the design of such teleoperated systems. The aim of this research is to analyze the human visual, force and audio sensory feedback integration related to a manipulation task. The result of this analysis will be used to build a model of a human operator in order to assist the design, simulation and evaluation of human-machine systems.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yusuke Tamura, Masao Sugi, Jun Ota, Tamio Arai
HANDING-OVER BETWEEN HUMAN AND SELF-MOVING TRAY
We aim for realizing a robotic system that hands over necessary objects to a user as soon as he/she attempts to reach out for it. In this study, we adopt self-moving trays as robots. In order to hand the objects to the user, the system has to predict the user’s hand movements and adapt to them. In this paper, we propose a method to predict durations and final positions of reaching movements of the user's hand. We apply the minimum jerk model to the prediction and estimate parameters of the model by using Levenberg- Marquardt method. A description of the experimental results demonstrates the usefulness of the method proposed here.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

L.R.M. Miranda
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION IN BRAZILIAN LEGAL AMAZON - FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS
This paper presents the first results concerning tests carried out to evaluate the atmospheric corrosion in Brazilian Legal Amazon, as part of the SIVAM – Amazon Surveillance System. The aim of the present work is to determine and select materials as well as anti-rust paints, which will be employed to protect metallic structures of radar towers, equipment and buildings. Five anti-rust paints on mild and galvanised steels were tested. Field tests are supported by accelerated laboratory results in wet and drying cycles in electrolytes simulating different microclimates. These solutions were prepared in laboratory based on pH, conductivity and chloride content values of locally collected rainwater.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Lopes Ribeiro, Helena M. Geirinhas Ramos, Pedro M. Ramos, J.M. Dias Pereira
INDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVITY CELL FOR WATER SALINITY MONITORING
In this paper we describe an inductive sensor constructed as a double transformer, to be utilized to measure the water salinity in the sea and estuaries. The sensor uses two toroidal cores. Each core is provided with one single winding. The windings have equal number of turns. The electromotive forces developed in the water give rise to electrical currents which act as the secondary currents of one transformer and the primary currents of the other. Therefore, the relation between the voltage applied to the primary circuit and the voltage in the secondary depend on the conductivity of the water.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Gilder Nader, Edson Roberto Marciotto, Amaur. Pereira Oliveira, Paulo Jarbado, Marcos Tadeu Pereira
CARACTERIZATION OF THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER WITH AN ATMOSPHERIC WIND TUNNEL: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
We have performed some measurements to characterize an atmospheric wind tunnel at the Institute for Technological Research (IPT) and then some question related to environmental pollution were investigated. We determined the roughness length z0, and friction velocity u*, based on vertical velocity profiles and an estimate of inertial sub-layer thickness was obtained by assuming that within it z0 and u* are almost constant. The influence of floor roughness configurations and the presence or not of vortex generators were taken into account. The study of spectra of times series and velocity field within a urban canyon model are consistent with the literature.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Helena M. Geirinhas Ramos, A. Lopes Ribeiro, Milan Komarek, Martin Novotny
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CONDUCTIVITY CELL FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING
The measurement of electrolytic conductivity is widely applied as a control parameter and its relevance is continuously increasing, not only in industrial applications but also in the environmental monitoring domain. In this work the attention is focused on the electrical behavior of low cost in-situ four electrode conductivity cells for water quality monitoring in estuaries and oceans. The design of each cell, the choice of the cell constant suitable for the range of conductivities to be measured, the modeling of the current density distribution using a finite element method are described in detail. The experimental characterization of the cell versus frequency, temperature and salt concentration is also carried out. A frequency range where parasitic effects are minimized is identified.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R.A. Barbosa, R.T. Lopes
REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY FOR RADIATION ELECTRONIC DOSIMETER
This work presents part of a pilot document, which it pretends to be a Brazilian standard for type testing and calibration of electronic instruments, for monitoring workers in radioactivity areas. Were analyzed many foreign and international standards. At this time, the priority was taken to ESD and EMC influence. The contributions will be the security of using an adequate instrument.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Joăo Carlos Giacomin, Flávio Henrique Vasconcelos
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AS A MEASUREMENT TOOL IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE
In this work it is proposed a new tool to measure crop water-content using RF communication signals from nodes of a wireless sensor network. Accurate measurement is obtained combining data from many nodes spread in the crop field. The mathematical model of the measuring process is discussed and experimental data are presented supporting the model.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Octavian Postolache, Pedro Silva Girăo, José Miguel Dias Pereira, Helena Ramos
WATER QUALITY SENSORS CALIBRATION SYSTEM BASED ON RECONFIGURABLE FPGA TECHNOLOGY
An implementation of a reconfigurable FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) is proposed for digital control and acquisition tasks associated with a water quality sensor calibration system. The system permits the water quality (WQ) sensor auto-calibration based on FPGA control of different actuators (pumps and electrovalves) and of WQ data sensor acquisition, real time WQ data processing based on real-time controller capabilities and wireless data communication. Elements related with the power consumption of the calibration system are also presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Peter Princz, Scot E. Smith
COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL DEGRADABILITY TEST OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATERS
The composition and, consequently, the biological degradability (BD), of pharmaceutical wastewaters are not constant in time. To optimize the wastewater management of a pharmaceutical factory, real time data are needed about the BD of wastewaters. In our experiments, it was found that measurements using a lab-scale wastewater treatment plant (LWWTP) and a short-time BOD (RBOD) meter, as well as the combined evaluation of RBOD and COD data ensured rapid and accurate assessment of BD of wastewaters.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Cédric Rivier, Guillaume Labarraque, Philippe Charlet, Jean-Max Rouyer, Marie-Philippe Seiller
COOPERATION BETWEEN NMIs AND PROFICIENCY TESTING PROVIDERS CAN IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ANALYSES
Certified Reference Materials and Proficiency Testing Schemes are essential tools to ensure the quality of analyses of “field” chemical laboratories. LNE, the French National Metrology Institute has participated in a proficiency test, organized by BIPEA, on the determination of mercury and selenium in drinking water to guarantee the traceability of laboratory measurement to the SI unit. This new cooperation between NMI and PT providers allows to establish new traceability schemes for chemical analyses.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Roberto G. Pereira, Gilberto A. Romeiro, Daniel L. T. Fernandes, Carlos E. Fellows, Oscar E. P. Tulcán
MEASUREMENTS OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS AND ELECTRIC POWER IN A STATIONARY ENGINE USING BLENDS OF DIESEL AND AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
The present work describes an experimental investigation concerning the exhaust emissions and the electric energy generation using blends of diesel and an alternative fuel obtained through the Low Temperature Conversion process applied to petrochemical residue. The alternative fuel (LTCF) was obtained in a Pilot Unit. The exhaust emissions (CO, CO₂, O₂, NO, NO_x and SO₂) were, also, studied. The results show that the use of diesel-LTCF blends in stationary engine is an alternative for the sustainable development. The mixture 10%vol. of LTCF and 90%vol. of diesel is the best one concerning the exhaust emissions.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Roberto G. Pereira, Carlos E. Fellows, Cesar D. Oliveira, Jorge L. Oliveira, Paulo Cesar P. Oliveira, Oscar E. P.
CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECT OF USING BLENDS OF DIESEL AND SOYBEAN BIODIESEL AS FUEL IN A STATIONARY ENGINE
The present work describes an experimental investigation concerning the electric energy generation using blends of diesel and soybean biodiesel. The soybean biodiesel was produced by a transesterification process of the soybean oil using methanol in the presence of a catalyst (KOH). The properties (density, flash point, viscosiy, pour point, cetane index, conradson carbon residue and distillation) of the diesel and soybean biodiesel were determined. The exhaust emissions (CO, CO₂, C_xH_y, O₂, NO, NO_x and SO₂) were, also, studied. The results show that the use of diesel-soybean biodiesel as fuel blends in stationary engine is an alternative for the sustainable development.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Shigeru Takayama, Motoshi Hiraoka, Koichiro Mori, Komyo Kariya
LANDSLIDE DISASTER MONITORING BY WIRELESS SENSING NETWORK
Sensing system to monitor natural disasters faces much hard conditions. Natural disaster occurs suddenly, and damages sensor system. Then, the sensor system should be designed as distributed node network. In addition to that, the network should have some characteristic functions like self-recovery, autonomous operation and effective data transmission in urgent. This paper describes the construction of autonomous sensing node network to recover the damage by landslide disaster and to transmit urgent data effectively. The sensing node network is operated by three mode(initializing mode, measuring mode and urgent mode). By switching these operation modes autonomously, the sensing node network becomes robust system to the loss/insert of sensing node and the dynamic control of data transmission. Finally by some experiments, the effectiveness of operation is shown.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

T. Katsumata, H. Aizawa, W. Takechi, K. Ito, S. Komuro, T. Morikawa
GAS SENSING USING PHOTOLUMINESCENCE FROM PHOSPHOR CONTAINED SILICA GEL
Variations in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra from porous silica gel containing the luminous organic pigments were evaluated before and after the exposure in the vapors of CHCl3. Peak intensity of PL from rhodamine and fluorescein contained silica gel vary with the concentration of pigment. Peak intensity of PL also varies after exposure in the organic vapors of CHCl3. Temperature dependences of PL intensity from rhodamine and fluorescein contained silica gel are also evaluated for sensor applications. The organic luminous pigments contained silica gel is suggested to be useful fluorescent sensor materials.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Oleh Velychko, Tetyana Gordiyenko
NEW TASKS OF METROLOGY ON GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Significant attention is paid to general questions relative to new activity of international organizations for solution of new tasks of metrology on global environmental problems, monitoring of global climate change, and Webbases e-learning for technical environmental experts, which are conducted by international environmental organizations.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Yusaku Fujii, Shigeru Kumakura, Noriaki Yoshiura, Naoya Ohta, Hiroaki Otsuka
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT SECURITY USING HOME COMPUTERS
We are promoting a novel concept "the e-JIKEI Network": a community will have a strong ability to prevent crime only if some residents keep watch on what happens around their houses with the aid of their own home computers, commercially available cheap cameras, and freesoftware. Under this scheme, residents would view their surroundings using cheap cameras as their own eyes and home computers as their own brains with altruistic spirit. Community safety would thus be realized by the voluntarily cooperation and altruism of ordinary citizens using widespread modern technology. In this paper, an attempt for realizing the residential district security using the e-JIKEI Network is described.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A.F. Clain, M.J.C.S. Bragança, A.M.G.F. Azeredo, L. Tauhata, C.C.S Conceiçăo, E.M.O Bernardes
PREPARATION OF A SOIL REFERENCE MATERIAL WITH HIGH THORIUM CONCENTRATION FOR DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDES FROM THORIUM AND URANIUM NATURAL SERIES
It was prepared a reference material from a soil with high thorium concentration from a region with high natural radioactivity. Performed tests using gamma spectrometry and statistical programs showed that the prepared material was homogeneous and enough stable to be used as an in-house reference material in intercomparison exercises.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Beata Palczynska, Ludwik Spiralski, Jacek Wyszkowski
ASSESSEMENT OF LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITIES ON BOARD OF SHIPS
The methodology of measurements of low frequency electromagnetic field intensity, existing on the seagoing ships, is presented. The selected results of the tests taken during the ship’s stay in the port and at sea, are performed. In some chosen places, the level of electric and magnetic constituents of the field intensity was assessed. The sources of strong magnetic field in the low frequency range have been located, its spectrum course was of 1/f type. Due to the analysis of measurements results, the level of electromagnetic field intensity was evaluated, in reference to standards and recommendations of marine classification societies. The analysis of the emitted disturbances level was carried out, bearing in mind the crew protection against the excessive emission of electromagnetic field.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

C. De Capua, A. Liccardo, R. Morello
A PORTABLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASED ON A PDA DEVICE FOR ACQUIRING AND TESTING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD LEVELS
In this paper an user-friendly and manageable measurement system for environmental monitoring and control applications is presented. The specific experimental case concerns the acquisition and processing of the exposure levels to environmental electromagnetic field (EMF). The proposed measurement instrument is equipped with a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) device and a field probe sensing the electromagnetic field in high frequency range. The small dimensions make it a practical tool in order to monitor the pollution state in urban area. The embedded application allows user to acquire and test in real-time the field levels in order to verify their conformity with fixed exposure limits. The processing stage optimization is achieved by analyzing the influence of measurement uncertainty on the comparison process between measured values and tolerance limits. So, according to measurement result, a confidence level provides information on the response reliability about the compliance or non-compliance with the fixed thresholds. A final report on the PDA display shows user the general EMF trend and the possible limit overcoming happening. Then data can be transmitted to a remote client for further analysis, so designing timely appropriate intervention plans in order to safeguard population from potential hazardous situations.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Erasmo F. Vergara, Jovani A. Steffani, Samir N. Y. Gerges, Marcos A. Pedroso
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF NOISE EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS FOR HEADPHONE USERS
Noise emissions from sources located close to the ear, such as the headphones of telemarketing operators are determined using the international standard ISO 11904. The MIRE and manikin techniques are applied simultaneously to estimate the levels of noise exposure. The uncertainties from different sources are estimated for the determination of the diffuse-field related equivalent continuous A-weighted SPL from an earphone.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Luis Gurriana
THE EFFECTS OF GEOMETRIC FACTORS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF TWO ELECTRODES AND THREE ELECTRODES CONDUCTIVITY CELLS: A MODELLING AND SIMULATION SOFTWARE APPROACH
This paper presents a study of the effects of geometric factors on the behaviour of conductivity cells for water quality monitoring.
A modelling and simulation software tool has been used to study the variation of the current density near the cells and its influence on the value of the geometric factor as well as in the value of conductivity.
The effect of the number of electrodes and their relative positions in the value of geometric constant of cells are shown as well as several plots of electric field and current density for different values of conductivity and in the presence of conductive and non conductive objects to study their influence on the conductivity measurements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

A. Michalski, A. Kalicki, Z. Staroszczyk, B. Dziadak, L. Makowski
WWW SYSTEM SOLUTION FOR HYDROCARBON POLLUTION MONITORING AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
The main purpose of this paper is to present the www hydrocarbon pollution monitoring system which is under development at the Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) The dedicated system server collects data from mobile GSM/GPRS accessed observation points, and delivers information on potential pollution to the authorized www clients. The emergency alarm information is planned to be send directly to palmtop/mobile phone equipped emergency teams to assure short response time to environment contamination. The moving observation points property and country wide GSM operator coverage makes the system flexible and universal.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Samuel E. de Lucena
THE ELECTRONIC DETAIL OF A DIGITAL PH-METER
This paperwork presents the complete circuitry used to build a microcontroller-based pH-meter. Key control software is also discussed. An industry-standard glass combination electrode has been employed for pH detection. Electrode parameter extraction procedure is presented. Good measurement results, with 1% error, have been attained.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

O. Postolache, P. Silva Girăo, M. D. Pereira
PDA BASED VIRTUAL MEASURING SYSTEM FOR BROADBAND AIR QUALITY MONITORING
The paper presents the implementation of a low cost, small size portable measuring system based on a personal digital assistant (PDA) for indoor air quality monitoring. The virtual system is based on a compact flash data acquisition board (CF-DAQ), plugged-in the PDA, that provides a set of analogue inputs used to read the voltages associated with temperature, humidity and broadband air quality sensors. The acquired voltages corresponding to the air conditions of individual rooms or vehicle cabins under observation are processed at the PDA level using the LabVIEW software that assures the voltage to air quantity conversion (VAQc) using techniques such as look-up tables and polynomial or neural network inverse modelling. A comparison between the above mentioned conversion techniques are considered. Information from the sensors can also be recorded in the PDA memory (quite limited) or in the building room air quality monitoring in a personal computer that are Wi-Fi connected to the PDA.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Leonardo Moreira Leódido, Joăo Nildo de Souza Vianna, Alessandro Borges de Sousa Oliveira, Jean Pierre Damion
A NEW METHODOLOGY FOR CALIBRATION OF TRANSDUCERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTERS – CO₂ CASE STUDY
The transducers employed to measure the concentration of CO₂ launched to the atmosphere are only calibrated in a static manner. Thus, the transient effects of the flow of such gas are not properly recorded. This study aims at presenting a new methodology to characterize the dynamic performance of carbon dioxide transducers, and to experimentally determine its transference function. To achieve this goal, a device was developed in which the variables influencing the measures are controlled, allowing the transducer’s dynamic response to be assessed.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Salvatore Gioffreda , Amerigo Trotta
A SMART-AUTOLEARNED ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOL FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND MEASUREMENT
Emissions monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from industrial facilities is complex for both economical, computational and practical reasons. A new wide areas monitoring approach based on "few sensors" wireless network supported by a predictive learning algorithm and an air modeling software can obtain both local and wide VOC estimation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

P. Gil Morais, C. Almeida Santos, Mariana R. de Carvalho
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GROUND ANCHOR PROOF TESTING
This paper describes the development of a automatic measurement system used to perform ground anchor proof testing. Among other objectives the new system aims at providing fully automatic data collection, data processing and display. A brief overview of anchor testing, measurable quantities and aspects that governed system design are discussed. The main system components are fully described. System validation through measuring chains calibration and field testing results are presented.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Il-Bum Kwon, Chi-Yeop Kim, Dae-Cheol Seo, Hyo-Chang Hwang
MULTIPLEXED FIBER OPTIC OTDR SENSORS FOR MONITORING OF SOIL SLIDING
Fiber optic optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) sensors are suitable to apply the distributed measurement by multiplexing configuration. OTDR sensor system with displacement sensors has been developed to monitor slope stability in soil layers. The displacement was determined from the difference between the reflected signal of the sensing optical connector and the signal of the reference optical connector. Laboratory tests indicate that displacements can be measured with the resolution of several mm and the maximum measurable displacement is about 10 cm, which is enough to apply for the monitoring of soil movements.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Man-Yong Choi, Jeong-Hak Park, Chin-Ok Lee, Kee-Hwan Jee, Su-Un Kim
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION BY ANALYSIS FOR DENSITY OF CRACK IN TUNNEL & UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES WITH TUNNEL SCANNER
This study has focused on the method of stateestimation in tunnel and underground structures by analyzing density of cracks. Reliability on this technique is decided by exact measurement and analysis of cracks. The tunnel scanner, one of the nondestructive technologies, is used by high resolution CCD(charge-coupled device) camera because accurate data could not be acquired by the conventional visual inspection method. This method can get reliable image data through detailed shooting on the surface of the target structures and analyze accurate information (width, length, location etc.) of cracks by image processing. The crack density was analyzed by considering section type of structures, length of span and expansion-joint and by using numerical location and distance of cracks like width and length. Cracked area, which is a basis of crack density analysis, was calculated 0.25 m width per crack length. We can specially manage a zone to be concentrically generated through a distribution chart of crack density to be analyzed over all structures. The analyzed data, which were detected by nondestructive tunnel scanner, proffered information for reasonable judgment in evaluating conditions of tunnel and underground structures, and further, they are used as reliable information to determine safety diagnosis, precise safety diagnosis or priority of repair and reinforcement works.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

L.F. Mouzinho, J.V. FonsecaNeto, B.A. Luciano, R.C.S. Freire, J.F. Carneiro Jr.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS FOR DESIGN OF INDIRECT MEASUREMENT IN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
In different areas of science and engineering are used different indirect measurement procedures that lead to obtaining the quantity desired. In this paper is described the considerations about indirect measurement system (IMS). Is realized the analysis between direct measurement and indirect measurement, presenting the limitations of the estimator. The IMS are classified under the methodological point of view. Practical considerations for design of IMS in dynamic system are specified, as clock cycle, time of hardware execution and software, size of the memory of data and program, represented for quality; system modelling; error estimations and uncertainty in indirect measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Alistair Forbes, Christophe Perruchet
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: CONCEPTS AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES
In this paper, we review measurement systems analysis from the point of view of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and ISO 5725: Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and Results. We also consider other computational approaches such as Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations that could be useful for uncertainty evaluation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

R. M. H. Borges, I. M. G. Lemos, A. M. S. Antunes, L. A. d’Avila
UNCERTAINTIES SOURCES EVALUATION ASSOCIATED TO SULFUR AND FLASH POINT IN DIESEL FUEL
The international trade, the environmental protection and the science, today, cannot be able to exist without reliable measurements. Nowadays, any results of measurement of a physical or chemical quantity should be accompanied for any quantitative indication of the quality of this data, in order to be able to evaluate its reliability. Thus, an easy concept known and with wide acceptance that could characterize the quality of the result of a measurement is expressed by its uncertainty. In this work, we will present the application of the ISO GUM 95 for estimating uncertainty in the following tests: sulfur and flash point in diesel fuel. This research includes the development of a software based on Delphi version 6.0 to calculate the possible sources of uncertainty associated to the measurement used in both process and an estimation of their value, either by statistical methods (Type A) or by other means (Type B). Later on the individual components are combined to calculate the standard and expanded uncertainty for the whole process. The program developed aimed reducing the time spent in figuring out the main sources of uncertainty, moreover, facilitating the obtainment of the uncertainty result. To visualize the most relevant factor in the uncertainty measurement, the program provides a graphic showing the uncertainty contributions and enables the calculation of final uncertainty combined by the relative method, based on Eurachem/CITAC Guide, allowing the graphic comparison among the different methods in calculating uncertainty in measurement.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Eduarda Filipe
UNCERTAINTY CALCULATION IN NESTED STRUCTURES
The experimental design, active statistical tool generally used for the optimization of processes, can also be considered for the evaluation of sample(s) homogeneity. This tool may be applied to Metrology for the analysis of large amount of repeated measurements permitting the "mining" of the results and include this "time-dependent sources of variability" information at the uncertainty calculation.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Fabio. S. Bazilio, Jailton C. Damasceno, Akie K. Ávila, Paulo Roberto Guimarăes Couto, Renata M. Horta Borges
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN ANALYTICAL INORGANIC ASSAYS: A STUDY OF CASE
The uncertainty estimation procedures recommended in ISO-GUM are largely used by several laboratories and institutes. This work compares the ISOGUM approach and the Monte Carlo simulation method for the Cd concentration uncertainty (U) determination, using the A-5 example showed at EURACHEM Guide. The Monte Carlo simulation showed very similar results in comparison to the ISO-GUM approach. It can be concluded that both methods are applicable for the expanded uncertainty determination and provide reliable results.
XVIII IMEKO World Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2006

Nien Fan Zhang
WEIGHTED MEAN AND ITS UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION
The weighted mean has been used to estimate the common mean of several populations with unknown and different variances. However, the traditional estimator of

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