IMEKO Event Proceedings

Author(s)
Title (as link)
Abstract
Event

R. Engel, H. J. Baade, Andreas Rubel
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF LIQUID FLOW CALIBRATORS BY APPLYING SPECIAL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL STRATEGIES
PTB's new ’Hydrodynamic Test Field’, which represents a high-accuracy water flow calibration facility, will serve as the national primary standard for flow measurands: volumetric and mass flow rate, respectively, and total flow measurement, i.e. the quantity of fluid (volume or mass) passing a flowmeter. Owing to this application aspect, the main design goal was to realize a total expanded measurement uncertainty as low as 0,02% for total volumetric flow-rate measurement. To meet this decisive requirement, low-uncertainty components were combined with state-of-the-art measurement and control strategies.
FLOMEKO 2003 – 11th Conference on Flow Measurement , Groningen, Netherlands, 2003

Alessandro Ferrero
ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT
The proliferation of non-linear and time-variant loads is causing a number of disturbances on the electric network, from a more and more significant distortion of both currents and voltages, to transient disturbances on the supply voltage. In this respect the electric network behaves as an "healthy carrier" of disturbances, so that a disturbance generated by one customer can be distributed to other customers, causing possible damage to their equipment. The measurement of the quality of the electric power in a network section is therefore becoming an impelling need, especially in a deregulated electricity market, where each actor can be responsible for the injection of disturbances. However, there are still some respects of power quality measurement, from both the methodological and instrumental point of views, that are still unsolved and require to be carefully analyzed. The paper gives a survey of these problems and some indications about the present trends of the research work in this field.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hans-Rolf Tränkler, Olfa Kanoun
POTENCY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Developments of sensor technologies rely on the permanent technical progress in the fields of manufacturing and information technologies. The choice of a novel technology for a certain sensor system is not necessarily associated with improved sensor features. An optimal performance to cost ratio is in general only obtainable by the choice of suitable combinations of both manufacturing technology and signal processing. This paper gives an overview about the role of information technology in sensor technologies involving sensor design, signal processing and sensor communication. Special care is dedicated to sophisticated digital signal processing methods for smart sensors and multi sensor systems permitting to improve measurement quality. The paper is concluded with expected future developments in the field of sensor technology.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tilo Pfeifer, Gerd Dussler, Michael Zacher, Alexander Bai
CAPABLE PROCESSES BY OPTICAL METROLOGY
Today, optical metrology is already an essential factor for manufacturing processes. Within different tasks optical metrology guarantees increasing capability of processes. Optical measurement techniques secure fast and precise process steps. Therefore, optical methods integrated into manufacturing lines are well suited for measurement tasks. Their setups are modular and they have defined interfaces to the electronic periphery. Further, optical measurement techniques are very versatile, flexible and most accurate. They are used more and more for noncontact distance measurement, shape and surface inspection as well as for analysis of dynamic processes. Due to their ability for miniaturisation optical sensors are well suited for the direct use in manufacturing systems and production environment. Thus, the goal of this article is to illustrate the efficient use of optical measurement systems in different manufacturing processes. Detailed examples show that optical metrology is a key factor for sucessful manufacturing. Finally, perspectives and trends of optical measurement techniques in the field of production technology will be presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

G.E. Mattingly
ESTABLISHING THE INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTIBILITY OF FLOW MEASUREMENTS
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

T.J. Quinn
INTERNATIONAL METROLOGY: THE EVOLVING ROLE
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Carlo Ferrero
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND NATIONAL STANDARDS AT THE ISTITUTO DI METROLOGIA “G. COLONNETTI” OF CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE (IMGC-CNR), TORINO, ITALY
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Barry Inglis, Ilya Budovsky
NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY AND ITS ROLE IN THE AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS AND CONFORMANCE SYSTEM
The paper gives a brief introduction to the National Measurement Laboratory (NML), Australia's premier institution for measurement science and technology. A particular emphasis is placed on the role NML plays as a key element in the national standards and conformance infrastructure.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Seton Bennett
NPL DELIVERING METROLOGY
The principal, and generally exclusive role of a national measurement institute (NMI) is the delivery of metrology. In addition to the maintenance of measurement standards, the delivery of metrology involves providing access to those standards for all with an interest in measurement, as well as responding to demands for improvements in the standards and their dissemination. It also calls for the transfer of knowledge and information in a variety of ways to ensure the use of appropriate technology and the adoption of best measurement practice. As the UK’s national measurement institute, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is at the heart of the United Kingdom’s national measurement system, delivering metrology in a wide range of fields. Through its extensive research programme it supports the International System (SI) and provides calibration and advisory services to its customers in industry, government and academia.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Paul Hetherington
EUROMET: ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
EUROMET, the European organisation of National Metrology Institutes, promotes the coordination of metrological activities and services in order to achieve higher efficiency. A key task of EUROMET is to provide the necessary framework to allow for the mutual recognition and acceptance of calibration certificates. This paper describes the objectives, structure and key tasks of EUROMET.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Horst Czichos, Anita Schmidt
EUROLAB: AN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK OF MEASUREMENT, TESTING AND ANALYTICAL LABORATORIES
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Maurizio Caciotta, Francesca Germoni, Antonio Trifirò
REMOTE LABORATORY: HOW TO RENDER LESS VIRTUAL AS POSSIBLE THE MEET WITH THE INSTRUMENTATION
The system is based on a client-server architecture. Clients accede to laboratory through a standard web-browser, without plug-ins. Exploiting HTML pages, ASP scripting and software drivers, resident on the web-server, users are able to select the experience that they want to run, to manage the instrumentation that reside in laboratory, and to reconfigure measure’s object according to parameters that they want to test. The instruments reconfigurability and measurement objects is performed by switch/relays module and to keep to reality as much as possible, every result is returned to client by a web cam.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

F. P. Baumgartner, R. Heule, M. Peter
WEB-BASED LABORATORY TRAINING ON ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
In the educational process of teaching engineers one important part is to bridge the gap between theory (functional principle, model….) and real world (hardware, devices…). By learning e.g. how to use an oscilloscope in a real application the functional principle is accompanied by an evaluation of the measurement results. In our web-based electrical laboratory www.internetlabor.ch the user trains himself how to push the right button on a real oscilloscope by a mouse click via his internet browser. The measured data downloaded subsequently are the product of a real hardware operation based on a real measurement action and not output of a simulation. Web-based instrumentation supports teaching only successfully, if the user understands the basic functional principles of the instruments already to some degree. In addition, the teaching process has to comprise a discussion of the measured data to achieve an understanding of how a reliable measurement result is obtained. Therefore, the electrical internet-laboratory is integrated in a web-based training environment on electrical measurement systems.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Wilhelm Kolaczia
MEASUREMENT OF ROUND TIMBER USING ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
In many countries logging is a very important sector of economy, a factor, which led to an extensive industrialization in the field of wood processing within the last three decades. In particular electronic measurement systems are used to optimise the commercial utilization of the resource “timber” and also for data acquisition in trade and commerce. Modern measuring assemblies for round timber enable not only to acquire the volume of round timber but also to record – self-acting - taper, sweep and ovality. More and more efforts are undertaken to use data - primarily attained for internal purposes only and for pricing, respectively. Therefore, the measurement methods presently used should be analyzed and several criteria for measurement of round timber in the future should be discussed and - last but not least - basic requirements on measurement systems as far as the valuation of features of wood is concerned should be identified.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Olli Aumala
NETWORKING FOR MEASUREMENT EDUCATION
IMEKO TC1 has started a series of On Line (virtual) Workshops and a Portal for joint use of educational material. The aim of this activity is to help educators in organizing good co-operation and getting benefit in their work. These methods give new possibilities to other TC’s, too. It is possible to create a scheme of “distant participation” for scientists living in areas where it is difficult to travel to IMEKO symposia. The Workshops and the Portal can also help in finding co-operation partners in the scientific work. The paper presents experience from the first Workshops and discusses needs, difficulties and methods in development of networking.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Aurel Millea, Radu Munteanu, Ionel Urdea Marcus
TEACHING GENERAL METROLOGY: WHY, WHAT, HOW?
Arguments are given in favour of teaching a course of General Metrology in technical universities, and some hints are formulated regarding the content of it. Several questions arise in connection with General Metrology, seen as a technical discipline, rather than a physical one. Is it useful to teach General Metrology as a separate course at a higher education level? If the answer is yes, what would be the best curriculum of such a course? When would it be most appropriate to teach the course, at the beginning or at the end of the series of basic technical disciplines? What are the main benefits such a course would bring to the general formation of the student of a technical university? The paper intends to present some aspects from our experience in this direction, after many years of teaching General Metrology at the University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania, faculty of Electrotechnics.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Maarten Korsten, Marinka Sysling, Paul Regtien
WRITING LABORATORY REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK DIRECTLY ON THE COMPUTER, A FEASIBILITY STUDY
In this paper we present the results of a feasibility study on writing an electronic laboratory report while performing experiments. This way of reporting may lead to better documented experiments, to improved information exchange between members of a project group and facilitate writing a final report for the outside world. Results from a pilot study with student groups indicate that these improvements are obtained indeed. The reports look more professional, are better structured and well readable. Also the information exchange between group members showed improvement. The management of data and reports however needs attention, as students tend to neglect this aspect.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pasquale Daponte, Domenico Grimaldi, Vladimír Haasz, Linus Michaeli, Ján Šaliga
A TWO YEARS EXPERIENCE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ON DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
The International Summer School for Master of Science (MS) and PhD students is aimed to give expertise for designing and testing Data Acquisition (DAQ) systems. The students became familiar with various aspects concerning (i) interfaces for measurement instrumentation, (ii) different programming environments for DAQ system software development, and (iii) DAQ system control in the integrated communication and computer networks. Obtained skills allow the student the implementation of design and test methods in any European enterprise with regards to the common standards and products available on the market. The paper presents the two years experiences achieved at organizing the Summer School held in 2001 and 2002, and programmed in 2003, supported by the European SOCRATES/ERASMUS Programme, the IMEKO Working Group on ADC&DAC Metrology, the University partners, and other Institutions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mladen Jakovcic, Armin Pavic
THE LIFE-LONG EDUCATION FOR THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS
Human error has always been important component of the error of measurement. The use of modern technology, for capturing, transmitting, processing, manipulating and recording of measurement data, has eliminated human errors from the technical part of the measurement process, so that the main causes of human errors remain in the user area. A little space has been left for improving this aspect of measurement by technical means, therefore education has become an important tool for minimization of human errors. A systematic approach to user education is presented, with a pattern of continuous education similar to the measuring system life-cycle.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Calmin D. Scarlett, Leonardo A. Clarke, Ryan Turner, Joseph Skobla
CELLULAR BASED GPS ERROR CORRECTION SYSTEM
The Micro-tracking System in development at the Physics Department, University of the West Indies is aimed at providing an effective vehicle and asset tracking system which will cover the entire island of Jamaica. The system uses Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in determining location of an asset equipped with a processing unit which was develop at UWI. We aim to improve this system by increasing the accuracy and efficiency of the system and adding navigational capabilities [1]. This is a cost effective GPS error correction system designed to work with a GSM cellular network. Several factors introduce errors in GPS based positioning calculations. This system is geared towards reducing and/or eliminating these errors and thus increasing the accuracy of the GPS system. This system is able to provide the same services as the Differential GPS (DGPS) systems which are in use today. The DGPS systems use Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters to broadcast error correction information. Our system which uses the existing cellular phone network will eliminate the expensive RF transmitter and the limitations associated with them, thus drastically reducing cost and increase efficiency significantly. Errors in the psuedorange measurements affect the quality of the GPS solution. These errors can be modelled, and by using DGPS techniques the errors can be removed. Neural Networks and Kalman Filters show much potential in implementing an elegant and efficient solution to the problem. Mapping information and software is needed for both tracking and navigation. The paper is describing implementation of a mapping-software which is able to pin point accurately the GPS receiver position on a digital map. This software will also implement a route planning algorithm, which will be able to generate the “shortest path”, whether shortest time or shortest distance, from point A to point B by considering distance, number of turns, traffic lights, traffic congestion and other dynamic information.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Paul P.L.Regtien, Ciska Heida
A THREE-STEP APPROACH TO PRACTICAL TRAINING IN MEASUREMENT
This paper reports on a training program in measurement for undergraduate students, in which emphasis is put on a critical attitude with respect to the whole measurement process. A thorough analysis of the measurement environment, the measurement devices and the signal processing are prerequisites for a correct interpretation of the measurement results. These skills are trained using a complete system built up in modules that can be studied separately. The student starts with the characterization of transducers, followed by studying the associated signal processing and finally evaluates the performance of the complete measurement system, all by hands-on experiments.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sergey V. Muravyov, Vesa Savolainen
TEACHING MEASUREMENT THEORY IN METROLOGY, STANDARDIZATION AND CERTIFICATION
This paper describes some experiences in solving a difficult problem: organization of teaching General Measurement Theory in a situation where neither widely accepted opinion on its structure and contents nor authoritative textbooks and didactical materials exist. The contents of the discipline's theoretical part and exercises are given. The obligatory minimum of the theoretical part includes studying the initial mathematical concept like sets, binary relations, and mappings; formal logic and algebraic foundations of measurement as a cognitive process; features of measurement on quantitative and qualitative scales; formal models for measurands and procedures; and ways of mathematical description and estimation of measurement errors. Typical assignments are described. Features of the course instructional process organization are considered.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Bernhard List, Josef Prost
TEST RIG FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE FLOW IN A RADIAL PUMP
The paper gives information about a new PIV test rig for the education and training of students in the field of hydraulic machinery.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

P. Aebli, A. Kaufmann, K. Ruhm
BUILDING A WEB-BASED KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING HOME FOR MEASUREMENT SCIENCES
E-Learning and web-based training are present-day topics in education. So far this has been less the case in the fields of measurement sciences and technologies, even though there is an increasing need for a stock of basic knowledge and expertise. The following project aims at this target. There are two key aspects in this context: 1. Structuring of knowledge and methods in the field, leading via a sophisticated knowledge network to a multidimensional knowledge matrix. 2. Organization and standardization of all activities in the process on the teaching side as well as on the learning side. The realization of these aspects must be done by means of workflows within the knowledge management system. Those workflows should be automatized as far as possible. The authoring workflow is the most important one.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luciana A. Almeida, Maurício N. Frota, Maria Helena A. Frota
METROLOGY EDUCATION AND CITIZENSHIP: THE BRAZILIAN EXPERIENCE
The XVII IMEKO World Congress presents a paper on Metrology Education and Citizenship that describes Brazilian experiences with metrology education at all academic levels. Based on a Master’s Degree dissertation entitled METROLOGY: A TOOL FOR CITIZENSHIP recently presented at the Pontifical Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, it analyses education and legislation in Metrology, among other related issues, while addressing the Brazilian experience with metrology education. This study argues that the sooner metrological concepts embody cultural patterns of human behaviour the faster civilization will reach the desirable stage of democracy, as metering and measuring may be considered effective ways of ensuring fair shares and equitable access to human rights in this new historical era, where Humankind and the Quality of Life emerge as true parameters for assessing social, economic, political or industrial development. In order to verify the extent to which Brazilian society is committed to this new social order, two factors were considered: education and legal documentation. Legal documents were analyzed on the assumption that the law is the main driving force underpinning democratic living conditions. The following aspects were taken into consideration: Brazil’s 1988 Constitution (known at the time it was promulgated as the Citizenship Constitution); the Brazilian Consumer Protection and Defence Code; and Metrology Regulations. In terms of Education, the historical path of Metrology is analyzed within the framework of formal education in Brazil, providing input for private and public policies addressing this sector. Special attention is paid to (i) an analysis of post-graduate programmes in Metrology within the overall context of post-graduation education in Brazil; (ii) educational policies and other political actions consolidating Metrology as an efficient ally for democracy and citizenship. Attention was also given to the influence of major industrial landmarks on Brazil’s competitiveness, in order to understand forces with positive effects on the social changes required to guarantee the quality of life and citizens’ rights as crucial living conditions for humankind.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Matteo Bertocco, Sandro Cappellazzo, Claudio Narduzzi
A MULTI-THREAD VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT FOR INTENSIVE SPECTRUM ANALYSER TRAINING
The scanning spectrum analyser is a particularly complex instrument, which requires careful understanding of its operating principles and a good deal of training to be employed properly. In this paper the development of a spectrum analyser virtual instrument, that can be offered as intensive self-study laboratory exercises, is presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Shigeru Takayama, Satoshi Miyajima, Eiji Yoneda, Komyo Kariya
EDUCATIONAL TOOL FOR MEASUREMENT ENGINEERING BY VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT
Virtual instrument is the system to operate the task of measurement, data processing, monitoring and system control on one virtual platform. The remarkable characteristics are on the integration and the flexible customization. Therefore, the virtual instrument has been used by researchers and engineers as a professional engineering tool. However, by using various features of virtual world, the virtual instrument is utilized as an educational tool for students to learn measurement principle, measuring object, operation method of system and various topics concerning to the measuring. By using at experiments in education, it is expected that the learning through virtual instrument enhances intuition and motivation of students to measurement engineering. This paper describes the construction and characteristics of the educational tool by virtual instrument.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

C. De Lazzari, M. Darowski, E. D'Avino, F. Clemente, R. Mimmo, M. Guaragno, G. Tosti, G. Ferrari, A. Menichetti
IN VIVO AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDIES ON HAEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AND CARDIOPULMONARY INTERACTION
In the paper the results of clinical and simulation studies on main haemodynamic parameters were compared. Cardiac output, arterial, atrial and venous pressures were measured in vascular patients during spontaneous breathing and artificial ventilation. Computer simulator was used to model a human cardiovascular system and calculate values of haemodynamic parameters in steady states. Changing intrathoracic pressure, from negative to positive values simulated cardiopulmonary interaction during spontaneous breathing and controlled ventilation. The results of the studies presented in the paper proved that numerical simulation is a very suitable and reliable tool to predict trends of haemodynamic parameters changes. Also the potential influence of mechanical ventilatory support on these parameters may by analysed before application of less or more positive airway pressure. It is an important contribution to the safety and efficacy of ventilatory support in these patients in which high intrathoracic pressure may cause a dramatic drop of cardiac output, venous return and arterial pressure.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tomáš Sysala, Petr Dostál, Petr Bláha
THE MEASURING, MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR THE REAL MODEL IN EDUCATION
This paper is focused on education in the field Measurement and control of technological processes. In one part of this field students obtain theoretical knowledge in an application of commercial systems for measurement, visualisation and control of technological processes. The data are measured by a programmable controller (PLC) and as the superior systems the system InTouch, Wizcon and ContolWeb2000 were used. All systems were tested on the real equipment. The programmable controller controls the surface of two communicating vessels and at the same time is a data source for master applications that are designed for the systems InTouch, Wizcon and ContolWeb2000.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Artur Cardoso, Aurélio Campilho
LEARNING THE BASICS OF ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION - AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
This paper describes a set of computer-based experiments, based in LabVIEW, designed to help engineering students learn the basic concepts of analogue-to-digital conversion, such as quantization and sampling. The course was taken by Electrical and Computer Engineering students at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. A broader aim of this pedagogical experiment was to increase the students’ motivation and to increase their learning effectiveness.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

J.C. Campo, M. A. Pérez, F. J. Ferrero, M. González, J.C. Viera, C. Blanco
LABORATORY COURSE OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION BASED ON THE TELEMETRY OF SEVERAL PARAMETERS OF A REMOTE CONTROLLED CAR
A new laboratory course in electronic instrumentation based on the telemetry of the temperature, revolutions per minute and acceleration of a remote controlled car is described in this paper. The main objective of the course is to cover the disciplines involved in Instrumentation, that is, sensor use, analog and digital design, microcontrollers, data acquisition and software, within a framework that provides highly motivating work.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Bojan Erjavec, Janez Šetina
DESIGN OF HELIUM PERMEATION REFERENCE LEAKS WITH GENERATED FLOWS BELOW 10^-14 mol/s
The calibration of helium permeation reference leaks below 10^-14 mol/s is presented. The reference leak is based on the known construction with a He reservoir and a permeable glass tube leak element. The leak rate is determined in situ using the rate of pressure rise method. The reference leak is equipped with a small calibration volume containing a miniature Ti-getter pump to reduce the residual pressure rise due to outgassing and a spinning rotor gauge (SRG) to measure the rate of He pressure rise. In vacuum metrology, the SRG has been recognized as a transfer standard due to its inertness, high resolution and excellent long-term stability. The He leak rate ranging from 4,0×10^-17 mol/s to 1,0×10^-14 mol/s, measured at the reference leak temperature of 23°C, is linearly dependent on the He fill pressure ranging from 4,6 Pa up to 1120 Pa. Multiple He flow measurements in the 10^-15 mol/s range show that a measurement uncertainty less than 2% can be achieved.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Remigiusz J. Rak, Pawel Pyszlak
THE DESIGN OF A WEB-BASED VIRTUAL LABORATORY – SELECTED PROBLEMS
Virtual Instruments, as well as networked and distributed measurement systems, are the natural tools, which can be used in a modern didactic process for creating virtual laboratories offered by a group of Universities. In the paper the solution of the experimental model of the remote access to the measurement laboratory is presented. The project aims at designing the complete PC-based Virtual Instrument (VI) as a platform for acquisition, processing, presenting and distributing data throughout a global network. Computer network based measurement and automation is dramatically affecting traditional academic research and teaching. It makes researchers more productive, and improves the way students learn.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Christof Bosbach, Tilo Pfeifer, Frank Depiereux
ABSOLUTE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT WITH MINIATURIZED
White light interferometry or coherence radar is a well known and established measurement technique for years. But especially the field of production technology and medical technology need measurement systems with continuously increasing performance. This paper demonstrates, how the use of special optical components for higher measurement frequencies and the miniaturizing of the sensor tip can enlarge the application fields for this system. First, the fundamental aspects of white light interferometry are presented and lead to the new concept of a distance measurement system. It is shown how the inset of a special stepped mirror in the detection interferometer increases the measurement frequency and how the sensor is miniaturized using a Fabry-Perot interferometer.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andrea Cataldo, Bahram Nabet, Adriano Cola, Amerigo Trotta
HMSM PHOTODETECTORS FOR HIGH-SPEED APPLICATIONS
In this paper we describe the characterization of a family of optical devices based on heterojunction and heterodimensional structures and we investigate their static and dynamic properties. Such devices are good candidates, due to their high performance, for utilization as the sensing element for the realization of sensors in the fields of telecommunications, remote sensing, LIDAR and medical imaging. First, we present a Heterostructure Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (HMSM) photodetectors that employ a uniformly doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction for the dual purpose of barrier height enhancement and creating an internal electric field that aids in the transport and collection of the photogenerated electrons. In this first family of devices, two doping levels are compared showing the direct effect of the aiding field due to modulation doping. Subsequently, we analyse a novel Resonant-Cavity-Enhanced (RCE) HMSM photodetector in which a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) is employed in order to reduce the thickness of the absorption layer thus achieving good responsivity and high speed as well as wavelength selectivity. Current-voltage, photocurrent spectra and highspeed time response measurements point out the better performance of this last family of detectors, as they can operate in tens of Giga-Hertz range with low dark current and high responsivity. Particularly, the I-V curves show a very low dark current (around 10 picoamps at operative biases) and the photocurrent spectrum shows a clear peak at 850 nm wavelength. Combination of very low dark current wavelength selectivity, and compatibility with high electron mobility transistors makes these devices especially suitable for the above-mentioned applications.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Wolfgang Holzapfel, Nejat Mahdavi, Martin Suske
INERTIAL GRADE LASER ACCELEROMETER-PRACTICABILITY AND BASIC EXPERIMENTS
A novel laser accelerometer is introduced, its physical principle and main characteristics are explained, and preliminary experimental results are presented. The accelerometer utilizes two Nd:YAG laser crystals and a common proof mass which operate in push-pull mode. The main advantages of the described laser accelerometer are wide measuring range which covers 9 decades up to 100 m/s², very high linearity over measuring range and excellent dynamics (20 kHz bandwidth). In comparison to servo accelerometers, these results represent a high-performance sensor. The measurement uncertainty and precision analysis have been carried out according to GUM guidelines. The analysis shows that the relative uncertainty in sensitivity of the laser accelerometer amounts to 10^-6.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marta Valledor, Juan Carlos Campo, Miguel A. Perez, Juan C. Alvarez, Juan C. Viera
A NEW METHOD FOR PHOSPHORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE PRESENCE OF SCATTERED LIGHT
Phosphorescent sensors are usually based on measurement of light intensity or lifetime of sensor emitted light. This goal may be accomplished by measuring the phase-shift between the excitation and the emitted light. Scattered signals must be removed to perform the measurement; however, some of the scattered light due to fluorescence is impossible to remove when measuring phosphorescence decay times. In this paper, a new method to measure lifetime in the presence of fluorescence light emitted by the phosphorescence sensor is presented. This method is based on the measurement of the phase-shift at two different frequencies. Theoretical aspects, the optimal frequencies and experimental results are discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pal Greguss , Edith Greguss
FOLDED OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR SIMULTANEOUS ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT AND GROUND IMAGING - A PROPOSAL
Panoramic Annular Lens based Attitude Measurement sensor combined with Ground Imager (PALAMGI) for satellites. There is a need of miniaturized platform elements of spacecrafts, especially for nano and micro satellites programs. A single unit is proposed instead of two separate ones using the newly developed Humanoid PAL vision system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Consolatina Liguori, Alfredo Paolillo, Antonio Pietrosanto
A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR THE UNCERTAINTY OF DIGITAL IMAGES
In this paper a parametric model of the uncertainty of digital images in industrial contest is presented and characterized. The functional dependency of the model parameters from the operating conditions and the image characteristics are theoretically established and experimentally verified.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leonardo D’Acquisto, Roberto Montanini
ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF IN-FIBRE BRAGG GRATING SENSORS FOR STRAIN MEASUREMENT ON PLANE AND CURVED SURFACES
When compared with traditional electrical strain gauges used for strain monitoring, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have several distinguishing advantages that make them very attractive for many applications in different fields. Nevertheless, for practical applications, their metrological performance needs to be assessed under different operative conditions. In this paper attention has been focused on the response of FBGs when glued on a metallic surface that is not flat. Hollow-tube specimens with two different curvatures have been considered, together with a plane specimen used as reference. FBG signals were compared with those produced by electrical strain gauges. In addition, for the two hollow tube specimens, shadow moiré images of the specimen area between the FBG sensor and the strain gauge have been recorded in order to check the displacement field induced on the specimen. Preliminary results obtained show that the optical signal is markedly affected by the radius of curvature of the surface when the FBG sensor is bonded on a curved surface.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Erik Novak, Der-Shen Wan, Paul Unruh, Michael Schurig
MEMS METROLOGY USING A STROBED INTERFEROMETRIC SYSTEM
Accurate measurements of MEMS surfaces, geometries and motions are crucial to achieving the desired performance of the devices. The wide variety of MEMS devices in development and production requires very flexible metrology for single-platform characterization. In addition to having greatly varying geometries, devices must also be characterized statically and under actuation. White-light interferometry, fortunately, is a technique flexible and accurate enough to meet MEMS metrology needs. This high-speed, non-contact measurement method allows both large lateral and vertical ranges with nanometer-level vertical resolution and positional accuracy. When standard illumination is complemented with strobed light, dynamic measurements of MEMS can also be carried out. This paper presents some of the hardware and software design considerations for producing a single metrology platform with the required flexibility for production MEMS metrology. Several static and dynamic MEMS measurements are presented to illustrate the design requirements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Erik Novak, Joanna Schmit
WHITE-LIGHT OPTICAL PROFILER WITH INTEGRATED PRIMARY STANDARD
White light interferometry has become a common tool for measuring surfaces with large height ranges, slopes, and large roughness. The object is generally scanned through focus, varying the optical path difference between the light reflected from the object and from a secondary reference surface. The quality of the measurement is dependent on having a known and constant- velocity scan, as well as knowing the effective wavelength of the white light source at all times. In this paper we present a white light interferometer with an embedded second interferometer utilising a HeNe laser which provides an interferometric reference signal. This signal, based on the primary standard of the HeNe wavelength is used to monitor the scan and use the known scan positions in the height calculation algorithms. This yields improvements in the accuracy, and repeatability of topography measurements, allowing higher scan speeds without loss of data integrity.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vladimir Pašagic, Tijana Parlic Risovic
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON PERFORMNCE OF OPTICAL SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Althought the surveying instruments grow ever more complex, yet the telescope remains the basic part of modern-day surveying instruments. When considering the problem of measuring with a surveying instrument, that is with the telescope, it is necessary to consider the issue as a whole. In other words it is necessary, alongside the function of the telescope, to take into consideration the object to be measured, atmosphere as the medium transmitting light and physiological and psychological attributes of the sighter. In order to define a complex optical system that would facilitate prediction of measurement's accuracy with the telescope, in dependence on atmosphere conditions, namely different temperature and preassure, it is necessery to provide a description of the atmosphere and telescope as independet optical systems. This is accomplished throught modulation transfer function that provides a complete description of the properties of a considered optical system. Starting with the fact that surveyors prior to their departure to outdoor measurings have at their disposal only the information on air temperature and pressure, we have conducted suitable theoretical study of the problem. The results of this study provide means to evaluate the limitations of resolution of a considered optical system imposed by the atmospher based on the knowledge of available meteorological parameters.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anselmo S. Paschoa, Felipe L. C. Moutella, Max T. Facchinetti, Luis A. T. Rovere, Olga Y. Mafra, Heitor Evangelista
CALIBRATING A LOW GAMMA COUNTING SYSTEM FOR MEASURING DEPLETED AND LOW ENRICHED URANIUM
The need for determining the ²³⁵U/²³⁸U ratio in environmental and biological samples is increasing, mostly after the Gulf War and the conflit on the Balkans. This paper describes a simple way to calibrate a low gamma counting system for measuring depleted, natural, and low enriched uranium.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

D. Stifter, P. Burgholzer, O. Höglinger, E. Götzinger, C. K. Hitzenberger
POLARISATION SENSITIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR MATERIAL ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTICS
We apply optical coherence tomography (OCT) and a modification thereof, namely polarisationsensitive OCT (PS-OCT), to a variety of problems posed in metrology for material analysis and diagnostics. Among these are imaging of glass-fibre enforced epoxy resin compounds and the detection of dry spots. Furthermore, PS-OCT measurements have been used to measure the birefringence and the orientation of the fast optical axis within test structures: mapping of strain fields of samples under uni-axial and non-uniform external stress and the detection of flow patterns in injection-moulded plastic parts could be successfully demonstrated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hiromitsu Tsutsu, Ichirou Ishimaru, Fumikazu Oohira, Kenji Hirata, Fumio Sirai
PHOTOACOUSTIC TRANSMITTANCE MEASURMENT FOR LARGE DIAMETER LENS IN ULTRAVIOLET RAYS (193 nm)
The purpose of this study is establishment of the high precision transmittance measurement technology (accuracy: 0.01%) of the large diameter lens(material: CaF₂, diameter: 200mm) for ultraviolet rays (wavelength: 193 nm). Transmittance measurement method with photoacoustic spectroscopy is proposed. This technology depends on only photothermal spectroscopy at a local minute area and is independent of lens size. So this proposed method can be applied to large diameter lens. And measurment time at one point is extremely short. So the superiority of this new method is that the transmittance distribution in-plane can be easily measured.It was experimentally verified that this photoacoustic spectroscopy could be applicable to large diameter lens.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Rainer Riesenberg, Andreas Wuttig
INTELLIGENT PHOTONIC MEASUREMENT FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETERS
Experimental results of intelligent adaptive detection made with spectral sensors are presented. Firstly for a commercial detector array spectrometer the single entrance slit is replaced by a slit array. Differently patterned one-dimensional arrays are used. There are switched and fixed versions of arrays. An improvement of the detected signal and the signal-to-noise-ratio by the factor 10 has been achieved. Secondly the measured noisy signal is compared with known expected signals. Weak signals can be detected with an high probability and thus an increased sensitivity.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Edgar Scherleitner, Bernhard G. Zagar
DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY ADAPTED TO TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS
An approach of a diffuse optical tomography system using NIR wavelengths will be presented to image heterogeneities in various kinds of turbid volumes, such as a wide range of biological substances, many translucent technical substances like plastics, foams and fluids. A light intensity modulation technique is employed to achieve imaging of the absorption and additionally even the scattering properties of superior resolution than usual transillumination images of technical process monitoring. Since the understanding of photon migration in strongly scattering media has improved much lately, it is now possible to utilize inversion methods to solve for optical parameters out of a series of measurements. The discretized volume of the probe and the modeling of the light propagation by the diffusion equation give a linear system of equations, which is solved by singular value decomposition.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Damir Veza, Marc L. Salit, John C. Travis, Craig J. Sansonetti
PRECISION WAVELENGTH METROLOGY WITH A FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER
We have investigated the intrinsic accuracy of the optical frequency scale in spectra acquired by a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The uncalibrated accuracy of the FTS optical frequency axis is about 1 part in 10⁵. This uncertainty can be reduced by at least two orders of magnitude using a multiplicative calibration correction derived from a single wavelength standard line. The work reported here describes a new approach to accurate calibration of the wavenumber scale for a UV-visible FTS, which we have used to measure accurate wavenumbers and Ar pressure shifts for the prominent lines of ¹⁹⁸Hg.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

D. Doerner, A. Bai, P. Mangalasseril, T. Pfeifer
A NEW APPROACH TO IN-SITU FORMTEST-INTERFEROMETRY
Interferometry is a common method for testing the form of ultra-precise components. However interferometrical measurements are very sensitive to external influences. Due to this reason, in-situ measurements are very difficult to perform, especially in the vicinity of production processes. In this paper we present a new concept for the integration of interferometers in a machine tool and first results of the analysis of fundamental influences on interferometers operated in-situ.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jarkko Unkuri, Jorma Manninen, Antti Lassila
ACCURATE LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT DETERMINATION BY INTERFEROMETRY
In precision length measurements the accurate and traceable value of the linear thermal expansion coefficient (LTEC) is needed. A device for interferometric determination of the LTEC of gauge blocks has been constructed. Minimum temperature gradients in a gauge block with 500 mm maximum length and relatively fast operation were the objectives of this project. Based on uncertainty analysis LTEC can be measured with a standard uncertainty of 0,02·10^-6 1/K for 100 mm gauge blocks.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sami Asikainen, Marko Loisa, Juha Kortelainen, Veikko Seppälä
IMAGING IN DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS OF SECOND STAGE PULP REFINING
This paper gives an introduction to the imaging in process analysis. The analysed process, where the images are taken from, is the second stage pulp refining process in TMP-plant. Either the images or the analysed features of the images are compared with the process data. The obtained results show that changes in process variables have effect on the images.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jan Maschke, Èestmír Vlèek, Ladislav Ševèík
MEASUREMENT OF POLARIZATION PROPERTIES VARIATIONS OF FIBER SEGMENT UNDER COINCIDENT ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL PHYSICAL EFFECTS
Paper deals with measurement of polarization properties of fibers along incidence of different external effects as temperature, torsion and magnetic field. Study of polarization is important from the polarization dispersion point of view for communication systems and also in the area of interferometric and polarization sensors or general interferometric measurements. Analysis of individual effects is solved theoretically and practically in the series of works. Our contribution solves a relatively short part of fiber, where additionally fluctuation of power between both polarization modes could affect.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hideo Furuhashi, Ryota Sugiyama, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Kiyofumi Matsuda, Chander P. Grover
PHASE MEASUREMENT USING A BIAS DERIVATIVE SHIFT TECHNIQUE IN THE PHASE DIFFERENTIATION METHOD
An improvement to phase measurement systems based on differentiation filters is proposed. The new technique involves calculations from measurements conducted using two different phase derivative biases. Advantages of the system are that it can be applied to semiopaque objects, and that the effects of non-uniformities in the intensity of the light source are negligible. Computer simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the technique.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marcin Gnyba, Malgorzata Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, Mikko Keränen, Janne Suhonen
SOL-GEL MATERIALS INVESTIGATION BY MEANS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Raman spectroscopic studies were carried out to investigate the synthesis of hybrid polymers prepared for photonic applications by a sol-gel technology. The main aim was to analyse the ability of Raman measurements to estimate the efficiency and correctness of particular stages of the technological process. Parameters of measurement systems adequate for hybrid material characterisation were found. Dedicated fibre optic system was attached to reaction glass vessel and on-line monitoring was being performed during the first step of the process - gelation. Hybrid polymer thin films, after deposition on technological substrate, were studied by Raman microscopy. Efficiency and time of the most important reactions such as hydrolysis, epoxy ring opening, amine transformation, double bonds opening can be measured as well as thickness of thin films can be estimated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

J. Skeivalas, K.T.V. Grattan, J.H.Milner, V. Giniotis
THE ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF AUTOMOBILE VELOCITY BY DOPPLER LASER METERS
Many instruments for velocity measurement are based on the physical phenomenon, a Doppler effect. The paper deals with accuracy of laser meters used in the measurement of automobile velocity. The measurement results of such devices as well as of any other electronic or mechanical devices inevitably possess errors. For error analysis we will use a probabilistic method assuming that only random errors are present. To analyse systematic errors algebraic methods are usually used expressing systematic error as a function of some variables. For that purpose special measurements are performed when the measurement results are compared with the known values of the variables or those having been measured by the devices of higher accuracy.
The accuracy of measurement by Doppler meters depends mostly on the parameters of two kinds – stabilising and measuring laser emission frequencies and the errors of determining the emission speed in the atmosphere. These are the systematic errors of measurement. Other errors appear as a result of direct and indirect measurement of differential frequency. Since measurement is based on Doppler effect, the main parameter of emission affecting measurement accuracy is the frequency of emission. The influence of the changes in emission speed in the atmosphere due to the instability of atmospheric parameters on measurement accuracy is markedly weaker.
A Doppler meter can operate in one system with a pulsephase range-finder enabling the determination of the distance to a moving object. The measurement accuracy of such system is higher.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Celap Stefica, Mioc Marija
ANALYSIS OF LIQUID HAZARDOUS WASTE USING THE ENERGO-DISPERZIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
Previously x-ray method was sometimes unable to accurately determine elements at low concentration in complex heterogeneous matrices. Other techniques can successfully use digestion and/or fusion methods to reduce samples to a dilute homogeneous form. However, when applying these methods of sample preparation to x-rax, detection limits were often unacceptable. The QuickSolve method is a simple but extremely effective manual operation that employs no expensive equipment. It requires a small plastic bottle preloaded with a fixed amount of the Environmental Sample preparation Matrix (ESPM). This ia a totally safe, fine powder with high adsorption capacity. After adding a fixed mass of sample, manual shaking with stainless steel balls produces a stable principle for the analysis of complex matrices by x-ray, that is, dilution reduces all samples to similar form thus largely eliminating matrix and interelement effects. The first group, acid producing elements, can be present at major concentrations, above one percent and acceptance of shipments may depend on the concentration of this elements. The QuickSolve calibration provides accurate determination of Br, Cl, I, P and S. Preparation of standards is from pure organic and aqueous solvent. The second group, heavy metals/toxic volatile elements, requires determination of some elements to better than 20 mg kg^-1 .The calibration cover all relevant elements from vanadium to barium. Preparation of standards is from pure aqueous spectroscopic solutions. The analysis time is up to 15 minutes depending on the number of element.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vladimir Pašagic, Dubravko Risovic, Srdan Divjak
IMPROVEMENT OF THE "TWO-POINT" METHOD FORMULA FOR DETERMINING THE FLESHINESS OF PIG CARCASSES BASED ON OPTOELECTRONIC CHOIROMETER MEASUREMENTS
In the EU, the empirical relation used for determination of the fleshiness of pig carcasses based on measured thickness of fat and muscle tissue in predetermined measuring points is determined by prescribed procedure. The devices for measuring the thickness of fat and muscle tissue are mainly optoelectronic or ultrasound devices. In RH an optoelectronic device, ERO-1 has been developed according to the regulated technical and metrological demands valid in the EU. The ERO-1 device is calibrated and its length-measuring capability is traceable to RH’s national standard. The data gathered in measurements with ERO-1 devices (5 devices) over a period of two years have made possible the improvement of the "two-point" method formula. We have developed a new empirical relation for determining the percentage of the leshiness of a pig carcass using the "two-point" method. The newly developed empirical relation provides better concordance with biological characteristics of pigs population and removes certain irregularities that were observed and related to the use of currently valid empirical relation employed with verified and validated method of "two-points", used in EU and other countries.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

C. Ferrero, C. Marinari, E. Martino
DEVELOPMENT AND METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF A BUILD-UP FORCE STANDARD UP TO 3 MN
The establishment of national calibration services (NCS) and mutual agreements between the NCS of the different countries (UKAS, DKD, SIT, etc.) have increased the necessity of the dissemination of the unit of force inside the individual countries and of standards harmonisation through continuous international comparison. In the paper the development, construction and preliminary metrological characterization of a Build-Up System (Force Transducers Pyramid Type) are described. In its construction three force transducers, in the nominal range of 1000 kN were used, individually calibrated and later together. Results are given concerning: the evaluation of repeatability, linearity, rotation effect and hysteresis.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

C. Ferrero
DISSEMINATION OF THE TORQUE UNIT IN ITALY: INTERCOMPARISON RESULTS ON TORQUE WRENCHES
One of the most important activities of the National Accreditation Body (NAB) in the framework of the European cooperation for Accreditation (EA), is the organisation of a series of Interlaboratory Comparisons (ILC), to verify the measurements capability of the accredited calibration laboratories. In 2002 one ILC, for the calibration of torque wrenches, was organised in Italy by SIT (Sistema Italiano di Taratura) with the IMGC-CNR as pilot laboratory. In the present paper the main results obtained during the ILC are discussed, in particular the differences on the repeatability and accuracy given by the different laboratories are compared and evaluated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gerd Jäger, Roland Füßl
INTERFERENCE-OPTICAL FORCE SENSOR FOR SMALL FORCES
Force measurement at a resolution in the micronewton range is advantageously performed by means of electromagnetic force compensation. So far, weighing systems of this kind have been working only in a horizontal position. Although resistance strain gauge force sensors are suited to various force directions, they cannot be used for precision measurements in the micronewton range.
In this paper, an interference-optical force (IOF) sensor is described which can be used both for horizontal and vertical force measurement. The force measuring range of a specially designed force sensor amounts to 100 mN (10 g), resolution to 0.01 mN, and the extended measuring uncertainty to 0.008 mN for k = 2. The structure, the operating principle and the signal processing of the force sensor are described and, furthermore, a uncertainty of measurement analysis of the entire system is made. The successful application of the interference-optical force sensor is finally demonstrated by means of the example of the calibration of applanation tonometers.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Michael Kobusch, Thomas Bruns
THE NEW IMPACT FORCE MACHINE AT PTB
The prototype of a new facility for impulse force calibrations is presented in this paper. Furthermore, first experiences and measurements are described. Impulse forces are generated by a collinear impact of two cubeshaped bodies guided by linear air bearings. Traceability of force is realised by the determination of mass and acceleration, where the latter is derived from the velocity signal of a Laser-Doppler interferometer (LDI).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dae-Im Kang, Hou-Keun Song, Jeong-Tae Lee, You-Kyu Park, Jong-Ho Kim
TRACEABILITY OF LARGE FORCE STANDARDS IN KOREA
This paper describes traceability of large force standards up to 30 MN in Korea. 15 material testing machines of each having more than 10 MN capacity in industrial companies have been used for evaluating performances of mechanical components such as a pot bearing or an elastic bearing which is one of the important components in bridges. We have 10 MN force standard machine with relative uncertainty of 5·10^-4 (k = 2). We designed build-up force measuring systems of having 30 MN capacity to be used in calibrating material testing machines above 10 MN capacity. We have evaluated uncertainty budgets of build-up systems. Also, this paper summarizes calibration results of a material testing machine of 30 MN in Korea.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yusaku Fujii
PULSE FORCE CALIBRATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS
Steep pulse responses of force transducers are measured using a method under development. In the method, a mass is made to collide with a force transducer and the impact force is measured highly accurately as the inertial force acting on the mass. A pneumatic linear bearing is used to realize linear motion with sufficiently small friction acting on the mass, i.e., the moving part of the bearing.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Werner Brenner, Franz Suemecz, Aleksandar Vujanic
PRINCIPLES OF MICRO TORQUE MEASUREMENT - AN OVERVIEW
This paper gives an overview of rotating microsystems including the entire spectrum of dimensions from the sub-millimeter range to sizes of a few millimeters. Principles and instrumentation for micro torque measurement are described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Thomas Bruns
SINUSOIDAL TORQUE CALIBRATION: A DESIGN FOR TRACEABILITY IN DYNAMIC TORQUE CALIBRATION
This paper is concerned with the problem of dynamic torque calibration. It presents the concept of a new calibration device designed at PTB, to provide traceability for dynamic calibration with sinusoidal torque. Furthermore some details of the measurement system, construction and data analysis will be discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Richard Davis
MAGNETIZATION OF MASS STANDARDS AS DETERMINED BY GAUSSMETERS, MAGNETOMETERS AND SUSCEPTOMETERS
Magnetization of a mass standard can lead to weighing errors. This is because most modern balances are sources of non-uniform magnetic induction. Although the problem of unwanted magnetic forces is well known, the characterization of the magnetic properties of mass standards and balances can be problematic. This paper compares the kind of information that can be obtained from three types of instruments: Hall-probe gaussmeter, fluxgate magnetometer and susceptometer.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luis O. Becerra, Luz Mª. Centeno
MEXICAN DENSITY STANDARD: DATA TREATMENT IN HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING
The Mexican Density Standard is starting operation as a national reference. In the present paper, it is presented the data analysis in hydrostatic weighing, the uncertainty estimation and its validation by Monte Carlo’s Method of the transfer of accuracy of the National Density Standard of Mexico.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Kyung-Ho Chang, Yong-Jae Lee
VOLUME MEASUREMENT OF 1 kg WEIGHT BY HYDROSTATIC WEIGHING USING TWO ZERODUR DENSITY STANDARD SPHERES
The hydrostatic weighing apparatus using two zerodur density standard spheres is built, and the weight exchanger, which is composed of a weight pan with the shape of a conoid and the standard weights with a slot, is constructed. In addition, the temperature and density gradient of transfer liquid are precisely corrected according to the measuring position of the liquid container. As a result, the volume of 1 kg standard weight in a class E1 obtains 124,90388 cm³ at 20°C with a precision of 8.4·10^-5 cm³ (0,67 ppm) by hydrostatic weighing, and the measurement uncertainty shows 3.0·10^-4 cm³ (2,4 ppm) in a confidence level of 95% with coverage factor k = 2.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Baris Çal, Sinan Fank, Hakan Ö. Özbay, Ercan Pelit, Cihan Kuzu, Bülent Aydemir
3 MN HYDRAULIC TYPE BUILD-UP FORCE STANDARD MACHINE INSTALLED AT NATIONAL METROLOGY INSTITUTE (UME)
A new hydraulic type build up force standard machine with a 3 MN loading capacity both in tension and compression modes is installed in Force Measurment Laboratory of UME. The machine is designed and manufactured by ÖZMAK Manufacturing Company according to the technical specifications outlined by UME.
The performance test results show that relative measurement uncertainty of a new 3 MN build-up machine of UME is better than 4·10^-4.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Rolf Kumme
A NEW CALIBRATION FACILITY FOR DYNAMIC FORCES UP TO 10 kN
Dynamic forces realised by accelerated load masses are traceable to acceleration and mass according to the force definition. For the extension of the dynamic force range a new facility based on an electrodynamic shaker system is developed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Takanori Yamazaki, Ryosuke Tasaki, Hideo Ohnishi, Masaaki Kobayashi, Shigeru Kurosu
ACCURACY FOR CONTINUOUS MASS MEASUREMENTS IN MULTI-STAGE BELT CONVEYORS
Large quantities of commodities in different sizes transported on belt conveyors should often be measured automatically by two or three conveyor belt scales. Continuous measurement can be dynamically performed by multi-stage conveyor belt scales, so that the masses of discrete objects on belt conveyors can be determined in sequence according to the different lengths. Belt conveyor scales usually have maximum capacities of less than 80kg and 130cm, and achieve measuring rates of 150 packages per minutes and more. The output signals from the multistage conveyor belt scales are always contaminated with noises due to vibrations of the conveyor and the object to be measured in motion. This measuring system consists of the three-stage conveyor belt scales with load-cells, and the photo-electro switches which detect the measuring lengths of the objects and distance between each object in sequence. The experimental results on the multi-stage conveyor belt scales suggest that the algorithms proposed in this paper are effective enough to practical applications.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Li Zhang, Rolf Kumme
INVESTIGATION OF INTERFEROMETRIC METHODS FOR DYNAMIC FORCE MEASUREMENT
Dynamic forces realised by accelerated load masses are traceable to acceleration and mass according to the force definition. For the reduction of the measurement uncertainty, the acceleration distribution of the acting mass has to be determined with higher accuracy. This is possible by using laser interferometer and suitable methods for signal processing and data analysis. In particular a method of using heterodyne laser interferometer for dynamic force calibration is investigated. Different signal processing and data analysing methods are compared. A force transducer is investigated with interferometric procedures and it is demonstrated that improvements are possible in dynamic force calibration by laser interferometer.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Lim Chi Kah, Bernd Glöckner, Thomas Allgeier
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN LEVER-AMPLIFIED FORCE STANDARD MACHINES
This paper describes the unique features and metrological performance of a new 55 kN / 2200 kN lever deadweight force standard machine set up recently at SPRING Singapore. It uses a novel 55 kN deadweight stack with individual mass disk drives, a single lever of 40 times multiplication ratio and a 2.2 MN tension-compression loading device. The machine is of increased capacity, with a wider force range and larger amplification ratio than previously possible. The lever machine covers force range from 10 kN up to 2200 kN in intervals of 10 kN. For the first time, a force standard machine of this type and size uses an entirely digital control system. The machine has been the subject of a comparison measurement with the PTB, preliminary results of which are given. The uncertainties of the machine were found to be within 2·10^-5 for the deadweight part and 1·10^-4 for the lever part. The system now serves as a primary force standard for Singapore.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Woo Gab Lee, Jin Wan Chung, Kwang Pyo Kim
SIGNIFICANCE OF ORTHOGONALITY IN MASS CALIBRATION
The designs for submultiples of the unit of mass have been studied to find designs where two comparators are used. This study has found several cases where orthogonal designs can be used for using two comparators in a decade. Even though the orthogonal designs are for the case where the ratio of the comparator’s standard deviation is 2, simulation showed extended values of the ratio could be used to reduce variances with the orthogonal designs.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gunnar Künzel
MINIATURE TRANSDUCERS FOR DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS OF YARN TENSILE FORCES
The purpose of this lecture is to show the problems which must be taken into account by the designer in constuction of miniature semiconductor strain gauges for dynamic measurements of yarn tension and to give practical methods for identification of static and dynamic behaviour and a design of such transducer.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Stefan Niehe
A NEW FORCE MEASURING FACILITY FOR THE RANGE OF 10 mN TO 10 N
In this contribution a new force measuring facility for the range from 10 mN to 10 N consisting of a piezoelectric adjustment unit and a precision compensation balance is presented. A metrological characterization of the individual components of the device and first results of an examination of a force transducer using the new force measuring facility are given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andreas Lindau
FROM GENERIC TO SYNTHETIC GRAVITY MODELING - A COMPARISON FROM METROLOGIC PERSPECTIVE
Many mechanical quantities in metrology are affected by the local gravity. Modern gravimetric methods allow to determine the local gravity value with sufficient accuracy, but the effort is still time consuming and expensive. An interpolation within available gravity databases mostly does not suffice because of an inadequate data density compared with the heterogeneous field. This study gives a short overview of today’s most important representations of the physical gravity field. The classical methods will be introduced from the perspective of the usability in metrology and compared to some strategies in synthetic gravity modeling.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dirk Röske
METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A HEXAPOD FOR A MULTI-COMPONENT CALIBRATION DEVICE
A newly developed measuring device allows the generation and measurement of arbitrarily directed forces and moments. This device consists of a driving unit for generating the loads and a measuring unit for the accurate measurement of the acting components. Both units are realized as hexapod structures with the same geometry but mirrored arrangement. This paper describes the metrological characterization of the hexapods of this multi-component measuring device.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Oliver Mack
THE NON-LINEARITY OF PIEZOELECTRIC FORCE TRANSDUCERS AND THEIR ANALYTICAL MODELLING
This contribution deals with possible reasons for the non-linear behaviour of piezoelectric force transducers, previously unknown.
Possible reasons are interactions between isotropic elements such as force introduction and the anisotropic piezoelectric sensor element, geometrical non-linearities of the force transducer and non-linearities of the piezoelectric material.
This paper discusses the influence of geometrical nonlinearities. A theory for analytical modelling of piezoelectric force transducers is developed and presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

V. Tsymbalyuk, J. Linhart
CORRECTIONS OF AERODYNAMIC LOADINGS MEASUREMENT ON VBRATING AIRFOILS
This paper deals with the specification of method accuracy enhancement for unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments in an airfoil cascade. These forces are induced by forward and angular vibrations of airfoils. The improvement is achieved by taking airfoil and other elements deformations in consideration in the calibration and measurement process.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Aimo Pusa, Hannu Leppälä
INVESTIGATION OF THE MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY OF ROLL BRAKE TESTER BY THE TEST TRAIL
The investigation of the roll brake testers used testing for trucks has been made during year 2002. There have been developed a test trail, reported in TC-3 Congress Celle 2002. The aim of this investigation was to get information about real measurement capability of the roll brake testers used in inspection of the trucks for Finnish authority (The Finnish Vehicle Administration AKE). The usually way to calibrate roll brake tester has been to generate the reference force direct against of the force measurement transducer. This calibration does neither take in to account the mechanical construction of the rollers nor the diameters of them or the dynamic behaviour of the measurement. The investigation gives the information over practical uncertainty of the roll brake tester. The used comparing method has been static with the reference transducer as well quasistatic by the test trail, which makes the control of roll brake testers with the speed of normal use of a roll brake tester, about 3 km/h.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Christian Schlegel, Dirk Ratschko, Frank Scholz, Michael Gläser
ION OPTICAL DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT TO ACCUMULATE A WEIGHABLE MASS OF IONS
A still unsolved problem in the field of metrology is the definition of the SI unit kg in terms of universal physical constants as it was done for the other fundamental SI units. One possibility is to accumulate ions up to a weighable mass. Then the atomic mass unit can be determined by measuring the total charge and mass of the accumulated ions. This article describes the ion optical properties of an existing experiment for ion accumulation at the PTB. Results of the ion optical calculations are used for experimental settings to measure mass spectra of a mixed xenon gold ion beam.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jürgen Andrae, Werner Nold, Georg Wegener
TRACEABILITY OF ROTATING TORQUE TRANSDUCERS CALIBRATED UNDER NON - ROTATING OPERATING CONDITIONS
In the strict sense, traceability of torque measurement with rotating torque transducers is given only for non-rotating operation. The presented study examines in how far such proof of traceability is valid also for rotating operation. The method of investigation is a comparison of simultaneous measurements of torque in a rotating shaft train. These consist of measurements with a rotating torque transducer on the one hand and measurements with a cradlemounted absorption dynamometer on the other hand.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Denis M. Senyanskiy
PROBLEM OF INCREASING THE ACCURACY OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES WEIGHING IN MOTION
In this work we represent our experience in building railroad scales for weighing carriages in motion. A moving train weighing process consists of load cells signal filtration, axle weight calculation and carriage and locomotive identification. We created several filtration algorithms for clearing a load cell signal from bad oscillations that take place in a system. Also we built a carriage identification algorithm that determines how many carriages are being weighed at the moment. The difficulty in this field is that there are a lot of different types of carriages and locomotives on the railways of The Russian Federation, all of them have different lengths, axle arrangements and bases. Also we are working on a scales for weighing tanks with liquids in motion.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ulrich Kolwinski, Joachim Martin, Peter Schwalbe, Daniel Schwind
A NEW CONTROL- AND FEEDBACK-CONTROL-SYSTEM FOR FORCE AND TORQUE STANDARD MACHINES
A new control- and feedback-control-system for Force and Torque Standard Machines was developed in order to fulfil metrological and functional requirements. Different functionalities were programmed as independent modules, e.g. software modules for deadweight machines with sequential or exchange stack can be linked with modules for lever or hydraulic amplification. During the realisation of the concept, a strict requirement was that the application of the control system is possible to older, existing Standard Machines as well as to new Standard Machines, in order to allow retro-fits and upgrades. New features of the user interface allow easy connection of external devices like temperature chambers and the implementation of their functions in a calibration process without changing the software.
This paper outlines the concept of the system and gives details of how it was developed to become a universally applicable part in the GTM range of machines. Furthermore, some successful examples are given where more operational reliability and for this reason more measurement certainty has been reached by fitting the new system to older Standard Machines in the process of an upgrade.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Koji Ohgushi, Takashi Ota, Kazunaga Ueda, Diedert Peschel, Thomas Bruns
LOAD DEPENDENCY OF THE MOMENT-ARM LENGTH IN THE TORQUE STANDARD MACHINE
The deadweight loading dependency of the moment-arm length in the torque standard machine (TSM) at NMIJ was suspected of causing deviation in the Interlaboratories Comparison between PTB and NMIJ. The authors attempted to re-verify the moment-arm length and to improve the uncertainty of the arm length in the TSM. Metal bands (MBs) are used for the loading point (called "Reference Line") at both ends of the arm. In an arm balancing test, displacement of the MBs in the arm length direction was measured by eddy current type non-contact sensors during deadweight loading. Additional initial weights mounted just under the MBs effectively reduced the load-dependency of the arm length from 52 ppm to 24 ppm.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Miroslav Kopecky, Vladimir Cuth, Ivan Letko, Jan Vavro
MEASUREMENT THE TORSIONAL MOMENT AND RANDOM PARAMETERS IN INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS BY SPECIFIC INSTRUMENTS
Contemporary intensive development of technology puts ever-increasing demands on the reliability of products. The increase in the reliability level is emphasised also in transport machines and equipments. This all requires a further improvement of the method of designing and strength checking of a construction.
A practical example of loading system analysis in presented which demonstrates use the special instrument to measurement of distribution the force and torsion moment in cardan-joint for control purposes and uses the special instrument to generally measurement of distribution random loading parameter.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dan Mihai Stefanescu, Lia Dolga, Adrian Marinescu
PARAMETRICAL MODELING OF THE STRAIN GAUGED FORCE AND/OR PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
The paper deals with a strain gauge transducer that can alternatively measure force or pressure. The functional employment of the transducer is explained. In determining the optimal geometry of the elastic element, the authors employ the parametric and feature based CAD modeling, together with the finite element analysis. This ensures flexible and interactive modifications of the geometry and the correlation with the manufacturing process. Finally, the optimal solution is translated and stored in STEP format, a system independent geometric model that is compatible with any modeling environment.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Adam Bieñkowski, Roman Szewczyk
POSSIBILITIES OF UTILISING NEWLY DEVELOPED NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS AS STRESS AND FORCE SENSORS
Paper presents results of the investigation on the magnetoelastic properties of Fe_73.5Nb₃Cu₁Si_13.5B₉ alloy in amorphous and nanocrystalline state as stress and force sensor. The new method of applying stress to the ring core of sensor made of soft magnetic material such as nanocrystalline alloys is presented. In this method the distribution of stresses in the ring core is uniform, so even brittle magnetic materials (like nanocrystalline) may be used as stress sensors. The experimental results indicate that stress and force sensor applications require special parameters of the heat treatment of the sensing element. For this reason the optimal treatment parameters for the cores of inductive components should not be applied for cores of the stress sensors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Miroslav Kopecky, Vladimir Cuth, Jan Vavro
ROTATING MACHINES PARTS AND THEIR VIBRATION CONTROL
The development of new aggregates of mobile machine aims at the reduction of production and operational costs and, at the same time, at the increase of transmitted power when a sufficient reliability is provided. Simultaneously, the real operational safety concerning maximum permissible stress is also rescued. This results in necessity of further more exact methods of design and strength control of aggregate elements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Matej Grum, Matjaž Oblak, Ivan Bajsic, Mihael Perman
SUBDIVISION OF THE UNIT OF MASS USING WEIGHT SUPPORT PLATES
The physical model for the subdivision of the kilogram into the decade from 1 kg to 100 g was adapted for the measurement system where weight support plates have to be used. That is the case when combinations of weights with different nominal masses are compared. For this purpose the calibration procedure was modified to eliminate the unknown masses of the support plates. The equation was derived to take into account various influences on the measured mass differences. The influence of the plates on the measurement uncertainty budget and on the estimates of unknown masses of weights was studied into the decade. The analysis of results shows that the application of the support plates influences the measurement uncertainty to a small extent and also confirms the adequacy of the used model.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vaidotas Gegevicius
THE WAYS TO REALISE NATIONAL MASS STANDARD OF SMALL COUNTRY IN 3RD MILLENIUM
The metrological requirements for the mass determination in regard to balances, weights and weighting are discussed, and achievable uncertainties in weightings in the laboratory and in actual practice given.The presentation describes a present situation in mass measurements in Lithuania and provides a technical specification for the establishment of Lithuanian state measurement standard of the mass unit.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Paul Hohmann
AIR BEARING DEVELOPED FOR TORQUE CALIBRATION TO PROTECT DISTURBING EFFECTS TO REFERENCE TRANSDUCERS
World-wide we handle high precision transducers in the quantity torque as well as force for comparisons in measurement. These transducers are used as a reference in calibration machines, also. Here the disturbing effects caused by specimen the directly coupled, are responsible for a loss in accuracy. At primary torque standard machines air bearings guarantee the precision of the torque value produced by beam mass combination. Air bearings are responsible to keep the precision of torque calibration machines.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Boris Katz, Liron Anavy, Itamar Nehary
CALIBRATION OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINES PRODUCTS
A wide spectrum of compression testing machines is used for strength testing of concrete pipes. The main specialty of the testing machine is the length (2-2.5 meters) of the tested product (pipes), which requires a loading beam with corresponding length. Non-parallelism of supporting and loading elements, unequal distribution of loads, a big parasite torque effort because of the loading elements’ large size leads to another measurement errors and to increased uncertainties in calibration process according to ISO 7500-1:1999. For making the right choice in using and setting measuring elements (load cells) and accessories, one must take into account the structure and technological specialties of the testing machines: how many pistons are in it, the method of pressure measurement, the arrangement of measuring and supporting elements in the machines. In this paper we analyze in detail the different measuring methods and recommend choosing the best method of calibration, which most diminishes the uncertainty.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janne Färm
SPLIT HOPKINSON PRESSURE BAR TECHNIQUE FOR DYNAMIC CALIBRATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS
The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB)- technique was developed for dynamic testing of materials but can be extended to other fields. Recent research results show that this is a promising technique for dynamic calibration of force transducers. In the modern SHPBtechnique incident, reflected and transmitted pulses are measured with strain gauges mounted on the bars. This paper describes a mathematical model of a principle SHPBsystem. The model is based on one-dimensional wave propagation theory. The model has been used to simulate the calibration of a force transducer up to 40 kN with a loading pulse having a duration of 500 µs. With this technique it is possible to combine high forces with short impulses. The technique also allows for measurement of transducer deformation making it possible to study the dynamic characteristics of the transducer.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

J.C. Villarroel Poblete
FORCE TRANSDUCER CALIBRATION COMPARISON BETWEEN PTB (GERMANY), CEM (SPAIN) AND LABORATORIO CUSTODIO DE PATRONES NACIONALES DE FUERZA (CHILE)
A force transducer calibration comparison was carried out between Laboratorio Custodio de Patrones Nacionales de Fuerza (in Chile), Centro Español de Metrología (in Spain) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (in Germany), in order to compare and to evaluate the results of the calibrations of force transducers. The calibration comparison was carried out for the range of 100 kN.
The calibrations was made in conformity with the standard ISO 376:99. The results obtained, the deviation graphs that include the uncertainty for each laboratory are presented in this document.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leopoldo Angrisani
A WAVELET PACKET TRANSFORM-BASED APPROACH FOR INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENT IN SPREAD SPECTRUM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
The paper mainly concerns interference measurement in spread spectrum, wireless communication systems. A new digital signal-processing method is proposed, which proves non intrusive and independent of the specific system considered. Thanks to the nice properties of the wavelet packet transform, the method is capable of extracting the occurred interference from the spread spectrum signal, thus ensuring accurate interference magnitude and frequency estimates also in critical conditions: interference level much smaller than that characterizing the spread spectrum signal, and interference spectral content very close to the carrier centre frequency of the considered system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Cipriano Bartoletti
MODELLING AND MEASUREMENTS ON A DEVICE FOR CURRENT FOCUSING IN AN ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS
An electrical model of ionic current distribution in electrolytic solutions, in asymmetrical geometry of electrodes, is proposed. The results are compared with the known ones carried out by a software specialised in symmetrical current flow computing. By means a systematic campaign of computing, the electrical and geometrical parameters of a ionic current focusing device are found. A computer controlled experimental apparatus, based on such parameters, is also presented. Early measurements on this device seem to confirm the model validity.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leopoldo Angrisani, Massimo D’Apuzzo, Mauro D’Arco
MODULATION QUALITY MEASUREMENTS IN BLUETOOTHTM SYSTEMS THROUGH TIME-FREQUENCY REPRESENTATIONS
A digital-signal-processing method for assessing bluetooth transmitters modulation quality is presented and validated. Thanks to the use of the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), a typical time-frequency representation (TFR), the instantaneous frequency trace of the bluetooth signal is first attained; the most significant parameters peculiar to modulation quality are then measured through straightforward procedures. The influence on measurement results of different choices of the STFT parameters is exhaustively analysed. The optimal tuning of the parameters, capable of granting the lowest experimental standard deviations, is finally found.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

L. Asnin, V. Backmutsky, M. Sedlachek
USING DSP METHODS FOR ACCURATE DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS
This paper presents the results of comparison of a new method of magnitude spectrum estimation of periodical signals in Power Systems, which uses Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and special FIR filters, with other methods of spectrum analysis, based on a preliminary estimation of the dynamically changed signal frequency. The main purpose of the suggested method is to reduce the leakage errors under conditions of desynchronization between the signal and the sample frequencies. Digital modeling of this method shows that accuracy of the estimation of magnitudes of the signal harmonics increases essentially by reference to other methods based on the interpolation of samples. This method can be used especially in Power System dynamics investigation (relay protection, UPS tuning, etc).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dusan Agrez
INTERPOLATION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN TO IMPROVE PHASE MEASUREMENT
Possibilities of an error reduction of the phase estimation with an interpolated discrete Fourier transform (DFT) for the rectangular window are described. Properties of interpolations are studied with respect to their ability for correction systematic effects of the used window. The correction is improved with considering the leakage effect of the component spectrum. Uncertainties of the phase estimations have been studied. The simulation and experimental results are presented showing the effectiveness in estimating the phase of the signal component.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giovanni Betta, Domenico Capriglione, Claudio De Capua, Carmine Landi
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF CONDUCTED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PC-BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
In this paper, a performance comparison between PC-based data acquisition systems is carried out with reference to their immunity to electromagnetic conducted disturbances. The aim is to identify suitable measurement procedures at present not available both in the literature and in EMC standards. The data acquisition system (personal computer and data acquisition board) is approached as a whole system and subjected to the more relevant conducted interference considered by EN standards, electrical fast transient and noise by conducted radio frequency field. Experimental tests, carried out in a shielded environment, highlight the relevance of a specific EMI characterisation of this apparatus.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Samo Begus, Dusan Fefer
COMPARISON OF BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION ALGORITHMS FOR CONVOLUTIVE MIXTURES
The goal of blind source separation is to recover independent sources without knowing the originals and the way they are mixed. Three algorithms for convolutive mixtures were tested and compared on anechoic room recordings.
All algorithms separate all possible combinations of signals, except when both signals are noises. The algorithm with natural gradient outperforms other algorithms. The quality of separation increases if an acoustic absorber is placed between the microphones. The mixture of noise and attenuated signal could be successfully separated if two different algorithms are applied one after another.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Patrick Boets, Leo van Biesen
CROSSTALK BETWEEN TWISTED PAIRS WITH A MISMATCH OF THE PAIR EXTREMITIES
A new crosstalk model between two twisted pairs when a mismatch of the wire pairs extremities exist, is proposed. The crosstalk model allows to predict the PSD at the near-end and far-end of the victim line if the PSD of the disturber is known. The model takes any mismatch into account which exists when a line is not terminated with its characteristic impedance. Using the same unbalance assumptions as other authors used with success in the past, analytical expressions are given to calculate the crosstalk.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Oleksandr B. Mokin, Boris I. Mokin
RENEWAL OF INPUT SIGNALS OF NONLINEAR MEASURING CONVERTERS BY FOURIER-INTEGRAL METHOD
The present paper presents the results of solution of the task of renewing nonlinear measuring converter input signals at their fixed output signals with the application of the author’s method called Fourier-integral.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Greg Hammond, Ilya Budovsky
TRACEABLE CALIBRATION OF POWER HARMONICS AND FLICKER ANALYSERS
The paper describes a precision measurement system developed at NML for the calibration of three-phase instruments measuring harmonics of current up to 16 A, voltage fluctuation and flicker. Particular attention is given to establishing a traceable link to the Australian primary standards of electrical quantities. Current and voltage harmonics up to the 99^th and fluctuating voltages can be generated and measured with relative uncertainties close to 1·10^-5.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Cipriano Bartoletti, Maurizio Caciotta, Fabio Leccese
EXPERIMENTAL HIGH ACCURACY MEASUREMENT IN ULTRASONIC COMPASS
A procedure to identify useful echoes parameters pre-estimation in an ultrasonic signal, to allow the application off line of a Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimator (M.L.E.) [1] as been faced. An experimental application, utilizing an ultrasonic medical scanner, sampled by an acquisition board is also presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marija Cundeva, Ljupco Arsov
ADVANCED FEM-3D METROLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMBINED INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
An advanced and novel numerical method for analysis of combined instrument transformer will be given in this paper. The three-dimensional magnetic field analysis results by using the finite element method will be used for estimation of the metrological characteristics of the transformer. The analytical and the results derived by the original FEM-3D program package will be compared and discussed. This will enable further optimal design of the instrument transformer prototype by taking into consideration the exact mutual electromagnetic influence of both transformation cores (current and voltage measurement magnetic cores) and by using stochastic optimisation techniques.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andrzej Dobrogowski, Michal Kasznia
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE AUTOCORRELATION OF TIME ERROR SERIES AND THE MTIE COMPUTING TIME
In the paper the relation between the autocorrelation function of time error series and the time of data-dependent computing of the Maximum Time Interval Error (MTIE) is studied. The first section introduces the problem of time effective MTIE assessment. Then the time effective data-dependent method of MTIE assessment is described. In the next section the influence of the shape of time error series autocorrelation function on the efficiency of the data-dependent MTIE search is described. The results of the calculation experiment performed for several time error series are presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

S. Chakraborty, S. K. Ghosh, S.K. Sarkar
STUDY OF ELECTRO-OPTIC AND ELECTROSTRICTIVE EFFECTS ON POLARIZATION IN SINGLE MODE FIBER
If the rotational symmetry of single mode (S.M.) fiber is disturbed, either during manufacturing or through some external perturbation the polarization modes have different propagation constant. Due to this generated birefringence, the linear polarized light through S.M. fiber is distributed in two orthogonal eigenmodes. As a result, the state of polarization (SOP) is changed at the exit end of the fiber. In the present paper, electro-optic effect on S.M. fiber has been induced by placing the fiber coil under electric field. Investigation shows that the developed birefringence in fiber arises mainly due to bending and electrostriction/Kerr effect. So, by varying the electric field, the developed anisotropy or birefringence ultimately can be utilized to control the state of polarization (SOP) at the output. Experimental study has been carried out on 40m. and 48m. coiled fiber under D.C. voltage (0 to 280 volts). Results show that SOP of two prototype polarization controllers, become circular i.e. λ/4 plate at 235 volts and 143 volts respectively. The external effect acting upon SM fiber is directly calibrated with respect to phase and ellipticity of light. The correction in calibration equation in particular case where ellipticity change is considerable, has been reported in the present paper. Experiment has been performed to verify the theoretical studies and error has been computed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Massimo Aiello, Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Salvatore Nuccio
TIME DOMAIN METHOD TO DETECT HARMONIC SOURCES IN UNBALANCED POWER SYSTEMS
In recent years the problem of harmonic pollution has become more urgent, because of the development in distribution systems of non linear loads that draw non-sinusoidal currents. This paper presents a time domain method for harmonics sources detection in power systems, which can be usefully applied also in presence of unbalance or asymmetry. Harmonic power flows are calculated in real time and no spectral analysis is required for the evaluation of currents amplitudes and phase angles. The development of a new instrument is described, which is able to measure several network power quality parameters; measurement accuracy is estimated and experimental results are reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

R. Micheletti, R. Pieri
SLIP FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT OF ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
The paper deals with the accurate slip measurement of induction motors. The proposed procedure uses a non-invasive slip measurement scheme based on digital filtering and dynamic parameter estimation. The slip measurement is carried out without speed sensor and is deduced analyzing the magnetic field harmonics spectrum in proximity of the induction motor. First the emf induced waveform, taken from a searching coil, is filtered using algorithms based on the discrete Fourier transform. Then the stator frequency and rotor frequency are obtained by comparing the filtered voltage with a mathematical model using an optimization procedure. The model's parameters are varied until an adequate match is obtained with the filtered voltage. Experimental results are presented to validate this method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zdenko Godec, Mladen Banovic, Vilko Cindric
AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION – A NEW PARADIGM OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Only complete expression of measurement result (measurement uncertainty included) makes possible correct interpretation of measurement results and reliable decision-making. Estimation of measurement uncertainty is complex and time consuming for some stand-alone digital instruments, and especially for indirect measurements results. It is possible to integrate calculation of measurement uncertainty into digital instrument containing processor. For direct and indirect measurements it is advantageous to develop appropriate software application for integration of digital instrument(s) and personal computer into an automated measuring system with the capability to display complete measurement result. The idea is illustrated on measurement of load-losses of power transformers using power analyzer. Software application for instrument transformers errors correction and reduction of measurement uncertainty is also briefly described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vladimír Haasz, Jaroslav Roztoèil, David Slepièka
EVALUATION OF SHORT-TIME INSTABILITY OF GENERATORS USED FOR ADC TESTING
The quality of an evaluation of dynamic parameters of ADCs and AD modules is strongly dependent on the quality of testing signal generator. The most important parameters are the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the spectral purity (THD). Besides, the short-time frequency and amplitude stability are also necessary to be considered, but it is often marginalized. However, they also influence the accuracy of the further evaluation. A possibility, how to estimate this imperfection, is presented in the paper.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zygmunt Kusmierek, Marian Jerzy Korczynski
METROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF INTER - HARMONIC IDENTIFICATION AND GROUPING IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
The main purpose of this paper is to present some metrological aspects of identification and grouping of harmonics and interharmonics and calculation of total harmonic. The Virtual Instrument for identification of distorted signal spectrum is described and the demonstration may take place at the presentation of the paper at the oral or poster session. We define the total harmonic and interharmonic distortion coefficient and analyse its sensitivity to variation in fundamental and interharmonic frequency and sensitivity to incompleteness of samples for five different cases: rectangular window, triangular, Hanning, Hamming and Blackman windows. The virtual test signal was selected arbitrarily. This signal was processed first by the virtual harmonic analyser, in such a way that all components were identified without any errors, and then the signal was analysed according to the requirements specified in IEC 61000-30-4 draft standard, in which also Harmonic Groups (HG) and Interharmonic Groups ( IHG) are defined.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andrea Bernieri, Luigi Ferrigno, Marco Laracca, Antonello Tamburrino
A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUCTANCE TOMOGRAPHY ON CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS
The paper describes the realization of a measurement system for executing Eddy Current Non Destructive Testing (EC-NDT) to detect defects on conductive materials. The measurement method is based on the adoption of a useful parameter, the mutual impedance matrix, obtained using a suitable probe and analyzed by means of a novel low cost non-iterative inversion algorithm. In particular, the probe is constituted by a set of coils arranged in a two-dimensional array: during a measurement session, the mutual impedance matrix is obtained exciting one coil at time and capturing the voltage at the terminals of the other coils on the probe, at different excitation current frequencies. In the paper, the probe design, the inversion algorithm, the architecture of a useful measurement station, and the preliminary results obtained carrying out measurement sessions on a specimen with known defects, are reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

E. Hristoforou, I. Darie
ABSOLUTE ANGULAR AND INCREMENTAL POSITION SENSOR BASED ON THE MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DELAY PRINCIPLE
In this paper we present a new sensor able to detect absolute and incremental angular position, having a simple construction. The sensing technique is based on the magnetostrictive delay line principle. The dependence of the sensor on the sensing core rotation was measured and filtered. Thus, a sinusoidal response with an uncertainty of 0.05% was realised. We also demonstrate the ability of this principle idea to be used as a dynamic displacement sensor in the range of 15 mm.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mitsuo Matsuda, Takahiro Arita, Susumu Sakano
A BASIC RESEARCH FOR DISCRIMINATION OF LIVING BODY TISSUES USING TACTILE SENSOR
It is dispensable to develop the discriminating method of the human body tissues for the automation of the operation using robots. The piezoelectric elements are used as the sensor to measure the qualities of the living body. The discrimination for various meats as the living body is tried using the developed tactile sensor. It is shown that the discrimination among the living tissues is possible using the proposed tactile sensor.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Linus Michaeli, Peter Michalko, Ján Šaliga
FAST TESTING OF ADC USING UNIFIED ERROR MODEL
The progress in the technology of the analogue to digital converters (ADCs) suppresses the error effects linked with its inherent architecture. Multiperiodicity of differential nonlinearity and the impact of analog components at the ADC input on the integral nonlinearity prefers unified behavioural error model expressed as one dimensional image in the code k domain. The paper presents two new methods for low code frequency testing. The first one is based on synchronous detection of higher harmonics in ADC output record. Second apply repetitive best fitting method to estimate the harmonics. detection by multiplone utilise combination of the fast. testing methods, which allow to identify the model parameters. The high code frequency model component could be determined by fast histogram method using reduced FS triangular voltage.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Uwe Frühauf, Hellmut Leuterer
DESIGN-FOR-TESTABILITY IN EMBEDDED MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Test and self-diagnosis are important for the reliability of embedded measurement systems. For such mixed-signal systems it was introduced any special methods of design-for-testability. This paper will discuss any problems of possible structures by using the analogue Boundary-Scan method and its implementation.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

£. M. Malkiewicz, A. A. Platonov
ANALYTIC DESIGN OF CYCLIC LOW ENERGY ADC WITH SUB-OPTIMAL ESTIMATES CALCULATION
Principles of complex software and hardware design of the sub-optimal low-energy cyclic ADC (CADC) are presented. The extended conversion algorithm for estimates computing is discussed. Upper boundaries of CADC resolution, rate of conversion and the ways they can be achieved are analyzed. Properties and general advantage of sub-optimal CADC are discussed and investigated in simulation experiments.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dave Coombes
IMPROVING ACCURACY OF POWER AND POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
To calibrate power and power quality measurement instruments such as flicker meters or harmonic measurement devices, several alternative techniques are generally used or proposed:
• Using a reference device to make measurements which can be compared against those made by the UUT.
• Applying variable loads to a static, impedance loaded power line to induce required conditions.
• Generating the required signals with a precision signal source.
This paper discusses the third option. There are a number of benefits to this approach, as well as a number of difficulties to overcome and decisions to be made to implement it effectively.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janusz Mindykowski
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
The present paper deals with the selected problems of electrical energy quality assessment in the power system under non-sinusoidal conditions, i.e. the real power system. The principals are understood by the author as the three-segment block which consists of the basic definitions concerning power quality and its assessment, methods to determine electrical power quality indices by using the appropriate mathematical tools, as well as the related instrumentation for solving a problem of electrical power quality assessment. In the paper, these three fundamental parts for solving the electrical power quality assessment problem have been described and commented on. All analyses have been illustrated by the real data from ship electrical power systems.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Maurizio Caciotta, Michela Cristiani
NEURAL-LEXICAL CLASSIFICATION OF POWER QUALITY INSTRUMENTATION MULTIPLICITY
The problem of perceived electrical power quality by users of the Little Medium Enterprises (LME) is settled and matched with the difficulty to individuate the correct instrumentation that is able make their satisfaction. The exorbitant quantity of instruments that are on the market, that, the builders assure, measure power quality, cannot be completely managed by operators. The paper present a system based on automatic lexical procedure that read the manuals and extract the information that can be properly managed by a Kohonen non supervised neural network to obtain an optimal inner classification in view to cross data with an inquiry on effective perceived quality by users.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Massimo Aiello, Antonio Cataliotti, Valentina Cosentino, Salvatore Nuccio
A POWER QUALITY INSTRUMENT FOR HARMONICS INTERHARMONICS AND AMPLITUDE DISTURBANCES MEASUREMENTS
In the last years the increased interest about power quality, forced international working groups to define new standards for testing and measurement techniques. In this paper a pc-based power quality instrument is proposed, according to IEC 61000-4-7 and standard IEC 61000-4-30. It is a low-cost and easily reconfigurable instrument able to measure harmonics, interharmonics and amplitude disturbances and supply unbalance. The complete instrumentation has been tested using standard test procedures in order to verify its accuracy limits.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Domenico Mirri, Gaetano Iuculano, Gaetano Pasini, Pier Andrea Traverso, Fabio Filicori
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS IN SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
In this paper the conventional equally spaced sampling technique for spectrum analysis is compared to an asynchronous random sampling strategy, which has been previously proposed by authors for other broadband digital instrumentation. To this aim, two new approaches to the performance analysis are exploited, both being characterised by the fact that no classical DFT algorithms are applied. In the first method, the analytical expression for the estimate of signal harmonic components is defined as a direct approximation of the Fourier series coefficients and the parameters that characterise the measurement accuracy associated with the considered sampling strategy are deduced. Following the second approach, the spectral component estimates are treated as random variables, due to the presence in their operative definition of unknown parameters that can be interpreted as stochastic. The expected value and variance are deduced for each harmonic estimate, in order to compare the properties of the two sampling strategies. Simulation results are proposed in order to validate the theoretical findings, showing an excellent agreement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

N.Hlupic, D.Petrinovic, J.Butorac
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL ANALYSIS, NEW APPROACH FOR HIGH ACCURACY
Time Domain Spectral Analysis is presented in this paper as a new, original approach to the analysis of signal spectrum (having samples of the measured signal). The uniqueness of this method is in avoiding of any kind of Fourier transform, which showed to be of limited accuracy when the samples' errors (measurement imperfections) are taken into account, even applying windows and various approximations. The majority of calculations are based on our previously developed method for high accuracy measurement of a single sine wave. The basic idea of this method is to extract all time domain samples of a particular wave from samples of the whole signal, and then to calculate parameters of that component by applying the method for measurement of a single sine wave. This approach has been tested with extended and rigorous computer simulations (explained further in the text) and partially in real laboratory measurements. It is demonstrated that estimated accuracy of parameters of the fundamental wave is about 4 ppm, even though the samples' errors are of the order of 20 ppm. The estimated accuracy of the higher harmonics is better than 500 ppm (regardless of their number, and the same for amplitude and phase).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

L. Ferrigno, A. Pietrosanto, A. Celano
ENHANCEMENT OF A BLUETOOTH-BASED INSTRUMENT WIRELESS INTERFACE
The paper deals with the enhancement of a Bluetooth-based interface for instrumentation, which has the aim of satisfying the need of wireless connection today arising in developing automatic measurement systems. The interface improvements are widely described as for both hardware and software components. Finally a complete experimental test set allows conclusions to be drawn about the interface performance.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

C. Cherbaucich, G. Crotti, N. Kuljaca, M. Novo
EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF HEAVY CURRENT SHUNTS
A method for the assessment of the dynamic behaviour of heavy current shunts is described, which is based on the evaluation of the shunt frequency response through spectral analysis of input and output measured signals. The method has been tested by applying it to simulated current impulses and experimented in the case of a pulse current, generated by the discharge of a cable capacitance, measured by a thin walled coaxial-tube shunt.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

F. Stefani, A. Moschitta, D. Macii, D. Petri
FFT BENCHMARKING FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
An appropriate choice of the computing devices employed in digital signal processing applications requires to characterize and to compare various technologies, so that the best component in terms of cost and performance can be used in a given system design. In this paper, a benchmark strategy is presented to measure the performances of various types of digital signal processing devices. Although different metrics can be used as performance indexes, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computation time and Real-Time Bandwidth (RTBW) have proved to be excellent and complete performance parameters. Moreover, a new index, measuring the architectural efficiency in computing FFT, is introduced and explained. Both parameters can be used to compare several digital signal processing technologies, thus guiding designers in optimal component selection.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

E. Nunzi, P. Carbone, D. Petri
IN-AND POWER ESTIMATION OF WINDOWED DELTA-SIGMA SHAPED NOISE
Performances of ΔΣ modulators are evaluated by applying a coherently sampled tone and by estimating powers of the in-band tones and noise. In particular, the power of the shaped noise is usually estimated by subtracting the evaluated input tone from the output data and by integrating the power spectral density estimated by means of the periodogram. Although the coherency, the finite number of processed samples induces spectral leaking of the wide. band noise, thus affecting the noise power estimate. To cope with such an issue, usually data are weighted by the Hanning sequence. In this paper, the noise power estimation error induced by the use of such window is investigated, and a criterion for choosing the minimum number of samples N which bounds the relative leakage error within a specified maximum value is explicitly given. Moreover, it is shown that, for an N, such an error is negligible for modulator orders lower than 3. Higher order modulators require the use of a large number of samples to bound the relative error of the noise power estimate when high oversampling ratios are employed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. Moschitta, D. Petri
INTEGRAL NON-LINEARITY IN MEMORYLESS A/D CONVERTERS
This paper investigates the statistical properties of quantization noise. In particular, a theoretical model is discussed, which evaluates the power of quantization noise introduced by a memoryless Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) as a function of both the converted signal distribution and the ADC thresholds positioning. Expressions have also been derived to express the Integral Non-Linearity (INL) contribution to quantization noise power as an additive term, and to evaluate such a term with a simple formula. Simulation results that validate the proposed expression are provided.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ch. Papageorgiou, Th. Laopoulos
MODIFICATION OF RESONANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS BY THE DRIVING CIRCUIT
A study of the resonance characteristics of low frequency ultrasonic transducers is presented in this work. The effect of the influence of the equivalent output resistance of the driving circuits on the shape of the frequency response and the sensitivity of the transducer is investigated. Theoretical presentation is accompanied by simulation analysis and verifying experimental measurements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Helena Ramos, O. Postolache, M. Pereira, P. Girão
AN APPLICATION OF THE IEEE 1451.2 CORRECTION ENGINE IN AN INTEGRATED SENSING STRUCTURE
This paper reports the implementation of a sensing and alarm integrated system connected through the Transducer Independent Interface (TII) to a Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP), emulated in a PC. The “Correction Engine” and the calibration features of the NCAP are used to process the data acquired via the transducer and also to add auto range capabilities to the conditioning circuits of the input quantities. The NCAP is also used to establish the interface with the Internet. A working prototype is developed for water quality monitoring with pH and temperature sensors and with an alarm to detect values outside a pre-defined range.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pedro M. Ramos, Fonseca da Silva, António Cruz Serra
IMPROVING SINE-FITTING ALGORITHMS FOR AMPLITUDE AND PHASE MEASUREMENTS
In this paper, improved sine-fitting algorithms for the measurement of amplitude and ph ase difference between two records of digitized sine waves with the same frequency are presented. These algorithms can be used for example in impedance measurements or to accurately measure the input and the output of a linear system to be characterized in the frequency domain both in amplitude and in phase.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

U. Pogliano, G. C. Bosco, M. Lanzillotti
PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGES IN THE MILLIVOLT RANGES
The paper describes the systems, the standards and the procedures developed at IEN for the precise measurement of ac voltages in the millivolt ranges. Two different methods based on resistive dividers and wideband transformers have been developed and are applied for the measurements of respectively the ac-dc transfer difference and the ac voltages down to 1 mV.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

O. Postolache, P. Girão, Helena Ramos, M. Pereira
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODES PERFORMANCE IN STATIC AND DYNAMIC CONDITIONS
The paper presents a practical approach to ion selective electrodes (ISE). The behaviour of Pb⁺² ISE (ELIT8231) and Cd⁺² ISE (ELIT8241) for pure (only Cd⁺² or Pb⁺²) and mixed solutions (Cd⁺² and Pb⁺²) in static and dynamic conditions is studied. The pH variation of ISE test solution is considered in order to perform the pH correction of the ISE potentiometric selectivity coefficient determined under static conditions using a neural network processing structure. The dynamic test is performed in order to evaluate sensor’s transient response and time constant as well as ion interference and pH influence on sensor’s output. The experimental set-up is expressed by a multisensor virtual measurement system that acquires the voltage of the sensor channels, controls the ISE dynamic test and performs the data processing using a software implemented in LabVIEW.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janusz Sawicki
DETECTION AND CANCELLATION OF IMPULSIVE DISTURBANCES USING MATLAB PROCEDURES
Impulsive disturbance, nonlinear transform, median algorithm;The paper deals with detection and elimination of impulsive disturbances, by the use of nonlinear algorithms based on weighted median filtering. The MATLAB procedures are applied here; they are used also in prewhitening and smoothing of the disturbed signal which can be a sequence of measurement data corrupted by pulses of different origin. The use of algorithm is illustrated by an example.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Miloš Sedlácek
DIGITAL MEASUREMENT OF PHASE DIFFERENCE OF LF SIGNALS – A COMPARISON OF DSP ALGORITHMS
The paper compares six methods of measurement of the phase difference of low frequency distorted sinusoidal digitized signals corrupted by additive noise. Influence of SNR, THD, signal DC offset, ADC resolution, ADC range use, and number of samples per signal period can be investigated and presented in graphical form by means of the program written in MATLAB environment. The investigated methods are two modifications of classical zero-crossing based measurement, DFT based measurement, usage of phase-sensitive rectifier and two modifications of sine-wave fit algorithm. Selected results of both simulations and measurements are presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A.Flammini, D. Marioli, E. Sardini, E. Sisinni, A.Taroni
INSTRUMENTATION AND SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR BARKHAUSEN NOISE MEASUREMENT
The aim of this work is to describe an improved Non Destructive Testing (NDT) methodology based on the analysis of Barkhausen noise (BN). A purposely designed probe has been realized, that allows the acquisition of the Barkhausen noise together with the magnetic induction flux experimented by the pick-up coil core plus the material under test. The basic idea is to support the BN analysis with information related to the hysteresis cycle; experimental results show how a multivariate approach can lead to a better resolution and repeatability.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Radek Sedlácek, Luca Callegaro, Francesca Durbiano
RESONANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE INDUCTANCE Q-FACTOR IN ULTRAACOUSTIC FREQUENCY RANGE UTILIZING IMPEDANCE ANALYSER
Assignment of the inductance Q-factor is given by the determination of equivalent circuit parameters of the measured inductor or the Q-standard. In case of serial equivalent circuit, values of the inductance LS and the resistance RS have to be evaluated. Conventional precious bridges routine used for inductance and resistance measurements typically work up to some hundreds of kHz. For higher frequency ranges these methods are not available to apply for finding both parameters inductance LS and resistance RS.
This paper describes a method based on utilizing resonance technique for inductance Q-factor measurement. The measured inductor and auxiliary capacitor form the resonance circuit. Impedance of this circuit is measured by means of an impedance analyser in suitable wide frequency range around the desired frequency. Subsequently mathematical data processing is applied to improve results obtained from the impedance analyser. This method has been developed for calibration of Q-standards designed for ultra-acoustic frequency range (typically hundreds of kHz up to tens of MHz).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ferran Reverter, Josep Jordana, Ramon Pallàs-Areny
INTERNAL TRIGGER ERRORS IN MICROCONTROLLER-BASED MEASUREMENTS
Measurements based on triggering a time counter display trigger uncertainty, which depends on input signal noise and slew rate, and on input channel noise. This last is specified for bench-top instruments but not for microcontrollers with embedded time counters, which are very attractive to implement period-to-code converters intended for sensor interfaces. Because power-supply rails in digital systems are very noisy, we have analysed the effect of Gaussian white noise and sine wave interference added to the PIC16F873 power supply pin. For a triangular input signal, the standard deviation of 1000 period readings increases with the amplitude of the added noise, as expected, and it is always larger when the period is determined from the rising edge of the timed signal rather than from its falling edge.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janusz Smulko, Kazimierz Darowicki, Artur Zieliñski
ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE ANALYSIS OF UNIFORM CORROSION IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The results of electrochemical noise measurements and their analysis for evaluation of corrosion intensity in the water supply system are presented. The polarization resistance Rp is calculated for corrosion evaluation, estimated by applying the proposed method of noise analysis. The method includes trend removal and impedance calculation by dividing power spectral densities of the detrended voltage and current fluctuations. The estimated impedance at low frequencies is used for Rp value calculation. The applied algorithm of electrochemical noise detrending is based on its decomposition and after trend removal reconstruction using wavelet transform.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janusz Smulko
METHOD OF ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LOCAL CORROSION PROCESSES
The new method of electrochemical noise (current and voltage fluctuations) measurements is presented. The proposed method can characterise local corrosion events while the other electrochemical methods are much less effective than electrochemical noise measurements. The new measurement setup is proposed. The system can identify metal surface where local corrosion events take place. The realized measurement system is described in detail. All the practical problems of noise measurements and methods of outside distortion reduction are presented. The preliminary measurement results are also discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sergiej Taranow, Andrzej Olencki, Yuri Tesik
THE USE OF TEST SIGNAL FOR MINIMIZATION OF PULSE AND WIDE BAND AMPLIFIERS MULTIPLICATION ERROR
Pulse amplifiers are widely used in radio engineering. The first requirement to these amplifiers is to provide minimal distortion of rectangular pulse shape. The second is provision minimal multiplication error, which is important for measurements. The standard method, grounded on the usage of negative feedback, may be used for wide band periodical signals and unacceptable for amplification pulse signals due to a signal delete in the forward and backward branches. It is proposed to use for this problem solution, borrowed from cybernetic engineering, the adaptive method with small test signal for calibration. The paper illustrates the mechanism of acting, dynamic and static analysis, based on proposed the Method of Linearization by the Describing Functions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andreas Stelzer, Robert Hauser, Leonhard Reindl, Rüdiger Teichmann
A LOW-COST INTERROGATION UNIT AND SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR A SAW IDENTIFICATION-TAG FOR A PRESSURE SENSOR
A solution for uniquely identifying any sensor connected to an evaluation unit without direct electrical connection to the existing measurement line is presented. The proposed solution is compatible with existing measurement systems, operates completely passive, and withstands temperatures up to 400°C as well as shocks up to 3500 g. The identification tag itself, which carries a unique serial number, is realized by a high-temperature stable surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. A low-cost radio frequency (RF) interrogation unit, which shares the existing sensor cable, is used for reading the sensor identification number.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Arkadiusz Szewczyk, Ludwik Spiralski, Gérard Ghibaudo, Gilles Reimbold, J. A. Chroboczek
PROGRAMABLE SYSTEM FOR LOW FREQUENCY NOISE MEASUREMENTS IN MICROELECTRONICS DEVICES CONTACTED BY POINT PROBES
A novel system for low frequency noise, LFN, wafer-level (point probe) measurements and a method of the system calibration with the thermal noise of resistances are discussed. We also present some LFN data on MOSFETs as an example of implementing the LFN measurement technique for the device quality diagnostics.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Balázs Vargha, László Sujbert
ACTIVE DISTORTION REDUCTION OF POWER SOURCES
Quality of power sources is mainly increased by using better components and tricky electronic circuits. The paper introduces a control loop, which is similar to that used for the active cancellation of acoustic noise signals. In the feedback loop, the distortions of the signal are estimated by a combination of an adaptive Fourier analyzer and a resonator-based observer. Only the distortions should be compensated, therefore the actuator signal has low power. The paper introduces the active distortion reduction system and presents practical results, as well.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pekko Vehviläinen, Kimmo Hätönen, Pekka Kumpulainen
DATA MINING IN QUALITY ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
Quality analysis of a digital mobile telecommunications network can be a daunting task. For monitoring and operating purposes hundreds of measurements are constantly collected from a complex network. From the measurements the operating personnel of the network should be able to detect the hanges that affect the service quality that the subscriber expects. Data mining methods can be used to ease the operating staff’s task.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

W. Winiecki, A. Kuran, R. £ukaszewski
GSM MOBILE PHONE IN DISTRIBUTED VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
Remote, wireless controlling of distributed virtual instrument (DVI) using GSM mobile phones is considered. Interactive WAP service is applied to configure measuring system, to control measurement process and to access to measurement data. The service is based on ASP technology and dynamic databases. National Instruments PC-1200 DAQ card, programmed with LabVIEW, was applied to design a wireless DVI (WDVI).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andrew Henry, Francis Labrique, Christian Eugène
CONTROLLING THE OSCILLATIONS OF A SWINGING BELL BY USING THE DRIVING INDUCTION MOTOR AS A SENSOR
Swinging bells deliver the best sound quality when the swinging angle is kept to a specific value proper to each system. The aim of our paper is to propose an original method for controlling this swinging angle without any external sensor, by using the driving motor (actually a threephase induction machine) as a sensor when it is not active as a motor. In the sensor mode, we control the maximum speed of the bell, which is related to the swinging angle by a timeinvariant mechanical coefficient specific to each bell system. The main advantage of the proposed solution is that the speed information is practically insensitive to the motor parameters variations. This solution, well adapted to the problem of concern, establishes a close interrelation between the motoring, sensoring and regulating aspects. The pertinence of our solution is deduced from theoretical developments and confirmed both by simulations and experimental observations on a real swinging bell system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ricardo Doldan, Alberto Yufera, Adoracion Rueda
A FIRST ORDER INCREMENTAL ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER BASED ON CONTINUOUS TIME CIRCUITS
In this paper, an incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) designed as part of the signal-conditioning circuitry for tissue impedance measurement system is presented. Continuous-time design techniques has been used and a modified implementation of the conversion algorithm, with respect to its discrete-time counterpart, has been developed. To reduce the influence of the no-idealities, analog and digital corrections have been also implemented. A prototype in 0.8 µm CMOS technology has been fabricated and tested. Experimental results are reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Y. S. Ku, C. M. Hsu, H. L. Pang, L. J. Hsiao, Masakazu Nakanishi
DC & AC RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS AT CENTER FOR MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
Electrical unit of resistance maintained at the Center for Measurement Standards (CMS, Republic of China) is based on the second plateau of quantized Hall resistance, RH(2). Resistors are directly or indirectly compared with the RH(2). We report the procedure of the dc and ac resistance measurements at the CMS. Uncertainties associated to the measurements are also briefly reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. Mariscotti, G. Armanino
IN-HOUSE TEST OF LOW FREQUENCY CONDUCTED EMISSIONS OF STATIC CONVERTERS FOR RAILWAY APPLICATION
The test and calibration setups are presented for the measurement low frequency conducted emissions of rolling stock and on-board static converters. The work is aimed to allow the laboratory or factory test of static converters without the need of long and expensive runs on a locomotive on a real line. The post processing needed for statistical evaluation of emissions is also presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. Mariscotti, A. Motta, P. Pozzobon
MAGNETIC FIELD EMISSIONS FROM SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Measurements of the magnetic field emissions over [10 kHz, 30 MHz] frequency range of large power synchronous generators are reported; recorded spectra are correlated with the operating conditions of the machine under test. Comparison is made with other results obtained in a similar configuration.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Georgios S. Kouzas, Photis Stavropoulos, Ioannis Anagnostopoulos, Christos Anagnostopoulos, Vassili Loumos, Eleftherios Kayafas
MEASURING THE POPULATION OF WEB PAGES IN THE WILD WEB
This paper describes a system capable of measuring the type of pages in the wild WEB. The system uses as theoretical background the capture – recapture methodology, which is mainly used for statistical purposes in other scientific areas. The problem addressed may be compared to the context of capture – recapture experiments used in wildlife biological studies. The novelty in the proposed method stands in the fact that the experiment takes place in the wild WEB and instead of animal species, the measurements concern several types of WEB pages.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Cotsakis Stavros, Loumos Vassili, Kayafas Eleftherios
A PROPOSED E-LEARNING MEASUREMENT VISUALIZATION TOOL (E-LMVT)
An important characteristic of e-learning environments is that the instructor should know whether a registered user is sufficiently attending the lessons. ELMVT is a tool that measures and calculates official or preset indicators of learners’ diligence and then graphically depicts them in the form of a polychromatic (multi-colored) tree. In this way, the instructor can quickly and accurately form a first impression of the trainee’s diligence, an element important in order to enhance the trainee’s guidance and to ameliorate the further co-operation between the trainee and the instructor.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leopoldo Angrisani, Luigi Battaglia
DSP-BASED DIGITAL SIGNAL GENERATOR WITH DYNAMIC OUTPUT UPDATING CAPABILITY
The main aim of the paper is to describe the most significant strategies, both hardware and software, adopted for the implementation of a new digital signal generator based on the TMS320C6701TM digital signal processor (DSP). The novelty of the generator essentially relies on its capability of dynamically updating the output signal, according to the selections the user can make through a suitable graphical interface, with no need of reloading the target application into the DSP. This feature along with the high portability, good flexibility, and, above all, low cost, make the proposed generator appropriate for educational purposes, mainly concerning measurements on telecommunication systems, at universities as well as research centres.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

D. Crescini, M. Romani, D. Marioli, A. Taroni
A NEW THICK-FILM TILT SENSOR BASED ON THE HEAT TRANSFER PRINCIPLE
Among the various sensor technologies, thick-film technology (TFT) on ceramic substrates offers several appreciable capabilities, e.g., flexibility in choice of material and design, high shock resistance, ease of integration into electronic circuits and packaging. In this application a thick-film tilt sensor has been developed based on heat transfer by natural convection. The device measures internal changes in heat transfer caused by the inclination using the force of gravity as an input. The device is functionally equivalent to traditional proof-mass accelerometer. The proof mass in the new thick-film sensor is a gas. The gaseous proof-mass provides great advantages over the use of the traditional solid proof mass. Preliminary tests on the first prototypes show an accuracy of about 2% full scale output, repeatability of about 0.2° and thermal stability less than 0.2%/°C over a ± 50° range.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zbigniew Czaja
A SELF-TESTING APPROACH TO TESTING OF MIXED ANALOGDIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS BASED ON MICROCONTROLLERS
A new approach based on the 4D method is proposed to self-testing of analog networks (circuits) of mixed analog-digital microsystems controlled by microcontrollers. It is characterised by simplicity and facility of the implementation of diagnosis algorithms in simple and popular microcontrollers. In the paper the creation of a fault dictionary and self-testing procedures of analog networks (single soft fault detection and localisation) for these microsystems are described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mario Carpentieri, Juan Pedro Silveira, Romano Giannetti
A SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THE SPATIAL AND INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION ON CCD PATTERNS APPLIED TO IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION
The monitoring of a few critical parameters during epitaxal growth is necessary in order to obtain high quality III-V semiconductor heterostructures. We have developed an electronic circuit that is able to perform realtime analysis of the spatial distribution and intensity of RHEED (reflected high energy electron diffraction) patterns by means of a CCD camera. Besides being used for obtaining information from RHEED patterns, the new system can also be employed for in situ and real time stress measurements during molecular beam epitaxy of lattice mismatched heterostructures.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Jurkiewicz, Waclaw Gawedzki
COMPRESSION OF DIGITAL MEASUREMENT SIGNALS BY IMPROVED REVERSE SCALING RECONSTRUCTION METHOD
It is noticed in the paper that scaling of digital measurement signals and their registration in format which is comfortable to investigations during computer processing increase their volume. Possibility of realization a reverse scaling operation as an initial processing method preceding compression is mentioned.
The authors proposed to complete initial processing by generally well-known operation - calculation of differences between succeeding samples and they tested the additional compression ratio, resulting from the proposed transformations, using experiments.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Waclaw Gawedzki, Jerzy Jurkiewicz
EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION CRITERIA OF LOSSY COMPRESSION METHODS OF MEASUREMENT SIGNALS
The paper presents problems of compressing measurement signals recorded under long-lasting monitoring conditions. The criteria for compression method selection in view of its efficiency (compression ratio) and quality of conversion (coding-decoding procedure), with regard to dynamic properties of the measurement signals are discussed. Attention is given to the interdependence of the achieved compression ratio and the distortion level. A method is proposed for generating synthetic test signals to investigate the efficiency of lossy compression methods, which enables unification of the achieved results.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luca Callegaro, Vincenzo D'Elia
LIKE AND UNLIKE IMPEDANCE COMPARISONS WITH THE SAME INSTRUMENT
IEN system for unlike impedance comparison (resistance vs. inductance, or resistance vs. capacitance) is based on an implementation of the three-voltmeter method, which configures both standards in comparison as four terminal-pair, by using automatic electronic compensations to achieve the purpose. Basic relative accuracy of the instrument is between a few parts in 10^-6 for comparison of impedances in the range 10 Ω to 10 kΩ, and at frequencies in the range 100 Hz - 10 kHz.
The same system, without any changes in the instrumentation employed or its wiring, can be effectively used also as a four terminal-pair ratio bridge for comparison of like impedances (resistance vs. resistance, or capacitance vs. capacitance), in the same impedance and frequency range. This capability has been checked by conducting measurements of resistance ratios of four terminal-pair ac resistors, having nominal ratios of 1:1 and 10:1. Results show that, for like impedances, relative accuracies at the level of a few 10^-7 can be within reach.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Roman Flegar, Tanasko Tasic
SOFTWARE VALIDATION OF SERIAL LINE COMMUNICATION
The software validation of measuring instruments is a complex procedure, which can be divided into the validation of separate software functions. The paper deals with the software validation of functions for serial line communication. It describes methods for preparation and validation. Methods are based on demands and facts, which are important for measuring instruments under legal control. They were developed during type approval process of an automated liquid level measuring instrument, but they can be easily adopted and used with other measuring instruments or communication interfaces. At the end of validation procedure, results of methods are gathered together and evaluated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anna Domanska, Adam Derkowski
THE SENSITIVITY OF THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE QUANTIZATION ERROR TO THE FLUCTUATION OF THE AMPLITUDE OF A SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL UNDERGOING ANALOG-TODIGITAL CONVERSION
The characteristics of analog-to-digital converters (A/D converters) are established and assessed based on the results of the conversion of a sinusoidal signal. This method of measurement has been selected because it is relatively easy to generate sinusoidal signals with the required good parameters. Among the criteria of the measurement of an actual a-d conversion is the probability density function (PDF) of the quantization error. Unfortunately, the distribution of the PDF of the error of the quantization of a sinusoidal input signal is not rectangular (because sinusoidal signals do not comply with Widrow’s quantization theorem), and moreover the form of the function is highly sensitive to slight offset errors or gain errors appearing in the part of the signal path preceding the A/D converter. The paper discusses sensitivity of the PDF of the quantization error on the variations of the amplitude of the signal and the possibilities of remedying this situation by means of quantization with dither signal.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jan Fischer, Vladimír Haasz, David Slepicka, Josef Vedral
TRANSPORTABLE REFERENCE AD DEVICE – NEW INNOVATED VERSION
A transportable high stable reference AD device was designed and realised for a comparison of systems for testing a dynamic quality of ADCs or AD modules two years ago. In spite of the fact that several comparative measurements were successfully executed, some limitations and imperfections were found out. Therefore a new innovated version of the device was designed and developed based on existing experiences. The new solution is described in this paper.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gregor Geršak, Janez Humar, Dušan Fefer
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT – THE NMR MAGNETOMETER
In this paper a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance magnetometer (NMR) in a form of a LabVIEW Virtual instrument (VI) is proposed. The heart of the magnetometer remains the marginal oscillator with a proton sample. The magnetic resonance signal and all other auxiliary signals are generated and controlled by a set-up composed of a digital counter (for resonance frequency measuring), a VXI system (for the modulation signal generation and for the sampling of the oscillator output), a programmable DC voltage source (for oscillator frequency control) and a personal computer controlling the measurement. The virtual magnetometer was built and preliminary test measurements were done. The measuring results of the determination of a field-coil coilconstant showed that the virtual NMR magnetometer’s readings were comparable to the classic NMR magnetometer’s within 5·10^-4.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Augustyn
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME LMS-BASED ALGORITHMS FOR CALCULATING OF IMPEDANCE COMPONENTS IN THE SAMPLING SENSOR INSTRUMENT
The properties of some algorithms based on digital signal processing for the impedance components evaluation in circuits with sampling sensor have been analysed. It is supposed that the voltage and current are sampled synchronously to the fundamental frequency of the generated sinusoidal signal. Two groups of fitting sine wave algorithms, which are based on the least mean square (LMS) technique, have been described. The first one reconstructs indirect measurement method. The second group of algorithms estimates the unknown impedance components by direct method. In all these algorithms to simplify the calculations one can use different form of input matrix. The uncertainty’s propagation by described algorithms can be analysed by means of covariance matrix. In order to verify the performance of the considered algorithms (e.g., accuracy, estimator bias and convergence) the Monte Carlo simulations are realised in MATLAB. It is shown that those algorithms provide minimisation of uncertainty for selected number of samples and phase angles. The influence of the quantization error of the AD converters and jitters of the sampling time upon the uncertainty of the processing results of described algorithms have been carried out.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zdenek Chobola, Lech Hasse, Zbynek Ružicka
MEASUREMENT OF LOW FREQUENCY NOISE OF MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS
Noise measured across silicon single-crystal solar cells may serve as a non-destructive reliability indicator of the devices. The noise sources in monocrystalline solar cells has been described. The noise measuring system and the results of measurement of circular form cells (a diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 360 µm) have been presented. The DLTS measurements performed on investigated solar cells approved the noise measurement results.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giovanni Bucci, Ivano Caschera, Edoardo Fiorucci, Carmine Landi
A SMART POWER QUALITY SENSOR FOR THE EVALUATION OF FLICKER EFFECT
The monitoring of power quality (PQ) on supply networks is today an issue of worldwide interest. In this field, one of the most important parameter is the flicker effect, a phenomenon due to luminance fluctuations of the lighting caused by voltage variations. The IEC standardized the implementation of a flickermeter, to supply information about the human reaction to the voltage amplitude modulation. Starting from a different flicker measurement approach proposed by the authors, in this paper a low-cost smart flicker sensor has been designed and applied. The proposed sensor can transmit data over a TCP-IP network, in order to allow for a remote monitoring of power quality. The performance of the proposed device has been compared with a standard flickermeter and the main experiment results reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Codrin Donciu, Mihai Cretu, Cristian Fosalau
A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR REMOTE TEACHING AND EDUCATION
In the present paper, prototype architecture for an educational measurement system having geographical distributed users is illustrated. The students are required to use only a simple commercial Internet Web browser. In this way, several geographically remote stations can economically offer a more complete educational proposal specialised in different measuring fields.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luka Ferkovic, Josip Butorac
DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT PARAMETERS FOR INDUCTANCE STANDARDS
The confidence in self inductance base can be obtained by regular comparisons between particular metrological laboratories and by mutual comparisons of inductance standards within own laboratory. Standard methods of inductance measurements in its applications don't give explicitly all of parameters of standard substitute circuit nor the accuracy which is requested by fundamental principles of inductance standard calibration. In order to ensure the adequate low measurement uncertainty, which suits these requirements, it is necessary to elaborate the procedure of standard calibration.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Alessio Cavuoto, Luca De Vito, Gioacchino Truglia
AN INSTRUMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL GATEWAY AND NETWORK TESTING
In this paper an innovative instrument for analysis and testing of gateways used in residential and small office environments is presented. The gateways are widely used in today’s network systems, in which the demand of broadband connections and additional services becomes relevant. In the paper a brief description of the functional specifications and a high level view of the hardware and software architecture are given. In addition, the test procedures implemented in the instrument will be described and discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Stanislaw Moskowicz
A CONTACTLESS TWO-SENSOR DC TRANSDUCER – TRANSDUCTION FUNCTION ANALYSIS
In the paper the design and operation principle of a contactless two-sensor DC transducer is presented. The operation of the transducer makes use of the signal yielded by two fluxgate sensors based DC transducer situated at a certain distance from the wire traversed by the current to be measured. The proposed geometrical arrangement of the sensor makes the transduction accuracy less sensitive to inaccurate keeping the distance between the sensor and the wire flowed through by the current to be measured.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Heikki Jokinen
A METHOD TO DETECT SUDDEN CHANGES IN SIGNALS
Measurements may contain disturbances like transients or abrupt level changes. Although the duration of these effects is often short, the computed results derived from the measurements may be heavily corrupted. In order to be able to analyse only the non-disturbed region of the signal, the detection of anomalies is needed. In this paper we introduce a method for detecting sudden changes applying windowed moving variance computation technique.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pekka Kumpulainen, Kimmo Hätönen, Pekko Vehviläinen
AUTOMATIC DISCRETIZATION IN PREPROCESSING FOR DATA ANALYSIS IN MOBILE NETWORK
Several data mining methods require discretization of the data, rough sets and association rules for example. In this paper we present simple discretization methods for two types of variables common in telecommunications network. The variables are first classified in order to apply the proper discretization method. These methods are based on the amplitude distribution of the variables. Methods are unsupervised, i.e. they do not require class information for the samples.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Amerigo Trotta
BINOMIAL FILTERING TO IMPROVE BACKSCATTERED LIDAR SIGNAL CONTENT
Binomial filter may be applied wherever easily predictable smoothing is required. That is possible in lidar signal processing. Digital filtering is a way of extracting noise from signal [1] beside poissonian averaging. Binomial filtering is useful in making data easier to interpret provided that proper perspective relative to measurement errors is maintained. Kaiser algorithm has been used to improve recovered data.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Karol Korcz, Beata Palczynska, Ludwik Spiralski
DIGITAL METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF UNWANTED SIGNALS IN COMMUNICATION RECEIVERS
The software way of the estimation of the quantities the unwanted signals, on the basis of the digital data, at a communication receiver output has been presented. Advantages of the presented digital method in comparison with these recommended by the standard methods have been given. Thanks to the use of the separating operation of random and determined components in the digital stored measuring signal, the very low measurement errors of the estimated parameters have been achieved.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Károly Molnár, István Bogár, András Görgényi, László Sujbert
DYNAMIC WEIGHING SYSTEM OF RAILWAY CARRIAGES
The Dynamic Railway Diagnostics system (DRD) is a DSP-based measurement system, that analyses and stores the deformation signal of the rail caused by a passing train. The weight of the carriage is calculated by signal processing methods, by digital signal processors. This architecture makes the system capable of performing also other signal processing algorithms on this signal, e.g. faulty wheels can be detected. The DSP-based measurement method is a new approach in the field of in-motion weighing. This method can weigh and perform the diagnostics on trains travelling up to 160 km/h.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ivan Krejcí, Jana Parílková
INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR DIKES MONITORING
Instrumentation technique and processing of analog and digital signals in specially designed equipments are described. Parameters of instruments that have been built for purposes of the thermal scalar field monitoring and for electrical impedance spectroscopy are discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
MEASURING OF NON-LINEARITY OF NOMINALLY LINEAR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND NETWORKS
Traditional methods and new method for the small non-linearity measuring of electronic components and circuits are described in this paper. There are presented examples of measured intermodulation product levels on passive components.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Michal Lisowski, Ryszard Kacprzyk, Edmund Motyl, Pawel Galezki
SPACE CHARGE INFLUENCE ON THE RESUTS OF VOLUME RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN SOLID DIELECTRICS
The problems associated with measurements and determination of volume resistivity were presented in the paper. Special attention was paid to the measurements carried out on extremely high resistivity materials. Space charge influence was discussed as the most important factor affecting the uncertainty of results of the resistivity measurements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Nabielec, Jacek Nalepa
THE 'BLIND' METHOD OF DYNAMIC ERROR CORRECTION FOR THE SECOND ORDER SYSTEM
The paper presents results of simulation investigations of the measuring system, which enables measuring, with very small dynamic error, of rapidly changing signals using inexpensive transducers of not particularly good dynamic performance. Two methods for self-identification of the system sensor parameters are presented. The self-identification is performed using solely the measured signal at the system operating site. The system itself performs the correction of dynamic errors. Therefore the system shows small sensitivity to adverse influence of the operating conditions on the transducers dynamic properties. The investigations have been carried out for the second order, oscillatory and inertial transducers. The presented methods of correction can be applied to measuring of both: periodic and non-periodic signals. The simulation results, presented in a graphical form, illustrate the dependence of the correction effectiveness on the system selected parameters. Created programming tools make possible for testing the system in the neighbourhood of the selected operating point.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

R. Micheletti, R. Pieri
WALSH DIGITAL FILTERING ALGORITHM FOR HIGH SPEED DISTANCE PROTECTION WITH IMPROVED BEHAVIOR
Distance relays must estimate accurately and quickly the distance to the fault even in presence of highly distorted input signals. Several digital filtering algorithms for distance relays have been proposed and some of them are used in practical applications. However nonlinear loads are becoming more and more common in electric power systems and that increases the corruption level of signals. For this reason, the study of digital filtering techniques for the extraction of fundamental components from highly corrupt voltage and current waveforms is of vital importance for the development of algorithms applied to the digital protection of transmission lines. The studied technique proposed in this paper is based on Walsh functions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Peter Kral, Harald Hackl
DETERMINATION OF SOUND CAUSED BY COMPRESSOR VALVES USING TIME SIGNAL ANALYSIS
The measurement of sound levels of noise sources located very closely together – for example the inlet and outlet valve of a piston compressor – is a difficult task. This paper describes a method to evaluate the emitted noise levels of each valve. To achieve precise results, an analysis of the sound pressure level depending on time (time-signal) was done. Signal processing and computations of the measurement results lead to clearer separation of the sound emitted by each sound source (valve).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Nabielec, Barbara Bisztyga
DYNAMIC ERROR CORRECTION FOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENTIATING SENSORS
The dynamic measurement is considered. The measurement system with differentiating sensor is taken into account. The 'blind' method has been applied to solve the dynamic error correction. Discrete time corrector has been adapted. Simulation technique has been used to verify the usefulness of the correction.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ivan Lenicek, Roman Malaric, Alan Šala
AN ACCURATE COMPARISON OF HIGH-OHM RESISTANCES USING IMPROVED DVM-BASED SYSTEM
For purpose of accurate resistance standards comparison a digital voltmeter (DVM) based method has been designed and realized. When measuring resistance standards greater than 100 MΩ capabilities of the method are restricted due to influence of DVM's input parameters: input resistance, input offset current and input capacitance. The measurement system for resistance comparison based on two DVMs has been improved using simple electrometer transconductance amplifier that interfaces digital voltmeter with the measuring circuit. Analysis of influence of electrometer's parameters, realization of the electrometer device and calibration of the system has been presented in this paper. Described measurement system has been merged in resistance traceability chain of Primary Electromagnetic Laboratory (PEL) within the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing of the University of Zagreb, thus participating in building of high-ohm resistance standard base up to 1 TΩ.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mladen Boršic, Damir Ilic, Nadža Milanovic, Luka Ferkovic, Pasquale Daponte, Aniello Cimitile, Sergio Rapuano, Mihail Marinov, Andrea Aiello, Gianpaolo Mercurio, Gioachino Truglia, Višnja Gašljevic, Roman Vulpe
ESTIMATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRIC ENERGY - ITALIAN-CROATIAN PROJECT
The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Science, University of Zagreb and the Faculty of Engineering University of Sannio signed, in the year 2001, the Agreement of Cooperation International Co-operation for the Research Doctorate in Information Technology with the aim at collaborating for the activation and the development of joint doctoral degree courses.
The President of the Province of Benevento and the President of the City Assembly of Zagreb signed, the same year, the Letter of intent for cooperation. As the first step in this cooperation will be the realisation of the Italo-Croate project Estimation of the Uncertainty in Measurement of the Electric Energy funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca) and Croatian Ministry of Science and Technology (Ministarstvo znanosti i tehnologije).
The eolic electric energy, as a pure energy, becomes increasingly important in Italy. The high voltage to medium voltage transformer sub-stations in Montefalcone, having installed energy of about 180 MVA, will be the test stations to evaluate the uncertainty in measurement of electric energy generated by eolic generators. The result should be the fair and transparent energy rating.
The group of researchers from Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Croatian Metrology Society, Zagreb, and Universita degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento will try to find all the sources of possible errors in measurements. At the end, two or three researchers will carry out internationally recognised doctorate dissertations.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Po Gyu Park, V. Ya. Shifrin, V. N. Khorev, Y. G. Kim
A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR PROTON GYROMAGNETIC RATIO DETERMINATION AS A BASIS FOR A MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY STANDARD
The proton gyromagnetic ratio (γ'_P) plays a fundamental role in achieving highly accurate magneticfield measurements. At the KRISS complex for the determination of the proton gyromagnetic ratio, we have improved a magnetic-field standard based on the value of γ'_P and related techniques. The standard for measuring DC magnetic flux density is intended to cover the range from 20 µT to 2.5 T, with an uncertainty ranging from 4·10^-6 to 6·10^-5 T.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Petar Knezevic, Vedran Srsen, Kresimir Segaric
ANALYSIS OF SOME QUALITY OF SERVICE PARAMETERS' IMPACT ON END-TO-END DELAY MEASUREMENTS IN VOIP NETWORK
Internet users and Internet service providers are using all kinds of tools for monitoring the communication network. Most of the measurements are done by inserting simulated traffic into the network and observing network performances. When used to measure some time-sensitive applications, like Voice over IP (VoIP), these tools in coherence with some network configuration techniques can result with inaccurate measurement result. We discuss some of those configuration techniques and their influence on delay measurements, and introduce possible solutions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Salvatore Nuccio, Ciro Spataro, Giovanni Tinè
ELECTROMAGNETIC IMMUNITY OF A PORTABLE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
In the paper the performance of a portable data acquisition system under radiated electromagnetic disturbances is investigated, in order to find out if and how its peculiar characteristics change with respect to the ones measured in absence of electromagnetic field. The analysis is carried out by means of experimental tests, subjecting the system under test to the threats considered by the IEC-61326 standard and following the test procedures prescribed in the IEC-61000-4-3 standard. The results show that the electromagnetic influence can lead to a worsening of the tested data acquisition system features.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

José Carlos Oliveira, Diamantino Silva Freitas, Artur Capelo Cardoso
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT: A NEW APPROACH IN ELECTRICAL METROLOGY
The measurement of electrical quantities in electronic circuits is inscribed in the non-parametric world for a long time. Multimeters, Oscilloscope and Network Analysers are the preferred tools used by engineers. Parametric identification allows a new step in circuit characterization. This approach opens new perspectives in the process of electronic circuit’s design. The present paper presents a solution to the problem of parametric characterization. To allow the simulation and validation of the results a new simulation tool is also presented. The proposed simulation solution uses modified off-the-shelf standard software packages, integrates them closely, offering an expeditious way of bringing mathematical postprocessing power to a standard electronic simulation package, in the framework of circuit design and characterization or measurement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jana Parílková, Ivan Krejcí
ELECTRONIC METHODS OF DIKE STATUS MONITORING
Original electrical methods of piled up dikes status monitoring are described. Using these methods, progress of water infiltration and deformations inside of the dike body can be indicated. Some results are shown and discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janusz M. Mosakowski, Andrzej Podgórski
IMPLEMENTATION OF 1/1 OCTAVE AND 1/3 OCTAVE FILTERS IN DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
Set of filters is required for the analysis of sound and vibration signals usually composed of different elements. The designing process of so-called 1/1 octave and 1/3 octave digital filters and their implementation in the digital signal processor, working in the real time system, is shortly presented. The obtained exemplary frequency characteristics are given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Roman Szewczyk, Adam Bienkowski, Jacek Salach
INFLUENCE OF STRESSES ON THE PROPERTIES OF FLUXGATE SENSOR WITH PERMALLOY RING CORE
This paper presents results of investigation on influence of stress from the external forces on the sensitivity of the fluxgate sensor with 80% Ni-Permalloy P-80M ring core. Stress was applied in two directions: in the direction of diameter of the ring or in perpendicular direction to the magnetising field in the ring core. The influence of mechanical stress from the external forces on the magnetic properties of this ring core was measured. Then results of this testing were used in computer simulation of the influence of stress on the output signal of the fluxgate. The results confirmed, that stress sensitivity of the fluxgate sensor’s core material must be taken into consideration during the development of such device.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tomasz Tarasiuk
INTERPOLATION BASED ON WAVELET COEFFICIENTS FOR FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
Presented paper concerns the problem of signal period estimation improvement by means of the wavelet coefficients. In particular, the interpolation based on the wavelet coefficient has been proposed for this aim. The method does not require virtually any additional computational power of measurement device, under assumption that the wavelet transform has been implemented for waveform analysis. In the paper results of experimental research have been presented and its merits as well as shortcomings have been discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Domenico Alessandro Lampasi, Luca Podestà
IVI SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
The aim of this work is the creation of a virtual instrument for the management of an experimental set-up in which the electronic instruments are interchangeable. This is possible using IVI drivers (National Instruments). In this way the software system becomes independent of the chosen hardware.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ryszard Roskosz, Michal Ziólko
MEASUREMENT ACCURACY OF SHORT-CIRCUIT LOOP IMPEDANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS
This paper presents the problems relating to the measurement of power system loop impedance in present day low voltage networks particularly in presence of voltage disturbances. The paper discusses the main sources of loop impedance measurement errors such as: the difference in impedances arguments, transients in tested circuit and the distortion of the voltage waveform in the measurement point. The conditions how to minimize measurement inaccuracy are also given. Example of loop impedance measurement errors are presented in the form of graves for different parameters of the tested circuit.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Arne Troffaes, Patrick Boets, Leo Van Biesen
ON THE CROSSTALK IN TRANSMISSION LINES CAUSED BY SPLICES
A model for the crosstalk between two twisted pairs caused by splices, is proposed. The model will allow the crosstalk to be calculated in any case where splices exist in a transmission line. The expressions are then evaluated by measurements on a lab-produced splice and the total influence of the splices on the total crosstalk is evaluated, in order to see if the crosstalk caused by the splices is relevant compared to the standard crosstalk.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Darko Vasic, Vedran Bilas, Davorin Ambruš
PULSED REMOTE FIELD TECHNIQUE IN FERROMAGNETIC TUBE WALL THICKNESS AND INNER DIAMETER MEASUREMENT
In conventional applications of the remote field eddy current technique, a probe with low frequency sinusoidal excitation is used for measurement of ferromagnetic tube wall thickness. An additional probe with high frequency excitation is required for measurement of the tube inner diameter (electrical caliper). In this paper, this is illustrated with results of finite element analysis. However, the waveform of the pulse driving current and shorter probe length potentially allow the measurement of the inner diameter and the wall thickness with the same probe. We present results of our experiments on ferromagnetic tubes with internal and external defects that confirm applicability of the pulsed remote field technique for measurement of the both quantities.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Josep M. Torrents, Ramon Pallàs-Areny
SENSING OIL CONDITION THROUGH TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
Time-scheduled oil changes in internalcombustion engines are often performed well before the oil starts to significantly lose its lubricating properties. A check of oil properties using laboratory analysis methods is expensive. Using the same techniques during service would be extremely difficult. Consequently, oil is seldom analyzed before substitution, which results in oil wasting. This paper shows that in the low frequency range, the temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant of lubricating oils depends on whether the oil is fresh or it has been used. Hence, the change in dielectric constant from ambient temperature to working temperature is a possible sensing method for engine oil condition.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jiri Brossmann, Jaroslav Roztocil, Vojtech Ruml, Dusan Varga
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ADC TESTS
Object based universal software system for ADC testing which enables an easy programmer’s access and expansion (update) is introduced in this paper. The basic idea of the object oriented design and some aspects of the software solution of the ADC testing are described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ivan Gašparac, Zlatko Maljkovic, Mario Vražic
VIBRATIONS MEASUREMENT DURING HYDROGENERATOR TESTING
This paper presents the results of vibration measurement during several specific tests of 35 MVA hydro-generator.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tomasz Twardowski
WILL USB BE A STANDARD OF PC - INSTRUMENTATION COMMUNICATION?
The goal of this paper is to provide analysis of Universal Serial Bus, multipurpose communication interface, in application to laboratory measurement systems. This interface is compared with others, established measurement interface standards, especially IEEE-488, in a view of requirements in this specific application. The current market offer and trends in software and hardware design are reviewed. Obstacles to common use of USB in measurements are pointed out and projections to the future use are made.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Milan Stork
COUNTER BASED FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
This paper describes architecture a new pure digital frequency synthesizer based on generators, counters and a register. The technique described here is much simpler then other method. Presented synthesizer is the most suitable for the design of VLSI architectures or for programmable Large Scale Integration. On the other hand, this synthesizer has a disadvantage in low output frequency, but this can be overcome by using this synthesizer together with phase locked lop.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Slobodan Škundric, Dragan Kovacevic, Slobodan Mikicic
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER ACCURACY TESTING BY DFT METHOD
Instrument transformer accuracy testing by the method based on integration of DFT and virtual instrument concept, composed of standard hardware (osciloscope, PC) and specific software is outlined. The structure of the realized virtual instrument for accuracy test of current transformer by DFT method is shown. The method has experimentally verified and compared with measurements made with the classical complex Hohle compensator.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Umberto Pogliano
FAST AND PRECISE ALGORITHM FOR TRACKING SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
The paper describes an algorithm for fast and precise tracking of sinusoidal signals. The implementation is designed for a system where the acquisition and processing of the input signal samples are performed in real time. Few instructions are required at every step, so the algorithm can be applied to signals having a relative high frequency.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Bruno Andò, Nicola Pitrone
DISTANCE LEARNING IN LABORATORY SESSIONS
The incoming technologies allowing for a massive use of remote driven instruments could improve the quality of the experiments in laboratory sessions, especially for what concerns the very specific high level classes. Moreover, taking into account the large number of students, the availability of the lab can be greatly extended. In order to give flexibility and high performances to the educational tool a user friendly virtual instrument has been realised allowing distance learning. Some basic experiments can be performed by the user, namely the analysis of both the RC and the RLC circuits, frequency measurements and also measurements on audio-frequency amplifiers. Indeed, the user can make the choice of the experiment which he is interested in and can choose the particular procedure among the implemented ones. By using the adopted procedure the user can carry out a proper training without loosing the contact with real instruments. In order to emphasize the features of the implemented system some examples are presented. A 'presence effect' will be added in the next future, by using a web camera in the lab.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vedran Srsen, Sandor Dembitz, Petar Knezevic
ANALYSIS OF ECHO IN PSTN-TO-VOIP TRANSMIGRATION
The growth of the Internet and its impact on other communication technologies is nothing new today. One of the issues is the migration of voice traffic from Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to packet networks. In this paper we will show the impact of that migration on the occurrence of echo, and the use of solutions that are implemented in the VoIP network.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Goran Petrovic, Tomislav Kilic, Stanko Milun
REMANENT FLUX MEASUREMENT AND OPTIMAL ENERGIZATION INSTANT DERTERMINATION OF POWER TRANSFORMER
The inrush currents generated during a energization of power transformer can reach very high values and may cause many problems in power system. In this paper method for controlled energization of power transformer based on measuring of remanent flux of magnetic core is presented. The remanent flux is measured and memorized at the last de-energization of transformer and then applied at next energization. Experimental results of inrush currents at controlled energization of transformer are presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Young Tae Park, Efim Z. Shapiro
A HIGH FREQUENCY POWER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USING A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE THERMAL RMS-DC CONVERTER
A high bandwidth power transducer, based on an inexpensive, commercially available, standard IC package covering frequency ranges from DC to 100 kHz is described. The power transducer can be used for accurate power measurements with distorted waveforms and at high frequency.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Henrique Quaresma, António Pedro Silva, António Serra
IMPROVING DYNAMIC RESISTANCE AND DIFFERENTIAL CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE DEVICES
A numerical model of a general purpose commercial equipment for current versus voltage (I-V) and differential capacitance versus voltage (C-V) measurement of active devices is presented. The good agreement between the model results and experimental data show that the model takes into account the main error sources of the instrument and can be used as a base to perform error correction and to implement a calibration procedure.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

M. De Luca, S. Rapuano
AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE LATENCY IN POTENTIALS EVOKED BY TACTILE STIMULI
The paper faces the problem of recording and analyzing the sensory potentials evoked by tactile stimuli in a non-invasive way. These signals present a very low SNR. Therefore, at now, this very selective investigation technique requires harmful needle electrodes to acquire them. The paper proposes both a new recording method based on surface electrodes and a signal processing technique. This technique greatly improves the SNR of the signals. The new method has been validated measuring the latency on simulated as well as actual signals. The results of the validation phase are presented and discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vytautas Giniotis, Mindaugas Rybokas
DATA PROCESSING AND INFORMATION ASSESSMENT IN SCALES MEASUREMENT SIMULATION
The paper deals with the data assessment and implementation of scale measurement simulation using computation by PC. The PC simulation was applied to the newly developed method of the raster scales measurement. The metrological functions of the computer simulation are described explaining the new method of circular scales measurement, and the main features of the system are also explained. Computer simulation (CS) system consists of the object of measurement – the circular scale – and the reference measure, scale-reading sensors, the registration of their readings and their processing. The equations of the result evaluation are given, for which the statistical means are used for result evaluation. The diagram of the CS system is presented. The system is developed to fulfil the tasks necessary for engineering and education. The measurement is simulated to assess the metrological properties of the method applied and for educational purposes as well. The interactive mode of measurement is simulated to change the parameters being measured and to use the static and dynamic modes of measurement. The results of measurement are calculated using the equations with large number of unknown parameters, expressing the errors of the scale.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Albert Weckenmann, Sebastian Beetz
COMPUTER-BASED INTEGRATED ASSISTANCE FOR COORDINATE MEASUREMENTS
The constant increase of the application areas of coordinate metrology is due to the universality and flexibility of coordinate measurement machines (CMMs). Their varied applications require a high degree of knowledge by the CMM operator. In coordinate metrology, the operator is the main cause for uncertainties. The aim is to achieve small uncertainties, so that reliable and predominantly operator-independent measurement results can be obtained. To reduce these effects, it is necessary to support the CMM operator during his measuring tasks.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ludwik Finkelstein
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
The paper presents an outline of the philosophical and formal logical analysis of the fundamental concepts of measurement, information, knowledge and knowledge application, It considers the relation between them.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Renato R. Machado, Tácito B. Pinto, Itamar Ferreira
INFLUENCE OF THE INDENTER GEOMETRY AND THE MODE CONTROL IN HARDNESS MEASUREMENT BY INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION TEST
Taking into account the technical procedures established on ISO/FDIS 14577-1 standard draft, instrumented indentation tests (IIT) were carried out on macro range, in order to determine hardness and other material parameters, so that, using a universal testing machine adapted with a system developed for this end. Two different indenters and two different modes of control were used. It was observed that despite using different modes of control the values of the parameters analysed were similar considering the same indenter geometry. Concerning to the different indenter geometries the bigger hardness values was observed for HV indenter than HBW indenter. Relating to the mechanical work, the results showed in one hand a similar elastic deformation work for both indenters on the other hand it showed a major plastic deformation work for HV indenter than the HBW indenter.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Laurence Brice
THE INFLUENCE OF INDENTER CHARACTERISTICS ON HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS
This paper details work carried out to determine the influence of indenter geometry on measured hardness values for both Vickers and Rockwell hardness methods. For Vickers Hardness, the effect of indenter angle is quantified, and for Rockwell Hardness, the effect of varying both cone angle and tip radius is investigated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Samuel Low, James Fink
EFFECTS OF BENDING IN BRASS ROCKWELL B SCALE TEST BLOCKS
As part of a project to produce primary hardness reference blocks for the Rockwell B hardness scale at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), studies were conducted to observe the stability of the hardness value of the blocks over a period of time and with use. A study of brass test blocks at the 42 HRBW level revealed some interesting instability results when tested using the NIST standardizing machine with it’s large diameter sample support.
After a relatively small number of indentations, each block exhibited an abrupt change in the apparent hardness of the test block. Examination of this phenomena revealed that the abrupt change in hardness was the result of a combination of the bending of the block and the use of the NIST machine’s large diameter flat anvil. This paper discusses the reasons that block bending affects the hardness measurement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

E. Aslanyan, A. Doynikov, V. Pivovarov
METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATIONAL SHORE D SCALE HARDNESS STANDARD
Design specifics and study results are provided for the new National Shore D scale hardness standard. At the metrological study of the standard the calculations of uncertainty in measurements with two methods are considered: in accordance with the international guide on expression of uncertainty in measurement and in accordance with the principles based on the scales of order properties.
According to the metrological study, the standard ensures the reproduction and dissemination of the scale in the actually used range of HSD numbers of 20 to 102 with an HSD uncertainty of no more than 0.5.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anton Štibler, Konrad Herrmann
UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF THE REFERENCE HARDNESS STANDARD OF SLOVENIA
A commercial hardness testing machine has been provided to represent a reference hardness standard in Slovenia. Various hardness scales which are important for calibration purposes are realized on this machine. The evaluation of measurement uncertainty is one of the most important tasks for establishing this reference standard. Therefore the influence quantities contributing to the uncertainty are determined and the calibration of the machine by direct and indirect method is carried out. Calculations of measurement uncertainties for Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell hardness scales are presented. The hardness scales for Brinell HBW 2,5/187,5; HBW 2,5/62,5; HBW 2,5/31,25, Vickers HV 30 and Rockwell are subject of uncertainty determination in this paper.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

V. Augutis, R. Ramanauskas, V.Vasauskas
MEASUREMENT OF THE MECHANICAL STATE OF SUBSURFACE LAYERS BY EDDY-CURRENT METHOD
Methods of structural strength and lifetime control for short and safe components are traditionally based on the most structural and functional materials. Mechanical tests do not give a reliable data because of inconsistency of wear and fracture mechanism of specimens and real structural members. For the structural members the essential charges of anisotropy (texture) of the initial material occur after various technological operations. Because of this it is necessary to develop nondestructive methods of structure control of structural members under loading directly in technological process, that subjects components to a 100% test (i.e. testing of all items) and which can guarantee their safety. The determination of Young’s modulus (E), hardness (H), and strain hardening exponent (n) by means of indentation experiments can be successfully achieved by establishing the relation between the bulk tensile response of a material and the local indentation test. The uses of indentation tests are also relevant of the structural integrity assessments of components, where tensile specimens may not be readily available. Alternative methods are required; therefore we turn to nondestructive methods directly applied to the structure number, such as eddy-current technique. The objective of the study was to determinate and quantify the changes in the magnetic and mechanical properties in the layers of microstructure after quenching, the hardening depth and surface hardness using CS-pulsed eddy current technique, and to correlate them with technological parameters.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hiroshi Yamamoto, Takashi Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Kawashima, Mikie Shibata
ISO HARDNESS STANDARDS INDENTATION HARDNESS TESTS AND HARDNESS STANDARD BLOCKS
ISO standards for hardness are established from metrological standards for force, length, etc. and daily control requirements via hardness standard blocks. The authors have already stated that the unification of loading speed via ISO standards is important both industrially and economically. In consideration of the international importance of ISO standards for hardness testing, the authors review the current ISO specifications in this report, particularly their definition of loading speed, tolerances for Rockwell reference loads, and other test-block requirements, based on our own experiments. Although it may be necessary to have continuous experimental findings using various hardness testers and test blocks, the following conclusions can be said at present.
(1) As a result of reviewing the basis of defining test force application, it can be generally concluded that LRT would be more appropriate than the indentation velocity as a basis of defining the test force application for indentation hardness tests.
(2) Considering the experiment results and the present situation concerning testing machine and method, the tolerances for the first and second reference loads for Rockwell hardness should be specified independently, and it may be necessary to loosen the tolerance for the second reference load.
(3) In the future, it is hoped that the test load tolerances for overall indentation hardness tests will be reviewed by studying the method of testing the dynamic load being applied during hardness testing, rather than the checking mass of weight or static load.
(4) As regards the ISO requirement for hardness block thickness, it is desirable that that for micro Vickers blocks should be 5 mm or more, and that for non-ferrous HR blocks should be 7 mm or more, based on a through consideration of the characteristics of individual testing methods, test forces, and block materials, as is the case with JIS standards.
(5) It has been confirmed that high-precision hardness blocks play an important role in the experimental verification of various aspects of hardness testing.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vytautas Vasauskas, Vytautas Capas
PARTICULAR ASPECTS IN THE CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION DYNAMIC AND STATIC HARDNESS
The paper summarizes some results obtained at investigation of the main quantities influencing the uncertainty of measuring dynamic hardness. Some parameters concerning the force and time behaviour for full test cycle (loading and unloading) is discussed in terms of a systematic characterization of the dynamic set up used. The technique parallels the method for static indentation hardness determination and allows direct comparisons between dynamic and static hardness measurements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

L. Ma, S. Low, J. Song, J. Zhou
DETERMINING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF O1 TOOL STEEL FROM REVERSE COMPUTATION OF INDENTATION MEASUREMENT
Besides obtaining the hardness of materials, the indentation test has also been developed as a popular method for investigating mechanical properties. There exist some empirical or semi-analytical methods for determining the hardness, Young’s modulus and work hardening exponent from indentation experiments. In this paper, a reverse computation method is introduced to determine the elastic modulus and stress-strain curve of O1 tool steel from the Rockwell C hardness (HRC) indentation test combined with finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. The forcedepth data from the HRC spheroconical indentation measurement is used to start an iterative FEA simulation procedure to extract the elastic-plastic stress-strain relationship which is consistent with the experimentally measured data. The reverse computation results agree well with HRC test results.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sheau-shi Pan, Chiu-Hsien Chen, Chi-Sheng Chang
EVALUATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY DUE TO ABBE’S ERROR FOR PRIMARY ROCKWELL HARDNESS STANDARD SYSTEM
The Primary Rockwell Hardness Standard System was established in the Center for Measurement Standards since July 1996 till June 1997. During the time, a laser interferometer, HP10737R 3-axis compact interferometer system, was substituted for the optical linear scale and combined with the mechanical structure of the original system to measure the Rockwell Hardness nominated values from 20 HRC to 70 HRC. Subsequently the laser interferometer was performed the measurement of the pitch and yaw of the indenter when the hardness was measured; then we evaluated the uncertainty caused by the Abbe’s error, pitch and yaw. The results showed that the expanded uncertainty of the primary Rockwell hardness standard system due to the Abbe’s error of the indenter was 0,046 HRC at the confidence level of 95%. The expanded uncertainty caused by the angle difference between the indenter moving axis and the measuring optical path was 0,0028 HRC at the confidence level of 95%.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Renato R. Machado, Tácito B. Pinto, Itamar Ferreira
COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING AND INSTRUMENTED INDENTATION TESTING
With base in the precepts and technical procedures of ISO 6508-1 standard and ISO/FDIS 14577-1 standard draft, Rockwell hardness testing and instrumented indentation testing (IIT) were carried out using a universal testing machine, through adaptation of a system developed for these ends. The results pointed out a good relation between the two hardness tests, taking into account that IIT can provide other materials parameters besides being the simplest method, not requiring any preliminary force or operator influence. Nevertheless, it was observed the necessity of the improvement of the used system, regarding the monitoring of zero-point.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vilson Berilli Mendes, Fabiana R. Leta
AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF BRINELL AND VICKERS HARDNESS USING COMPUTER VISION TECHNIQUES
In this paper we present a methodology to automatic measure the hardness indentation, by using Computer Vision techniques. The main focus is the indentation measurement. With this methodology the user’s skill has no influence in the final hardness result.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giulio Barbato, Alessandro Germak, Samuel Low
PROPOSAL FOR A PRACTICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY IN HARDNESS MEASUREMENT
Hardness measurement is widely used in industrial applications for quality control and acceptance testing of products because it is fast, inexpensive and relatively non-destructive. Uncertainty evaluation is complicated because calibration procedures require the use of direct and indirect verification tests, but the effects on the measurand itself due to test parameters variations are difficult to predict, such as the force-time pattern, inelastic performances of Rockwell indenters and the numerical aperture for Brinell and Vickers indentations measurement. This paper starts by accepting as a matter of fact that standard specifications have demonstrated acceptable performance, indicating that their application is correct for most of the materials generally used. Accepting this premise, the next step was to try to translate the practice, confirmed by many years of experience, into the new language of uncertainty, strongly required by quality documents.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Robert A. Ellis
UNCERTAINTIES OF VICKERS HARDNESS TEST BLOCKS
Uncertainties of Vickers hardness can be calculated for every individual Vickers hardness test block using the standardizing testing machine uncertainty components and the non- uniformity of the reference material. Unlike the Rockwell test for example, the test components can be directly related to the outcome of the uncertainty of the Vickers test. It can be shown in some cases that the reference uncertainty is larger than the accepted tolerances at the lower end of the hardness ranges.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giulio Barbato, Alessandro Germak, Konrad Herrmann, Samuel Low
EVOLUTIONS IN HARDNESS SCALES DEFINITION
A conventional characteristic of hardness measurements is the strong dependency on the official definition of each scale. For this reason, and to assure a good connection between National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), scientific organizations (e.g., IMEKO1) and international organizations for standardization (e.g., ISO2 and OIML3), a new Working Group on Hardness (WGH) was created a few years ago under the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) of the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). One of the principal aims of the WGH is to analyze the level of accuracy corresponding to the state-of-the-art of national primary standards, ultimately leading to improvements in the hardness scale definitions and, at the same time, providing well-defined traceability, in terms of uncertainty, of industrial measurements. Recent efforts to improve hardness scale definitions and the consequential reduction of uncertainty are presented in this paper. Contributing to this effort are the NMIs that currently maintain hardness standards and those that have plans to realize them in the near future. By improving the definitions and the associated uncertainty, certain advantages will be obtained at all levels in the dissemination of hardness standards: from the calibration and testing laboratories to industrial measurement applications.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Konrad Herrmann, Anton Stibler, Imre Patkovszky, Peter Strobel, Febo Menelao
INVESTIGATION OF A CALIBRATION DEVICE FOR THE DEPTH MEASURING SYSTEM IN ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINES
The paper describes investigations on the metrological properties of a newly developed calibration device for the depth measuring system in Rockwell hardness testing machines. The special feature of this calibration device is the inductive measuring system and that it is used under acting test force. The investigation of the calibration device is carried out with two different reference devices. As main result of the investigation an uncertainty of measurement U ˜ 0,24 µm of the calibration device was proven.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giulio Barbato, Gabriele Brondino, Maurizio Galetto
FORCE CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTED HARDNESS TESTERS
In this paper a methodology for calibration of force transducers used for hardness testers is described. The methodology associates to the standard procedure a method to evaluate and correct other effects such as promptness, creep and hysteresis. After a general description, a practical application is reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tatiana Siraya, Valery Granovsky
MEASUREMENT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN METROLOGY: SYSTEMIC APPROACH
Problem of measurement quality analysis is stated as a systemic one. Measurement procedure is investigated as a complex system of various elements, including real objects and mathematical models. Several kinds of systemic decomposition are performed.
Quality of measurement is investigated in main aspects; both quality of the real objects and quality of the mathematical models are studied on the unified methodological basis.
Traditional accuracy analysis of measurement is complemented by the investigation of the main groups of quality characteristics for measurement procedure. In particular, reliability and complexity characteristics are studied.
Complete mathematical model of measurement procedure is formulated and studied. It relies on the models of the physical objects, as well as on the models of transformations, including the algorithms and software for data processing. Quality characteristics of the algorithms and software are estimated according to their role in measurement. The model quality characteristics are also investigated, including adequacy characteristics.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Valery A. Granovsky
PERSPECTIVE OF METROLOGY QUALITATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Metrology, as a system of scientific and practical activity, is developed under the influence of practice requirements. These requirements are directed at all-systematic broadening of its subject by necessity to measure non-physical quantities of objects and to study objects closely and hence to operate with new measuring apparatus. Metrology subject broadening will require assimilating the experience of using non-traditional types of scale for measurable quantities and mathematical tools, and methods of information means modelling.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ferdinand van der Heijden, Gloria Tuquerres, Paul Regtien
A REFLECTION MODEL FOR ULTRASONIC TOF MEASUREMENTS FOR INDOOR APPLICATIONS
An acoustic position measurement system is based on a time-of-flight (ToF) measurement of an acoustic tone burst. In indoor situations, the accuracy of the measurement is often affected by echoes generated by nearby objects around the measurement set-up. The problem how to model these echoes is addressed in the paper. Such a model is useful for the development of ToF measurement methods that can deal effectively with the echoes. The proposed model is a zero mean, non-stationary stochastic process statistically defined by its autocovariance function. We are able to specify this function by means of a few parameters. Experiments performed validate the proposed model. We show that the proposed autocovariance function and the one deduced from experimental data can approximately be brought in accordance.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mikko Hokkanen, Paul H. Andersson
AUTONOMOUS ADJUSTING OF MACHINE TOOLS IN FMS, IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
The aim of the project (AutoComp II) was to examine the possibilities to build an autonomous measuring and compensation system for a flexible manufacturing system, FMS. This goal has been introduced in detail at the Imeko 2000 conference in the paper "Autonomous adjusting of machine tools in FMS". The focus of this paper is on the implementation and the results of the project.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Komyo Kariya, Shigeru Takayama
PROPORSAL TO INTRODUCE "MEASUREMENT SCIENCE" IN EDUCATION COURSE ON ALL FIELDS AND RANKS
At present, there are many kind of education course corresponded to the social situation. But the foundation of education should be advanced in an education system that is enacted according to the construction of each nation. The system is for example public school education system (or national school education system). General saying, the society is going to progress according to the development of technology. Nowadays modern society has achieved by the development of electric and electronic technology, communication technology, mechanical technology, industrial chemical technology, bio chemical technology, medical technology, civil and architecture technology, and other technologies. And generally it is possible to say that the modern society is going to advance demanding new technologies. Particularly, the future development of modern society will be influenced by the effect of Natural Scientific and Technological Education (after we say as NSTE) for the people live in society. This paper shows that the “Measurement Science” is proper to the education put natural scientific and technological knowledge in to the people according to the level and the rank of education system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dietrich Hofmann, Gerhard Linß
INTERNET METROLOGY, THE NEW APPROACH TO MEASUREMENT. 45 YEARS SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS WITH IMEKO
Measurement is one source of knowledge acquisition in complex situations. The body of knowledge about sensors, instrumentation, measurement & testing is metrology. Metrology became tangle and unlimited for individuals. First in history of man Internet Metrology gives the chance to collect the metrological knowledge in a branch portal and to structure it for the real needs of customers. For this challenge IMEKO is well prepared. Aim of the paper is to give stimulations for collaboration in a customer-oriented Internet Metrology (Web Metrology).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Saulius Kausinis , Rimantas Barauskas
COMPUTER MODELLING OF A PIEZOELECTRIC ANGULAR RATE SENSOR
The paper presents the finite element (FE) modelling of operation of a rotational motion sensor that uses a balanced oscillator (tuning fork) to sense the angular rate. The 3D FE model has been employed to examining the sensor’s modal properties. The sensitivity functions have been obtained for adjusting the geometric parameters of the quartz element in order to achieve the desired values of natural frequencies. The performance of computations during the dynamic analysis has been enhanced by introducing a dynamically reduced model based on truncation of dynamic contributions of higher modes of the vibrating structure.
Results are presented in terms of sensor performance characteristics for various design parameters and modes of operation. The modelling assumptions adopted are tested experimentally on the vibrating quartz resonator.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Roald Taymanov, Ksenia Sapozhnikova
INTELLIGENT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. MAXIMUM RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT INFORMATION, MINIMUM METROLOGICAL MAINTENANCE
It is shown that for increasing the reliability of measurement information received from instruments built into the equipment, these instruments should have the "intellect" and structural redundancy.
Besides of capability to operate under changing conditions and noise, they can realize automatic check of metrological serviceability, and when a single defect occurs, they can change the structure and/or algorithm of input data processing, inform an operator about the defect appearance. The verification period for them is commensurable with their service life.
A new definition of an intelligent measuring instrument is suggested, which takes into account these peculiarities. The main requirements to intelligent instruments are formulated.
The description of an intelligent instrument for control and diagnostics, which is used in the control and safety system of a nuclear power plant in Russia, is presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marjan Leber, Andrej Polajnar, Reinhard Willfort
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SUPPORT IN INTRODUCING INNOVATIVE PROCESS
Satisfying consumers' requirements for product quality, price and production times constitutes nowadays a vast and sophisticated field of activities which penetrate all business functions of a company. These requirements present a serious problem to companies. The paper concentrates on the evaluation of organisational processes, the employees and technology in an enterprise with knowledge management. It also wants to stress those partners and consumers are included into the evaluation chain with the help of knowledge management, and that they are directed towards new knowledge acquisition. This altogether adds to higher business success of an enterprise. For planning business functions and especially the production process it is necessary to have a support, the tools, which give answers to the customers' demands. One of such tools is the QFD method (Quality Function Deployment), which has been introduced into the process of product designing in the enterprise.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gilles Mauris
POSSIBILITY EQUIVALENCE OF UNIMODAL ASYMMETRIC PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
At the application level, it is important to be able to define around the measurement result an interval which will contain an important part of the distribution of the measured values, that is, a confidence interval. This practice acknowledged by the ISO Guide is a major shift from the probabilistic representation as a confidence interval represents a set of possible values for a parameter associated with a confidence level. It can be viewed as a probabilitypossibility transformations by viewing possibility distribution as encoding confidence intervals. In this paper, after having recalled probability/possibility links by the notion of confidence intervals, previous works concerning transformation of symmetric probability distribution into possibility distributions are extended to asymmetric probability distributions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Maarten Korsten, Dan Stefanescu, Paul Regtien
SENSOR SPECIFICATION USING THE ISA AND STEP STANDARDS FOR SENSOR SELECTION
In this paper, a framework is proposed for computer supported sensor selection and design. An important requirement to this is that the specifications of sensors can be matched with requirements. Therefore sensors and requirements must be specified unambiguously. It is foreseen that a software system for this will have to acquire information from suppliers automatically, in order to stay up to date. Also different parts of the software system will have to exchange information. We conclude that a standard neutral information exchange format for the specification of sensors is desired. In this paper an overview of the problem is given. STEP and PLib are introduced as standards for information exchange about products and parts respectively. However, the field of sensor specification has not been developed yet and it is proposed in this paper to do this. As an example, sensor specification within the class of strain gage transducers is worked out. First an overview of modelling options is discussed and then it is demonstrated how sensor specifications might look in the PLib format. It is concluded that the PLib standard is indeed suited for exchanging specification information about sensors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luca Mari
THE CONCEPTS OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL CODING IN TERMS OF MEASUREMENT THEORY
The concepts of analog and digital coding are usually employed with a vague, even if not wrong, meaning, according to the more or less explicit assumption that they are synonymous of continuous and discrete coding respectively. This work is aimed at showing how such concepts can be instead properly defined in terms of Measurement Theory, in the context of the fundamental duality between coding and sensing.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Roman Z. Morawski
REALISTS' VS. INSTRUMENTALISTS' UNDERSTANDING OF MEASUREMENT
The main idea of this paper is to analyse the consequences of the philosophical stance – and in particular of the understanding of truth underlying that stance – for the every-day language of measurement science.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vladimir Kneller
MEASUREMENT, CONTROL AND OTHERS PROCESSES: TO THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMATIZATION
The paper considers measurement, event detection and control from a generic viewpoint of organizing purposeful processes to reveal their interrelation and specificity important for the construction of a knowledge system relevant to each process. Along with them, it also defines and examines a quantity transformation (conversion) process, which underlies both these and some other processes. From this viewpoint, it illustrates the way of structural level deduction of the methods of quantities transformation and of providing their invariance to influence factors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Matteo Bertocco, Claudio Narduzzi, Alessandro Sona
A UNIFIED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPECTRUM ANALYSER MEASUREMENTS
The spectrum analyser is a complex piece of instrumentation, which requires careful operator training to fully exploit its features. Over the years its structure has evolved, both as a result of technological advances and in response to new measurement requirements. A modern spectrum analyser thus offers the user an extensive array of functions and options, arranged in complex menu structures. A side-effect of this situation is that sometimes it may be difficult to retain a common conceptual view of the instrument operation, since a variety of factors and set-up parameters come into play. This paper proposes a theoretical analysis of spectrum analyser operation, with the aim of providing a conceptual framework that can be readily adapted to most practical situations.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vedran Mudronja, Biserka Runje, Srdan Medic
EXAMPLES OF APPLYING MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS IN THE FIELD OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES OF THE STANDARD OF LENGTH
Recently, the Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) have been increasingly applied in the field of estimating the measurement uncertainties. The MCS method is based on random number generation from the probability density functions for each input value and forming of experimental probability density function of the output value. The paper presents calculation examples of the measurement uncertainty in calibration of the standard of length by using the MCS method. The MCS method is implemented for validation of the realised measurement uncertainties by GUM method in calibrating the standard of length.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mathias J. Niemann
NEW SIGNAL PROCESSING METHOD OF TRANSIT TIME MEASUREMENT
The cross-correlation function is commonly used to measure the transit time between two similar signals. The maximum value of the cross-correlation function corresponds to the transit time. The other way to measure this is to add the two signals. This method is comparable with the well known interference measurement technique. In the spectrum of the added signals after filtering a cosine function can be determined. The frequency of this function is directly proportional to the transit time.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zobeida Cisneros, Ivan Apolo, Teresa Vera, Leo Van Biesen, Tesfa Ghebreegziabeber, Ma. del Pilar Cornejo, Francisco Torres
INVENTORY INTO A DIGITAL LIBRARY OF THE COMPLETED STUDIES TO ASSES THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GULF OF GUAYAQUIL BASED ON THE PERFORMING INFORMATION UTILIZING ELECTRONIC CHARTING AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS A
The university institution plays an important role as generator and bank of information through research (starting with thesis works), human and technological resources, while keeping up-to-date with the demands of the community on the formation of professionals. It is the commitment of the authors and the whole of the research team to elaborate, with all the means available at the academic institutions they belong to, this Geographic Information System to accomplish the goal of providing the stakeholders in the Gulf of Guayaquil (GG), Ecuador, objective means for decision-making. The methodology applied to build up digital thematic information useful for management of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Guayaquil consists of:
1. Set-up an Electronic Charting and Display System - ECDIS with the database inventory and the digital cartography available;
2. Select out of the databank that information that is competent and constitute with it a geographic database suitable for the identification of regions in the gulf;
3. Work out spatial relationships with the output of that selection to characterize the gulf in terms of spatial and temporal driving factors;
4. Produce presentation maps synthesizing the results of the analysis. Several of the maps realised are discussed, which show the analysis performed on the variables that describe natural and man-driven activities in the GG. For instance, at the base of an Internet-accessible alert system lies information on production and management of shrimp farms in the region, summarised in an index that is used to map the variation between the monthly performance and the historical one. A second example shows rather a lesser abstraction of the information, and shows layers describing the natural set-up regarding the hydro-dynamics of the inner estuary, which would be a second building block toward the integrated vision on how to manage the ecosystem in view of the economic interests, and also the sustainability ones.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Blaz Santic
COMPUATION METHOD FOR TESTING OF WORK PIECES USING COMPLETE GAUGING
The paper describes a new precision evaluation method for testing of the work pieces under enveloping conditions using complete gauging, as defined by ISO 1101 and ISO 2692. The method permits a reliable examination of the best fit elements in a very complex geometry under consideration of all defined links between the geometric elements and all defined tolerance zones, with the least fault zones.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Blaz Santic
NEW EVALUATING METHOD FOR TESTING OF SIMPLE GEOMETRY AND WORK PIECES
The paper describes a new approach based on Chebyshev method, which is stabilized by an arbitrary small weighing of least-squares principle in order to permit the reliable and repeatable examination of the best fit geometric elements in a simple and very complex geometry. Field of application of new method is geometry quality control in automotive and machinery building industry, in plastic forming etc. The method can be also used for further investigations of margin and stability conditions of Chebyshev method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hubert Zangl, Stefan Cermak, Bernhard Brandstätter, Gerald Gruber, Georg Brasseur
A BEM-APPROACH FOR SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CAPACITIVE SENSOR TOPOLOGIES
In order to optimize front-end topologies of capacitive sensors precise knowledge of the coupling capacitances is important. These capacitances are not easily accessible by means of measurement without significantly altering them, and therefore a numeric method for determining them is advantageous. In this paper we use a Boundary element formulation for this task. Certain aspects of numerical accuracy of the formulation used are addressed. Results from simulations and optimizations are presented and compared with experimental results for validation of the approach.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Shaomin Zhou, Jouko Halttunen
CONSITENCY PROFILE MEASUREMENT IN PULP BASED ON ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY
This paper describes a low cost system to measure the consistency profile of pulp based on electrical impedance tomography (EIT). A 16-electrode sensor is applied to acquire the cross-sectional data. Data acquisition is controlled by a single-chip computer, which receives commands from host computer, initializes hardware, acquires data and sends them to host computer via a serial port. All the measurement parameters such as the amplitude and frequency of the injected current can be set by software in host computer. The consistency profile image is reconstructed by modified Newton-Raphson algorithm. Comparing to conventional method, it is non-invasive and low cost.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Eugen-Georg Woschni
MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND TIME - ERRORS DUE TO SYNCHRONIZATION EFFECTS AND ERROR CORRECTION
After an introduction to the mathematical theory of rheolinear systems the application of the results leads to the fact that due to the synchronization there arises a frequency deviation even outside of the synchronization range. The errors caused by this effect were investigated and consequences for highprecision frequency or time measurement and methods of error-correcting are obtained.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hiroshi Watanabe
THEORY OF COARSE-GRAINED INFORMATION
Measurement should be objective in principle. However, the accuracy of measurement often depends on various factors, including instruments of measurement, adopted intentionally or made available accidentally, and from a practical point of view, it is important to choose a suitable degree of the accuracy of measurement for the intention of measurement. The present paper discusses some information-theoretical aspects of the relationship between the degree of the accuracy of nominal description of objects and the interdependence among groups of those objects within a formal framework of clustering, where a new entropic measure of interdependence is applied to estimate the change of the interdependence when the nominal description becomes more `coarse’ so that several objects appear to be identical, and are grouped into the same class. The degree of interdependence is often measured by (sum of entropies of partial systems) - (entropy of the whole). Close examination shows, however, that instead of simple formal entropy we should take rather (the number of the members of a group) × (entropy of the group). The result also implies that in integration of information channels the average entropy plays an important role. A brief discussion is also made on elicitation of so-called information granules.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Eugen Trapet, Vit Zeleny, Pavel Skalnik, Vaclav Bauma
DETERMINING ERRORS OF A ROTARY TABLE USING A SELFCENTERING HEAD (as one of EU MTCHECK project outputs)
To determine partial geometric errors of coordinate measuring machines (CMM), laser interferometers are used, but more and more also calibration-fit objects – artifacts. Most of all, objects with balls – ball-plate, ball-bar are used. The EU MTCHECK project intends, as one of its goals, to use these artifacts not only for calibration of coordinate measuring machines, but also for calibration of computer numeric control (CNC) machine tools. Partners in the project were the following companies, institutes and universities: UNIMETRIK, Spain (coordinator), CMI, Czech Republic, IBS, Netherlands, UNIZAR, Spain, MECANER, Spain and FIDIA, Italy. As more and more CMM and CNC machines are equipped by the so-called fourth axis, another partial output was determining errors of this rotary axis.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Frank Härtig, Christian Keck, Karin Kniel, Heinrich Schwenke, Franz Wäldele, Klaus Wendt
IMPROVEMENT OF MEASUREMENT ACCURACY BY COMBINED EVALUATION OF CMM AND TRACKING INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS
This paper presents a novel approach to improve the accuracy of coordinate measuring machines (CMM) by integrating a single high precision tracking interferometer (TI) as an additional measurement axis. Improved positions are obtained by a combination of the CMM positions as read from the scales and the distances produced by the TI. Monte-Carlo simulations of length and flatness measurements show that the uncertainties can be reduced considerably by an appropriate configuration. First measurements confirm the results of preliminary simulations.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ferdinand van der Heijden, Gloria Túquerres, Paul Regtien
ACOUSTIC TIME-OF-FLIGHT MEASUREMENTS IN A REFLECTIVE ROOM
In this paper the problem how to estimate the time-of-flight of a received acoustic tone burst is addressed. In indoor applications, reflections cause interference patterns that are hardly predictable and can lead to large estimation errors. A generalisation of the well-known matched filter based on a non-stationary autocovariance model of the reflections allows us to develop a new estimator. Experiments show that the application of the new estimator can reduce these errors by about a factor four.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tsunehiko Nakanishi, Takeshi Fujisaki
AN OBSERVATION METHOD OF MOVING OBJECTS ON FREQUENCY DOMAIN
The indirect measurement methods like as image processing measurement are preferably used on the factory automation system because the complex data processing are requested on higher level measurement. On this case, the video system is regarded as the transducer, signal transmitter, signal conditioner and interface unit for a computer, and this system requires low costs by the mass production effect and has easiness of handling. On higher-level measurement, electric quantity must be changed to appropriate projective space though the electric quantity is directly used in the usual measurement such as time domain. The Fourier transformation is an example of the higher-level measurement; and is to change time domain to frequency domain. One of the frequency domain methods to measure object movement using image processing method is shown in this report.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mikko Mäenpää, Taito Alahautala, Erkki Lassila, Paul H. Andersson, Rolf Hernberg
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR STUDY OF CHIP FORMATION IN TURNING
This paper presents an experimental system for cutting research. System is based on high-speed laser light source, CCD camera and high-speed acquisition of acoustic emission (AE) signal. As a result, high-resolution images and AE signal are obtained simultaneously. This information can be used for cutting research and for research of AE sources.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Radu Dobrescu, Radu Varbanescu, Ana Lucia Varbanescu
INTEGRATED LEARNING SYSTEM FOR DATA ACQUISITION
The paper presents an enhanced learning and training system in data acquisition. This new method is the result of an interactive process for enhancing the learning activities for the students. The system was built to meet a new concept: "integrated learning", an approach that allows students to exercise their abilities in real applications. These applications are entirely specified, having well-defined constructive structures and well-known finish lines. The hardware platforms are built in layers, the most suitable solution for the multi-field approach. Working like this, the students have the opportunity to work on each level so that their solutions meet the requirements for each part of the application, and also take into account the compatibility restrictions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Aleksander Sovlukov, Victor Tereshin
RADIOFREQUENCY MEASUREMENT OF LIQUEFIED GAS QUANTITY
Measurement of liquefied petroleum gas quantitative parameters are considered. Radiofrequency measurement method is proposed providine highly accurate determination of level (gas-liquid interface position), density and mass of liquid and gaseous phases, total mass. Three RF-sensors (two level sensors , gas dielectric permittivity sensor) are contained in the designed RF devices. Informative parameters (resonant frequencies of electromagnetic oscillations) of these RF sensors are jointly processed providing the needed data. Experimental procedures are described and measurement results are presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vladimir Fetisov
RATIOMETRIC IN-LINE TURBIDIMETERS: PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT AND VARIANTS OF REALIZATION
Various ways to realize ratiometric principle of liquid media turbidity measurement are reviewed. The principle allows to minimize in-line optical turbidimiters errors caused by soiling on windows of irradiators and photodetectors. As traditional as novel solutions are described. An idea to apply artificial neural networks for turbidimeters signal processing is stated. Some own practical results are presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Przemyslaw Otomanski
RESEARCH OF THE CHANGE TREND OF EVALUATION ERRORS OF THE COVERAGE FACTOR IN INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS
The results of research of evaluation error of the coverage factor with approximate method of effective number degrees of freedom in indirect measurements have been presented in the paper. Comparison of the results obtained with the known evaluation of these errors in direct measurements enabled to determine the change tendency of the errors of coverage factor evaluation, when the number of components of standard uncertainties grows. The knowledge of coverage factor characteristics for the convolution of three selected probability distributions was used for the research.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tatiana Siraya
REPRODUCING KERNEL HILBERT SPACE METHODS IN MEASUREMENT SCIENCE
Basic functional model for random signal is presented for use in measurement theory. That is H(R) - reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RK-space), produced by the correlation function R(s, t) of random process x (t).
RK-space H(R) presents an isomorphic representation of the process x(t). So it provides an adequate mathematical tool for solving several problems, such as linear filtering, extrapolation of random signal, and deterministic signal extraction from noise. Besides, the corresponding RK-norms are useful in metrology for employing as the measurement accuracy characteristics.
As an illustration of the RK-approach, the pseudo-best B-estimates for the deterministic signal extraction from noise are considered.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Shigeru Takayama, Masato Tachibana, Komyo Kariya
SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS SENSING NODE IN TELEMETRY SYSTEM
Self controlled sensor system to input signal condition, sampling and signal/data processing operates flexibly to change by measurement environment and measuring object. In telemetry system, distributed autonomous sensor system expands the geometrical measuring range from a point to a plane. Moreover in the local area network of sensor system by wireless communication, the autonomous sensor system enhances cooperation between systems and realizes data exchange and storage in common. This paper describes the hardware construction and operation modes of the autonomous sensor system(sensing node) in distributed telemetry system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Józef Kusmierz
PROCESSING FUNCTION OF EDDY-CURRENT INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER IN AN IMMERSION VERSION FOR THE CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF CHEMICAL MEDIA
This paper contains the processing formula of an inductive transducer in an immersion version for contactless measurements of conductivity of conductive media. In this version, a winding has been wound round an insulating stick in the form of a short coil. Such a construction enables us to easily place the transducer in the investigated medium. Dependencies determining the influence of the electric and magnetic properties of the walls of the vessel, which contains the investigated medium upon the transfer function of the transducer have also been formulated. These dependencies can also be used to designing the transducer in a shield with aforementioned properties. Moreover, experiments have been carried out which consisted in the measurement of the conductivity of the H₂SO₄ electrolyte solutions of known concentrations in a constant temperature by means of the transducer designed and using the theoretical dependencies derived. The results obtained demonstrate that the measurements – by means of the proposed methodology – can be carried out with a sufficient accuracy.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jaroslav Bohácek
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF CALCULATED FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF OCTOFILAR RESISTORS
With an intention to reveal possible inaccuracies of mathematical models used in calculations of frequency characteristics of resistors of octofilar design, comparisons of a 12 906 Ω and a 1 Ω octofilar resistor against monofilar and quadrifilar calculable resistors of the same nominal values have been performed. A possibility to carry out these precision comparisons by means of a commercially available LCR meter has been investigated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Salvatore Nuccio, Ciro Spataro
TWO ALGORITHMS FOR THE AUTO-ESTIMATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION
In our recent papers we have dealt with the assessment of the uncertainties associated with the virtual instrument measurements, proposing two completely different methods. The first one is based on an original application of the "uncertainty propagation law" of the ISO "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement". The second one is a numerical approach, based on the Monte Carlo simulation. In this paper we show how the proposed approaches can be implemented in the virtual instruments in order to make the instrument itself able to auto-estimate the measurement uncertainties.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Antonio Piratelli-Filho, Benedito Di Giacomo
UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION IN SMALL ANGLE CALIBRATION USING ISO GUM APPROACH AND MONTE CARLO METHOD
This work investigates the determination of measurement uncertainty in calibration of small angle measurement instruments. After attentive study of the sources of variation, an expression was developed to determine the measurement uncertainty. Two approaches were used to determine the measurement uncertainty: ISO GUM and Monte Carlo simulation method. An example is presented and the calibration of an Electronic level was carried out using a sine table at the Metrology Laboratory, in the University of Brasília, Brazil. The expanded uncertainty results showed good agreement of both techniques and Monte Carlo method proved to simplify analysis when uncertainty involves expressions with some degree of complexity.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Edi Kulderknup, Rein Laaneots
QUALITY ASSURANCE CRITICAL POINTS OF VERIFICATION LABORATORIES
In this work are analysed performance of quality assurance in the Estonian measuring instruments verification laboratories. During last 10 years had Estonia changed completely and this involves also activity on the metrology area. Basic change was case, that on the previous period the verification was mandatory for almost all measuring instruments, now shall it be replaced greatly by voluntary calibration. But verification stays highly required service. Verification area involves mainly measuring instruments which are used in affairs. New is also fact that now-a-days verification laboratories are more commonly private companies and public authorities carry out only market surveillance. To get stability of work laboratory shall implement quality system.
Above was ground for this work and analysed are the quality and competence assurance in the verification laboratories. Based on the accreditation data are analysed the critical points of quality assurance. In a summary is given conclusion of actions which can be used for restructuration of metrological infrastructure especially in measuring instruments verification area.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anna Chunovkina, Maurice Cox
A MODEL-BASED APPROACH TO KEY COMPARISON DATA EVALUATION
The evaluation of key comparison data is discussed, the general case of correlated data being considered. Particular attention is paid to a simplified procedure for data evaluation, founded on a mixture of distributions associated with the results from the institutes participating in the comparison. The suggested approach uses the model of an interlaboratory experiment from ISO 5725 and uncertainty evaluation in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

G. Iuculano, A. Lazzari, G. Pellegrini, A. Zanobini
THE EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM JOINT CROSS-ENTROPY
A measurement process represents a controlled learning process in which various aspects on uncertainty analysis are investigated.
A measurement process is performed if information supplied by it is likely to be considerably more accurate, stable and reliable than the pool of information already available.
The substantial amount of information, got with respect to the conditions prior to the result after the measurement process is performed, can be connected to the "Kullback's principle of minimum cross-entropy".
This, as it is known, is a correct method of inductive inference when no sufficient knowledge about the statistical distributions of the involved random variables is available before the measurement process is carried out except for the permitted ranges, the essential model relationships and some constraints, gained in past experience, valuable usually in terms of expectations of given functions or bounds on them.
In this paper the authors pointed out the connection between the evaluation of the uncertainty in a repeated measurements process and the "Kullback's principle of minimum cross-entropy".
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Klaus-Dieter Sommer, Manfred Kochsiek, Bernd Siebert, Albert Weckenmann
A GENERALIZED PROCEDURE FOR MODELLING OF MEASUREMENTS FOR EVALUATING THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
The modelling of the measurement is a key element of the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in accordance with the basic concept of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The model equation expresses the relationship between the measurand and all relevant input quantities contributing to the measurement result. It serves as a basis for propagation of the probability density distributions for the input quantities or, in case of (almost) linear systems, for Gaussian propagation of the related standard uncertainty contributions. A practical and highly versatile modelling concept has been developed. It is based on both the idea of the classical measuring chain and the measurement method used. Therefore, this concept gets on with only a few generic structures. The concept has led to a modelling procedure which is structured into five elementary steps. Only three types of modelling components are employed. It holds for most kinds of measurements performed in the steady state.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Renata Styblíková, Karel Draxler
CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENT CURRENT TRANSFORMERS WITH ATYPICAL SECONDARY CURRENT
Methods enabling a determination of errors eI and dI for a high transformation ratio difference between a standard and tested instrument current transformers (ICT) are described in this article. A widespread method uses an automatic transformer test set for the measurement of a difference between a standard and tested ICT. A method transforming secondary currents to voltages and an indirect method using error measurement from magnetizing current are also described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jure Vindišar, Andrej Smrecnik, Ivan Bajsic
METROLOGICAL HISTORY ANALYSES OF PRESSURE STANDARDS FOR DETERMINATION OF THEIR METROLOGICAL CAPABILITIES
The knowledge of metrological history of pressure standards is of a big importance for determination of their metrological capabilities. When providing traceability to lower metrological levels it is essential to determine the uncertainty of generated reference pressure. The estimation of the uncertainty of generated reference pressure can be done only by analysing metrological history of selected standard and estimation of all parameters that have the influence on the generated reference pressure uncertainty. Analyses of selected LMPS (Laboratory of Measurements in Process Engineering) pressure standards (mechanical and electromechanical manometers only) are showing non-negligible deviations of estimated measurement capabilities from declared accuracy for selected standards. These deviations are a source for changed best metrological capabilities and therefore require all necessary attention.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

J. Song, T. Vorburger, R. Clary, L. Ma, E. Whitenton, M. Ols
NIST REFERENCE MATERIAL (RM) 8240/8250 PROJECT – STANDARD BULLETS AND CASINGS
Standard bullets and casings are currently under development to support the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) in the U.S. Based on a numerically controlled diamond turning technique, 20 RM 8240 standard bullets were fabricated in 2002. Test results show high repeatability and reproducibility for the bullet signatures on these RM bullets. Prototype standard casings were also manufactured using an electro-forming technique, and are currently under test. These RM bullets and casings are intended for measurement traceability and quality control for ballistics laboratories nationwide.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tanasko Tasic, Roman Flegar
VALIDATION OF CUSTOM DEVELOPED SOFTWARE IN METROLOGY APPLICATIONS
Requirements for validation of custom developed software in metrology applications are mainly influenced by technical realisation of measuring instrument/system. In this article some issues related to the technical realisation of validated software are described. Furthermore, the state-of the art validation approaches and tools are presented, including failure risk analysis and test case selection. In the discussed example the validation approach in case of MIRS Mass Laboratory automation software is presented. Synthesis of presented methods, tools and techniques may be useful as guidance for validation of similar software applications.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Giovanni B. Rossi, Francesco Crenna, Michele Codda
COMPUTER AIDED EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY BY CONVOLUTION OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
The evaluation of measurement uncertainty, from the final user’s standpoint, involves several issues which are only partially addressed by the GUM. An evaluation procedure assisted by a computer program can be of great support and provide the user with detailed results useful for further analysis. In this paper a code is presented for the assisted evaluation of measurement uncertainty, based upon the convolution of probability distributions. So the method allows expression of the final result of measurement as a probability distribution, on which it is possible to evaluate useful parameters such as expanded uncertainty, at whatever confidence level. It also permits to evaluate, in probabilistic terms, the risk associated to matching tolerances. Moreover it is possible to manage the uncertainty on dispersion parameters (sometimes called ‘uncertainty of uncertainty’) considering a modified probability distribution. In the paper the code is presented together with some case studies showing the support available to the operator, the GUM compatibility and the application importance of the final probability distribution.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Alexander I. Zaiko, Natalia A. Zaiko
ACCURACY OF STATISTIC AND SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS
The paper is concerned with attempts to investigate the influence of measurement results errors, the algorithms for signal values recovering between the measurement actions, time discrete period, the samples number, and the interval of signal observation as well as other factors on the procedures of statistic treatment of measurements results. The application of the obtained procedures for measurement precision assessment to knowledge base creation provides a possibility to increase the intelligent measurement efficiency.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Siva Venkatachalam, Jay Raja
AN INTERNET BASED GAGE R&R AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS SYSTEM
In a world where the gap between the macro and the micro scales is on the increase, measurement and measurement procedures assume significant importance. In an effort to produce high quality products, industries employ state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques. The best manufacturing techniques would be meaningless without being complimented by the best measurement system and procedures in order to get accurate measurement results. The present industrial scenario is such that the measurement process has become increasingly tedious and also subject to a lot of constraints.
Traceability (VIM 6.10), a requirement for quality standard certification, is the property of the result of a measurement or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all having stated uncertainties. In order to establish traceability, measurement results must be accompanied by a statement of uncertainty. The theory and computation of measurement uncertainty requires a certain degree of knowledge and expertise and so in most cases, the industry follows a much simpler procedure called gage repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R) to represent the total variation in the measurement system. The need for simple tools for estimation of Gage R&R and measurement uncertainty has provided the motivation for us to build an internet based software system for the estimation of Gage R&R and measurement uncertainty.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Adriana Horníková
ANALYSIS OF MEASUREMENT OF INTER-LABORATORY COMPARISON THROUGH CONFIDENCE INTERVALS (No 46)
It is possible to compute uncertainty in the form of confidence intervals. In this article is exploited the confidence intervals determination through a simulation study that enables to evaluate uncertainty in the form of confidence intervals for real measurements of inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) even for small numbers of observations.
Here are listed estimation approaches (mathematical-statistical algorithms) for the determination of the consensus value (the true measured value); confidence interval for the true measured quantity in different laboratories; determination (estimate) of the inter-laboratory variance; confidence interval for the inter-laboratory variance; and within-laboratory variance in experiment of the inter- laboratory comparison with homoscedastic as well as heteroscedastic measurements. Different possibilities of evaluation of ILC when the model applied is a linear model with one random effect "laboratory" and estimation procedures are listed and discussed (also describing of the statistical features) in this contribution.
The merit of the simulation study is for a statistician (evaluator of ILC) in better approximation of needed confidence level to obtain the expected result precision in balanced and unbalanced experiment design for homoscedastic as well as heteroscedastic measurements when having small number of observations.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yasuo Iwaki, Tadao Inamura, Komyo Kariya
DATA MINING OF UNCERTAINTY DATA IN THE BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR QC
This study is mining the error factors in the uncertainty measurement data. The purpose is to be advanced the accuracy control for QC (Quality control) of BCA (Blood Chemical Analysis). BCA is often taken as uncertainty data. On the QC of calibration curve, it is important to securing an intermediate accuracy in the measuring system of ISO-GUM (International Organization for Standardization-Guide to the express of Uncertainty Measurement). In the technology of ISO-GUM, the analysis method of traceability, transferability and compatibility are applied. Already we have reported the uncertainty problems as series of three times in the IMEKO world congress.
1) 1997.in Finland. The reference value was chosen by transferability of ISO-GUM.
2) 1999.in Japan. The error factor was taken in time series data by traceability of ISO-GUM.
3) 2000.in Austria. The Michaels-Menten test should be practiced by using the compatibility of ISO-GUM.
These reports were studied by using only one of test reagent of Elastase-1, which is a kind of human pancreas hormone. The study has been continuing by using other 4 kinds similar sample. Then the purpose of this study is an experiment to get more high reliability. In this thesis, a new result on uncertainty problem is reported.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hiroshi Sato, Kensei Ehara
DETERMINATION OF UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH QUANTIZATION ERRORS USING THE BAYESIAN APPROACH
In practice, quantization of a measured quantity often significantly influences observation values. A typical example is found in measurements using digital instruments. In some cases, due to the quantization, no dispersion is observed among repeated measurements. The type A evaluation then gives zero standard uncertainty. In such a case, the most common practice is to assume, as an a priori distribution in type B evaluation, a uniform distribution, the width of which is given by the quantization interval, and take the width divided by square root of 12 as the standard uncertainty.
This practice, however, is justified only when the population standard deviation is exactly zero. But generally this condition does not hold true even if the sample standard deviation appears to be zero. In the present study, we use the Bayesian approach to evaluate the uncertainty of a measurement based on quantized data with due consideration to the difference between the standard deviation of the apparent sample and the population standard deviation.
We assume that the quantity before quantization obeys a normal distribution having the average µ and standard deviation σ. A measurement data corresponds to a value of the quantity after quantization. Based on a specific combination of n repeated measurements, we can construct the probability density p(µ, σ) using the Bayesian method. The standard deviation of the function, p~(µ) = ∫p(µ, σ)dσ , in terms of µ gives the uncertainty of the measurement result. We have shown that when all of the measurement data take the same value, the conventional type B evaluation described the above results in an underestimate of the uncertainty, if the number of data is less than five. Analysis is also conducted in cases in which not all of the data take the same value.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

M.Teresa López, M.Belén. Martín, M.Teresa Doria, Susana Rodriguez
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS
Centro Español de Metrología (CEM), Spanish Metrological Institute, as part of its activity, has started to prepare primary reference gas mixtures using gravimetrical method. As a consequence of this new work, a comparison of some primary reference gas mixtures prepared by CEM has been carried out with three of the gas mixtures manufacturers established in Spain. CEM has coordinated this comparison with the manufacturers in order to assure traceability in equipments for the automotive exhaust gas field. The objetive of this comparison is double:
• to compare the analytical results with the gravimetric value of Primary Standard Material (PSM) preparation,
• to compare the measurement capabilities between laboratories in measuring the amount of substance fractions of carbon dioxide in nitrogen.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Bojan Acko
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF UNCERTAINTY OF SQUARENESS CALIBRATION ON A CO-ORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
Co-ordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are often used for calibrating different kinds of squares. A procedure for calibrating squares on the CMM Zeiss UMC 850 was developed in our laboratory to cover primarily industrial needs. The uncertainty analysis that was performed for this procedure is introduced in the article. The most important uncertainty contributions were evaluated experimentally. Many experiments were also performed in order to find the most appropriate calibration position in the CMMs measurement space. About 2000 measurement points were taken in order to get reliable results for uncertainty components. The analysis results expressed as the best measurement capability were checked by participation in the Euromet 570 project, which has not been finished yet. The current value of the best measurement capability is 0,9 arc sec.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gaber Begeš, Valentin Batagelj, Igor Pušnik
INFLUENCE OF A MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY OF A COLD JUNCTION IN TESTING OF HEATING
Testing of safety of electrical appliances is very important for assuring of safety of users. One of the safety tests is testing of heating of appliances and their surrounding. The test is performed in a measurement system so called "black test corner", which is partially standardised. Measurement of heating is performed with thermocouples. This paper describes the analysis of the influence of the measurement uncertainty of a cold junction of a thermocouple in testing of heating. Heating of appliances is measured as a difference between the temperature of the appliance and the temperature of the surrounding. If the cold junction of a thermocouple is exposed to temperature of the surrounding the thermocouples measure the heating and not the absolute temperature. The measurement uncertainty and the temperature value of the cold junction must be known for proper measurement and uncertainty evaluation.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. S. Ribeiro, J. O. Mimoso, J. A. Sousa, M. P. Castro
UNCERTAINTY RELATED WITH THE USE OF LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE CORRECTION OF CALIBRATED INSTRUMENTS
Linear Regression Analysis (LRA) is a technique commonly applied in many different branches of science. The present study investigates the use of LRA in Metrology and aims to develop a mathematical approach to adequately take into account its contribution for the uncertainty budget in a measurement.
In a calibration involving many standards and measuring instruments, the LRA technique is an important tool for the estimation of conventional true values based on certificate results. This statistical treatment usually intends to reduce the errors measured in the calibration process in order to achieve lower residual errors. The operation, however, introduces statistical uncertainties, which can be of significance when compared with the uncertainty contributions from other input quantities.
This document also presents the results of a measurement uncertainty evaluation related to the calibration of a length measuring machine, including the LRA contribution based on the application of the mathematical expression proposed. The relative influence of this contribution is also investigated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zoltan Zelenka
UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATE OF COMBINATION OF VERIFIED WEIGHTS
Weights are frequently used in combinations. In most cases it is assumed that weights of the same set have large covariances. The safest approach is to assume that the correlation coefficient is equal to one. However, this may lead to an overestimation of the combined uncertainty. A model can be constructed, based on the calibration/verification method suggested by the OIML (Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale), to avoid the unnecessary overestimation of the combined uncertainty. The model suggests that the uncertainty of combinations of weights with the same nominal value can be easily calculated to reduce the combined uncertainty. It also explains that magnitude of the correlation among weights with different nominal values depends on the accuracy class of the weights.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Claudio De Capua, Carmine Landi, Gennaro C. Malafronte
MEASUREMENT OF QUALITY INDEXES IN PROCESS MONITORING: AN ORIGINAL APPROACH TO UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
In this paper is presented an original approach to the definition of the metrological characteristics of the measurement systems used in process index monitoring. The model proposed allows the evaluation of the probability that the process under statistical control shows a different behaviour from that inferred by the measured data, relating to the input conditions. The proposed model is developed in general hypothesis on the statistic characteristics of the process index monitoring and a typical application cases is presented.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Józef Gawlik, Andrzej Ryniewicz, Wojciech Zebala
DIAGNOSTICS AND MEASYREMENTS SYSTEMS IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
The paper presents the quality control and quality assurance problems during manufacturing. The main components of the proposed system are: automated manufacturing process control and monitoring of multimeasurements block process.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Christian Filips, Volker H. Hans
INTERACTION BETWEEN ULTRASOUND AND STREAMING FLUID IN VORTEX SHEDDING FLOW METERING
In the past in vortex-shedding flow meters pressure sensors in combination with big bluff bodies have been used. In the last few years the dimension of bluff bodies were reduced using ultrasound sensors due to higher sensibility. The frequency of periodically generated vortices are directly connected to the flow velocity. The signals are modulated in amplitude as well as in phase. The information are in the sidebands of the ultrasonic signal. Different carrier frequencies in combination with different dimensions of bluff bodies are examined.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Volker Hans
WHICH PHYSICAL QUANTITY OF TURBULENT STRUCTURES IS MEASURED IN CROSS CORRELATION FLOWMETERS?
Measurements of flow velocity with cross correlation functions of ultrasonic signals show that the travelling time of structures determined by the peak of the functions deviates from the average flow velocity. This difference usually is explained by the difference between line integral of measurement and area integral of the average flow velocity.
A comparison of the frequency distribution of single velocity components in the fluid determined by particle image velocimetry with the cross correlation measuring method shows that the most frequent components in the fluid are in accordance with the travelling time of structures measured by cross correlation. The physical explanation can be given by means of the impulse response.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anton Fuchs, Bernhard Brandstätter, Bernhard Schweighofer, Georg Brasseur
MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY AND MASS FLOW OF POWDERS
In this paper a cost-effective method for measuring transportation velocity and the velocity profile of a material flow of powdery solids inside a pipe is presented. For the measurement, artificial perturbations are brought into the mass flow and the effects of these perturbations are acquired and correlated at measurement sections. The velocity profile is calculated with the knowledge of the perturbation’s rheological decomposition and the sensitivity distribution of the measurement configuration.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Eddy Jacques, Pierre Wauters
PITOT-STATIC TUBE OR PITOT TUBE FOR MEASURING FLOW RATES?
Where volume flow rates in ventilation applications are to be measured common practise is to integrate the velocity profile over the entire cross-section. One of the instruments used to carry out the flow velocity traverse is the Pitot-static tube. The paper examines, on an experimental basis, whether the readings of both total and static pressure by a Pitot-static tube could not validly be carried out by a combination of a Pitot tube that measures the total pressure and tappings at the wall of the duct where the static pressure is picked up. The advantage becomes particularly interesting for applications where the flow rate may change in time.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Gregor Bobovnik, Jože Kutin, Ivan Bajsic
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INLET-VELOCITY PROFILES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A CORIOLIS FLOWMETER
Numerical simulations (using finite volume method) of the flow of a viscous fluid through a measuring tube were performed to identify the effects of different inlet-flow conditions on the performance of a straight, slendertube, Coriolis flowmeter. The magnitudes of the antisymmetric fluid forces and the twisting moments acting on the measuring tube were compared with results from a onedimensional fluid-flow model. Simulations were made for some hypothetical inlet-velocity profiles that represent extreme cases of various flowmeters’ installation positions and flow regimes in a pipeline. No significant effects of the modelled inlet-velocity profiles on the performance of the flowmeter were observed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Takashi Moriyama, Shunsuke Fujiwara
CHLORIDE FILM SEPARATION IN GARBAGE AGAINST DIOXIN
This system already has Japanese Patent Application 2000-159699 using the blue light absorption and JPA2001-393262 using the thermal impedance for the chloride film detection in the garbage. We, human being have the three big ecological problems. The first is the nuclear waste in the northern part of the Japan Sea, the second is the irregular weather that will be less oxygen caused by carbon fuels and the third is Dioxins caused by the incineration of the chloride film and garbage.
The first and the second will be solved by the investment and stopping cars. The third is required for development of a automatic chloride film detector of the treatment for waste garbage plastics that is Sanuki RDF System against Dioxins. The first method is detecting the plastisizer in the chloride films of garbage and is not suitable for heated films by the wicro wave cooker. The plasticizer will go into the cooked food. The second thermal impedance method detects PVDC, PVC, heated PVDC, heated PVC and non chloride films.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Takashi Moriyama, Makoto Horio
CROSS CORRELATION MASS FLOWMETER USING PULSE HEATING
The aim of this study is the development of a novel nonintrusive mass flowmeter for the moved bed gravity flow of the new process, i.e.: the synthetic naphtha and hydrogen making reactor and DRI (Direct Reduction for Iron Ore) reducing petroleum and coke coal. One of the authors already developed cross correlation method, steady state heat transfer method and PZT acoustic emission method. This paper describes a prototype of a new cross correlation method using a pulse heating marking signal (JPA 1999-23339). The steady state heat transfer type is improved ale to ±0.8% full scale in this paper and it is the most available for the new process till the third oil crisis or reconstruction of coke. This new prototype should be more useful for the derivative temperature against choking the feed powder on the surface of the temperature sensors. .
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marjo Lahti, Kalle Marjanen, Heimo Ihalainen
DETECTION AND CLASSSICATION OF AIR BUBBLE SILHOUETTES IN PIVIMAGES
A practical method for detection, segmentation and classification of the air bubble silhouettes in Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) images is proposed. Air bubbles that are in focus plane have sharper edges and lower intensities than defocused bubbles. Detection and segmentation is based on estimating the local variances and comparing these with the local intensities. After detection and segmentation different statistics describing the size and shape of the bubbles can be measured. An example of using this method is provided.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tuomo Timonen, Jouko Halttunen
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN A PULP FLOW ON SAMPLING AND PROCESS MEASUREMENTS
A pulp suspension flowing in a pipe has a tendency to form a profile: The properties of the pulp vary significantly in a cross-section of the flow. This causes problems both in online-measurements and sampling. The importance of representative sampling is further emphasized by the fact that samples taken are often used as reference in calibration of measurement instruments.
The problem of representative sampling and the variation of quality in a pulp flow were studied using equipment with which it was possible to take samples from different depths in the flow and thus determine the variations.
Experimental testing was conducted in different process conditions and with different pulp types. The results of the tests showed that the quality variations in a pulp flow were more profound than initially thought: Several pulp properties have significant profiles within the flow that depend on the type of the pulp and the flow conditions. The variation of pulp properties is large enough to somewhat affect all measurements made from the flow in question.
The findings of the study suggest new guidelines for sampling and installing instrumentation when a pulp suspension flow is measured.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ernst von Lavante, Burger Nath, Jörg Färber
EFFECTS OF MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES ON THE ACCURACY OF VORTEX-SHEDDING FLOW METERS
In the present investigation, the problem of accurate determination of volumetric flows by means of the so-called vortex-shedding flowmeter in the case of shape changes and deviations of the geometry from the original specifications due to manufacturing tolerances and imperfections was studied. To this end, the flow about the bluff body used in the presently studied vortexshedding flow meter was numerically simulated using a solver of the unsteady, compressible (air) or incompressible (water) Navier-Stokes equations in two and three dimensions. The computations were carried out for several types of modified geometry including a slightly rotated bluff body, rounded edges representing wear and asymmetrically oriented sensor body called here "paddle". The results were compared, where possible, with experimental data obtained by the manufacturer. The effects of turbulence were modeled by using the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The resulting flow fields were analyzed using various methods, including visualization, evaluation of several of their global features and DFT of properly chosen variables.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Florian Maier, Bernhard G. Zagar
EXPERIMENTAL ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT IN SMALL CAPILLARIES
In this paper we present preliminary results of an ultrasonic flow measurement set-up designed to accurately measure the flow velocity profile of blood mimicking fluid pumped through a capillary flow phantom even under the deteriorating effects of clutter and noise always seen in medical ultrasound applications. The measurement system is set up in a way to acquire and display 3-dimensional velocity and/or topological data.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Milan Adámek, Miroslav Matýsek, Petr Neumann
SMALL GAS FLOW MEASUREMENTA MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATION
This paper presents a flowmeter design applicable for measurement of low gas flow amounts. The designed flowmeter with a time–of–flight sensor represents a microcomputer application with a control and evaluation procedure. The mathematical model of energy and temperature balance is simulated in the FEMLAB environment. The designed measurement device was used for research of a reaction kinetics of biodegradation reactions successfuly.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mihail Radu Patrascoiu
PROPOSED METHOD FOR GAUGE CALIBRATION BY A SERIES EXPANSION SYSTEM AT NML–CSIR, SOUTH AFRICA
There are various types of series expansion systems around the world, offering high accuracy for calibration of standards. The method investigated in this paper considers a much simpler system with a higher degree of certainty in measurements. The novelty of the method does not offer a new calculation, but rather a muchsimplified design Instead of using a high number of vessels, where the gas expands into, the system is limited to only two. The uncertainties will relate only to the pressure reduction factors or volume ratios and other known external factors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andrej Predin, Ignacijo Biluš
SECONDARY FLOW MEASURING AT THE RADIAL FAN ENTRANCE
Analyze is given of different measuring methods relating to the prerotation flow in the entrance pipe of the radial pump. The appearance of the prerotation flow is a result of complicated fluid flow model, which appears as a consequence of the pump operating out of design point and reduce the pump efficiency. The goal of this contribution is in estimating the adequate measuring method, taking into account the inconvenience of conventional Laser – Doppler anemometry. Therefore, two measuring methods – multiblade (ASB) and single blade anemometer (ASSB) are introduced, analyzed and compared with well known 2 channel hot wire anemometry (HWA). The advantages of the introduced measuring system - ASB are in its simple construction and simple use and its low price. Direction and the swirl flow intensity in the entrance pipe of radial pumps and fans, using this method, could be measured.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Nastia Degiuli, Andreja Werner, Zdravko Doliner
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF WAVE PATTERN RESISTANCE OF A TRIMARAN
The experimental determination of wave spectra and wave resistance from measurements of the wave pattern behind a ship model while being towed in a tank received considerable attention in the sixties and seventies. The Landweber, Hogben and Baba methods of experimental determination of wave pattern resistance based on wave height measurements in several longitudinal measurement cuts have been introduced in this paper. The programme of experimental determination of wave pattern resistance has been carried out in DINMA-Trieste for a trimaran whose individual hulls are Wigley parabolic models, for the Froude number range 0.254-0.420, with a total of 12 runs. The above mentioned methods are based on identical hydrodynamic model, and a starting basis are identical analytic expressions. By experimental determination of wave pattern resistance, a comparison of the calculation results (amplitude spectrum, wave resistance, reconstructed waveforms) is given. It has been shown that all three methods are equal and that they give the same results if the criteria based on frequency content determination and resolution in frequency are respected.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tihomir Mihalic, Tomislav Stašic, Nastia Degiuli
UPGRADING OF A BELL PROVER
Bell provers have a wide usage for calibrating various types of flow meters by timing the bell ascendance. They are often used as a working standard. Known area of the bell along with measured displacement of the bell produce, with some measurement uncertainty, volume generated by the bell. This volume with measured time gives the flow generated by the bell.
The temperature and the pressure of the gas in the bell are not constant. Further more the temperature and the pressure at the flow meter are not equal to those in the bell due to losses in pipes. Because of that it is imperative to measure all of them. When those measurands are stored in database entire measurement can be analyzed at referent conditions.
In order to automate measurements with the bell prover, to improve the measurement uncertainty of the results, and to obtain some additional quantities like velocity and acceleration of the bell, computerized measurement equipment has been installed on the bell prover.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Karel Chmelnik, Vaclav Cech
DIAGNOSTIC OF BEARINGS OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
Recently many articles discussing about shaft voltage and bearing currents and about their influence on operating life and reliability of sliding and anti-friction bearings appeared. Negative influence of electric current passing through bearings is known from beginning of the last century but new problems were occured with assotiation of electric machines feeding from static frequency converters. And just this problem is described in the article. We want to show our results of laboratory experiments and mathematical analysis of bearings damage in this paper.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A.Fort, C.Michelassi, M.Mugnaini, M.Catelani
SOFT FAULT DIAGNOSIS IN ANALOG LINEAR CIRCUIT BY ARX MODELLING
In this paper a soft fault diagnosis technique of analog linear circuits is presented. A Simulation-Before- Test (SBT) approach is used, where the fault dictionary is designed by circuit signatures obtained using ARX model identification.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Artur Robotycki, Romuald Zielonko
HOMOTOPIC METHOD OF FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF PIECEWISE LINEAR CIRCUITS BASED ON SENSITIVITY MODEL
In the paper a new homotopic method of fault diagnosis of analogue piecewise linear (PWL) circuits based on a large-deviation sensitivity model is presented. Homotopy maps one function f(x) into another g(x) by changing the homotopy parameter t∈[0,1]. The idea of the method relies on using the function f(x) to the description of the circuit under test (CUT) in the non-faulty state and the function g(x) to the description of the faulty CUT. For verification of assumed fault hypotheses node homotopic paths are used.
The method enables localisation and identification of parametric (soft) faults in nonlinear circuits of PWL type. It is simpler in interpretation and calculation and more robust to the influence of CUT element tolerances and voltage errors in comparison with the homotopic method previously proposed by authors. The method is illustrated by the example of single-fault diagnosis of a one-stage transistor amplifier.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Czeslaw Cempel
MULTI FAULT CONDITION MONITORING OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN OPERATION
The paper presents the introductory results in application to multi fault condition monitoring of mechanical systems in operation, in particular internal combustion engines. This generalization to multi dimensionality and multi fault condition monitoring is possible by utilizing transformed symptom observation matrix, and by successive application of singular value decomposition (SVD). On this basis one can make full extraction of fault related information from symptom observation matrix created by traditional monitoring technology. Moreover, by SVD we can create several independent fault measures and indices, and some combined measures of overall system condition. In another words, full utilization of SVD enable us to pass from multi dimensional - non orthogonal symptom space, to orthogonal generalized fault space, of much reduced dimension. This seems to be important, as it can increase the scope and the reliability of condition monitoring of critical system in operation. It enables also to maximize the amount of condition related information, and/or to minimize redundancy in the primary symptom observation matrix, and the same, to redesign the traditional condition monitoring system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leon Swedrowski
DIAGNOSTIC MEASUREMENTS OF CURRENT SUPPLYING AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
The object of the investigation presented in the paper are measurements related to diagnostics of induction motors. The described system is based on the measurement and spectral analysis of current feeding an electric motor. Diagnostic methods of motor windings making use of the current analysis are already known. The author proposes involving in this method also examination of mechanical defects, in particular, damages caused to bearings. In order to obtain positive results it is necessary to theoretically obtain information referring to the type of components that accompany the current spectrum in certain sorts of faults. This can be accomplished by tests on a motor model. The model tests should be followed by creating an appropriate measuring system sensitive to the spectral components responsible for some specific damages . Due to the fact that the amplitude of the network voltage basic harmonic in the current spectrum is high, there has been proposed a preliminary elimination of this component from the analog current signal. The proposed filter and its characteristics are shown in the paper. Further processing of the signal is carried out numerically. The paper presents also the measuring system and provides results of the investigations carried out on real objects, i.e. faultless motors, and those encumbered with specially prepared defect.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Norbert Nessler, Werner Reischer, Marcel Salchner
ELECTRONIC SKIN REPLACES VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTS
Neutral electrodes (grounding plates used in electrosurgical operations) were tested with thermo cameras in volunteers experiments. These experiments are difficult to perform and expensive. A new test device swaroTEST with a measuring board "electronic skin" simulates the relevant electrical features of human skin to replace volunteer experiments. This device consists of a three dimensional resistor network representing the electric features of the skin and muscle tissue, and a temperature sensing array (one transistor for each cm²) to measure the resultant temperature increase after a standardized current load (700 mA hf current during 60 s, proposed in the relevant AAMI HF-18 standard). The comparison of test results with thermo camera images of volunteer experiments showed a sufficient coincidence, which proves the applicability of this test device to replace volunteer experiments.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vittorio Belotti, Francesco Crenna, Rinaldo C. Michelini, Giovanni B. Rossi
WAVELET SIGNAL PROCESSING APPLIED TO RAILWAY WHEELFLAT DETECTION
Aim of this research is the development of a reliable automated procedure for the detection of wheelflat faults in railway diagnostics. This kind of fault occurs when the train wheel slides on the rail. The wheelflat produced by sliding is a relevant cause of acoustic pollution, passenger discomfort, damage to rails and boogies. A good wheelflat detection diagnostics is common interest, both, for railway and vehicles operators.
The diagnostic method presented in this paper is based on the wavelet analysis of accelerometric signals obtained by an experimental campaign on a test train. The application field for wavelet analysis is new, and the results hitherto obtained show a better and simpler issues than classical time-frequency based analysis.
From a statistical standpoint, the experimental data are exhaustive base to achieve relevant diagnostic estimates in the train speed range between 10 and 100 km/h. The wavelet analysis processing method allowed to distinguish a wheelflat defected wheel up to 94% of the considered cases. Moreover, the same accelerometer signal giving wheelflat diagnostic is used to measure the train speed by a proper processing method leading results within a 2% by respect to commonly used commercial sensor.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Anton Scheibelmasser, Udo Traussnigg
USE OF MOBILE FLASH-CARD STORAGES IN MEASUREMENT DEVICES AND SMALL AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
Mobile Flash-Cards in different technologies and formats are well suited to act as an exchangeable non volatile mass storage for data or program code in measurement devices and small automation systems. Due to the use in the fields of digital photography and multimedia applications, flash cards have been introduced into the market and are available in a standardized and compact way. Because of their mobile characteristics, their solid-state design, security features and an easy handling, they are an appropriate storage medium in measurement data acquisition, but furthermore in the field of service and maintenance. This article is supposed to give an overview of the available storage media on the market as well as several ideas for the use in the field of measurement device instrumentation. In addition, the characteristics of the several flash cards are discussed, possible advantages and restrictions are compared.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Valentyn V. Grabko, Volodymyr V. Grabko
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DISCHARGERS’ RESIDUAL WORKING RESOURCE AND THE DEVICE FOR ITS REALIZATION
The paper considers the mathematical model for dischargers diagnosing, considering the value and the duration of the current’s impulse at the moment of commutation and synthesized the device for its realization using the sequence’s mathematical tool.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Artur Przelaskowski, Anna Kukula
ESTIMATION OF DIAGNOSTIC ABILITY BY DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES ASSESSMENT TESTS
This paper presents a method of simplifying the diagnostic accuracy estimation for compressed mammograms. The proposed method consists of three main stages: a) the selection of abnormal structure features susceptible to wavelet compression method, b) subjective ratings of diagnostically important features and c) estimation of diagnostic pattern for processed mammograms. This pattern reflects diagnostic ability of radiologists using encoded images in clinical practice. Experimental pattern estimation confirmed even higher diagnostic quality of compressed to 1 bpp mammograms than their 12 bpp originals.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yandong Tang, Axel von Freyberg, Horst Selzer, Gert Goch
AUTOMATIC PAPILLA SHAPE DETECTION IN STEREO RETINAL IMAGES BASED ON IMAGE FUSION FOR COMPUTER AIDED GLAUCOMA DIAGNOSTICS
This paper presents a number of image processing methods, including the fusion method, for analysing digitised fundus images. For computer aided Glaucoma diagnostics it is necessary to robustly and automatically detect the main regions (e.g. the papilla) within an image. This represents a major challenge, since a broad variety of images taken in different clinics with different cameras exist. For this purpose adapted methods are actually developed in the EU-project GlauCAD (Glaucoma Prevention by Computer Aided Diagnostics).
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Kay Werthschulte, Friedrich Schneider
REMOTE TRACING OF IN-HOUSE EVENTS IN HOME AUTOMATION
Measurement and control systems are essential in industrial applications. They are used to control and automate all kinds of processes during production. Their use in private homes is not so obvious due to the fact that the requirements are totally different. Although there are systems to connect sensors and actuators inside buildings using fieldbus technology they are only used for simple tasks like switching light and controlling the heating installation.
Through a gateway it is possible to build tele-services that allow any kind of maintenance by the inhabitants or service personal. The service personal will be able to run diagnostics on parts of the system as far as allowed (heat control, failure analysis on certain devices, surveillance, etc.). The access has to be restricted to prevent unauthorized persons to intrude the system.
This work will describe the gateway and the concepts used to share well defined services that are provided to users remotely and locally.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zsolt János Viharos, László Monostori, Krisztián Novák, Gábor András Tóth, Tamás Koródi, Zoltán Csongrádi, Tamás Kenderesy, Tibor Sólymosi, Árpád Lorincz, István Magai, Ferenc Fazekas
MONITORING OF COMPLEX PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, IN VIEW OF DIGITAL FACTORIES
Today’s complex manufacturing systems operate in a changing environment rife with uncertainty. The performance of manufacturing companies ultimately hinges on their ability to rapidly adapt their production to current internal and external circumstances. On the base of a running national research and development project (NRDP) on digital enterprises and production networks, the paper illustrates how the concepts of intelligent manufacturing systems in view of digital enterprises and monitoring of complex production systems can contribute to the solution of the above problems.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zsolt János Viharos, Sándor Markos, Csaba Szekeres
ANN-BASED CHIP-FORM CLASSIFICATION IN TURNING
Today’s complex manufacturing systems operate in a changing environment rife with uncertainty strengthening the requirement for developing production systems with the ability of self adaptation. Market competition forces production firms to work more and more efficiently. As a consequence, continuously increasing material removal rate and flexible automation tools, without active human supervision can be observed as trends also in the metal cutting industry. Monitoring the chip breaking process is one of the important factors for automated supervision. The paper presents artificial neural network (ANN) based models for identifying the cutting chip form based on measured monitoring data.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pawel Lubkowski, Krzysztof Lewenstein, Krzysztof Urbaniak, Maciej Chojnacki
COMPUTER AIDED DIAGNOSTIC OF THE EYE BOTTOM IMAGES
In the paper we present results of our research concerning the fusion, digital conversion, and digital analysis of eye bottom images. We have started investigation about three years ago, and our goal is computer aided diagnosis of diabetes retinopathy. In diabetes retinopathy very important is analysis of the image of cardiovascular network of eye bottom. Many parameters of main vessels as diameters, positions, turns junctions and many others have changed in time. So in the first step of the research we decided to make a software tools for image analysis , useful for ophthalmologist for early detection of pathological changes.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Krzysztof J. Lewenstein, Krzysztof Urbaniak
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF THE MAMMOGRAMS ORIENTED ON BREAST CANCER DETECTION
The aim of our study is to create a computer diagnostic system (CDS) for breast cancer (BC) recognizing.
As a software diagnostic tool we have used Fahlman’s cascade correlation neural network (FNN). The FNN was trained by the vector of features – parameters extracted from mammographic images of healthy tissue (H), tissue with benign (BT) and malignant tumour (M).
To prepare digital data for the NN new, original methods of transformation the mammograms were proposed: Algorithm of Summing up the Rows (ASR) operating on the binarized picture, and analysis of extracted features from Region Of Interest (ROI).
There were lots of parameters optimized in previous research; in this work we present discussion of the level of image binarization in ASR method, and discussion of shape, size and number of analyzed features in ROI method.
As the input data for neural network decision making system we have used six parameters calculated from a region of interest (ROI method), and four parameters calculated by the “summing up the rows algorithm” (ASR). We have used all mentioned parameters to create the best combination of features and find the best representative vector, and get the highest correctness of recognition.
The final diagnostic system could us obtain correctness of the mammogram interpretation about 92% for healthy tissue, 89% for benign and 91% for malignant tumors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Hoja, Grzegorz Lentka
NEW METHOD USING BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION FOR PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION OF ANTICORROSION COATINGS
The paper presents a new method of anticorrosion coatings diagnostics using bilinear transformation. It is possible to identify the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the coating on the basis of object impedance measurement at a few, optimally selected measurement frequencies. The rules of optimal frequency selection are given. The number of frequencies is equal to the number of the equivalent circuit components. The developed identification algorithm enables continuous monitoring of the coating performance. The main advantage of the method is a few (more than 10) times shorter identification process compared to traditional identification technique based on impedance spectroscopy followed by impedance spectrum fitting using computer programs (e.g. LEVM or EQUIVCRT), which are utilising complex non-linear least squares (CNLS) method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ludwik Spiralski, Lech Hasse, Krzysztof Rogala, Janusz Turczynski
PRODUCTION TESTING OF HIGH RELIABILITY INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSOR CAPACITORS
The system for production testing of high reliability interference suppressor capacitors have been presented. The noise level and non-linear distortions in capacitors can be established as a new criteria for reliability selection of interference suppressor capacitors. New tasks (measurement of third harmonic and noise) and their realization in the system have been proposed. It can improve the process of quality estimation of high reliability capacitors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Leon Swedrowski
ROTOR DIAGNOSTICS OF INDUCTION MOTORS BY MEANS OF NEURAL NETWORKS
The investigation results presented in the paper are related to diagnostics of induction rotor’s cages. The virtual tool shown in the paper was created for investigations as an instrument to measure, to present and to register the stator’s current spectrum characteristics. The neuron classifier was constructed to create an instrument enabling to assign the induction motor under test to one of two groups – faultless or defective, and to prove the effectiveness of applying the neuron network in conjunction with the stator’s current spectrum analysis to find out damage in the rotor’s cage. Two options are described: Kohonen self-organizing feature maps and unidirectional multi-layer perceptrons (MLP). Both the networks have successfully solved the stator’s current spectra classification problem assigned to it, and also the technical diagnostics of the rotor’s cage condition.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zbigniew Czaja, Romuald Zielonko
ON FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS WITH ACCESSIBILITY TO INTERNAL NODES BASED ON TRANSFORMATIONS IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL SPACES
In the paper new methods of fault localisation and identification in linear electronic circuits (two-port or multiport type) based on bilinear transformations in multidimensional spaces are presented. The novelty of these methods lies in transferring family of identification loci from a plane to multidimensional spaces. It implies greater distances between the loci and, in consequence, better fault resolution as well as robustness against non-faulty component tolerances and measurement errors. The methods can be used for diagnosis of electronic circuits in conventional testing systems and neural networks. They may be also useful in one or two-parameter identification measurements of other multi-parameter objects modelled by electrical circuits.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

R Gozdur, M. Jerzy Korczynski
GLASS QUALITY TESTER
The techniques for digital image acquisition and digital image processing used to identify defects in transparent elements are described in the paper. The block diagram of the test set-up, algorithm of the software developed for identifying geometrical parameters of defects are presented here. The set-up, presented in the paper is proposed for glass quality production control at final and intermediate production line of double glassed windows. The other applications are foreseen. One of the very important feature is calibration of the image with the use of reference glasses, light correction and adjusting parameters of the set-up according to requirements. Calibration is achieved with the of use patterns prepared ahead of time and also with a use of the same set-up. Glass can be categorised depending on number of defects and percentage of defected area or can be disqualified at production line if any permanent defect is found in observed element.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zdenek Malec, Petr Beneš
AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR MEASURING OF PROPERTIES OF PRECISION GEARBOXES
This paper deals in its first part especial requirements which must be fulfilled by gearboxes being used in applications demanding very high accuracy: uniformity of motion, exactly described hysteresis loop, limited vibrations and good efficiency. In the second part the basic conception of a realised experimental stand is described. The stand allows to perform all measurements, data acquisition and evaluation mentioned later. The control of all components of the measuring stand and the necessary data processing and final presentation of results is performed by a PC.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

F. Tatar, J.R. Mollinger, P. Turmezei, A. Bossche
CROSS-CORRELATION METHOD APPLIED TO AN ULTRASOUND SYSTEM FOR MEASURING POSITION AND ORIENTATION OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY TOOLS
A new ultrasound wireless positioning system is developed that gives the surgeon the exact location and orientation of the instruments in the patient. The measuring system employ ultrasound markers placed on the instruments, outside of the human body. Knowing the dimensions of the usually rigid instruments it is possible to calculate their position and orientation inside the patient from the markers’ positions. Using the cross-correlation method we obtained a resolution of 0.7 mm in determining the marker positions.
To eliminate wiring to the tools a wireless radio wave (RF) system is used to trigger the ultrasound sensors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Carlos Hall Barbosa, Elisabeth Costa Monteiro, Flávia Pompéia
LOCALIZATION OF MAGNETIC FOREIGN BODIES IN HUMANS USING MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS
A technique had been previously developed, based on magnetic field measurements using a SQUID sensor, to localise in three dimensions steel needles lost in the human body. In all six cases that were treated until now, the technique allowed easy surgical localisation of the needles with high accuracy, decreasing by a large factor the surgery time and also reducing the generally high odds of failure. The method is accurate, non-invasive and innocuous, with clear clinical importance. In this paper we present preliminary measurements performed with a fluxgate magnetometer instead of a SQUID.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Eberhard Seiler
FROM THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS TO A GLOBAL METROLOGY SYSTEM
The paper describes recent developments towards a global metrology system. The driving forces behind this development are globalization and the liberalization of trade. The World Trade Organization, WTO, with more than 140 member states sets the rules for international trade. Other international organizations must take into account these rules and especially, the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement. The organs of the Metre Convention developed a system to ensure worldwide traceability and mutual recognition of measurements and calibrations. Details of the system and measures to establish confidence in the competence of National Metrology Institutes are described. Furthermore, laboratory accreditation procedures and the role of regional and international accreditation organizations with regard to ensure confidence in competence are explained. The International Organization of Legal Metrology, OIML, contributes to the global metrology system by recommendations for measuring instruments and a certificate system indicating that a given instrument pattern complies with the requirements of the relevant OIML recommendation. Suggestions for possible IMEKO contributions are given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Austin S. Khulumula
DEVELOPMENT OF METROLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE IN AFRICA
The development of metrology infrastructure in African Member States has been the mandate given to ARSO by the African Union (AU) previously the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in its Treaty. ARSO fulfils this role through coordination mechanism that harmonizes the sub-regional metrology programmes, arrangements of training of personnel with the support of cooperating partners and African Governments. ARSO ensures, through its programmes the maximum sharing of facilities among African Member States in order to enhance the measurement capabilities of countries in the African economies for better competitiveness of goods and services.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

John Ndanusa Akanya
ACTIVITIES OF STANDARDS ORGANISATION OF NIGERIA
Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) was established by Decree No. 56 of 1971, and with three amendments in 1976, 1984 and 1990, the body corporate, has the sole responsibility for National Policy on Metrology, Standards, Testing and Quality Control (MSTQ). SON is the custodian of all product, process and metrology Standards in Nigeria.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Salvador Echeverría-Villagómez
EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS FOR STRUCTURED GROWTH OF METROLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
The paper presents a robust methodology and an integral strategy to develop optimal metrological infrastructures in unstable economic environments and imperfect markets, as those presented in developing economies. This methodology can be applied at two levels:
I.- Within an organization, e.g. an industry or company, and
II.- Within an economy, e.g. an economy, country or region.
The methodology is the MESURA® Program which is applied by metrology consultants to particular organizations and the corresponding strategy is the creation of a laboratory network based on a franchise scheme, the MESURA® Network.
The paper presents the objectives, principles and mechanisms of operation of MESURA®. Emphasis is given to the evolutionary principles of the strategy, which allow the implementation of metrological systems and infrastructures with the following characteristics:
• Adapted to their environment
• Viable in technical aspects
• Viable in economical aspects
• Fit for structured growth
• Fit for reproduction
The MESURA® Program and the Network have been developed, implemented and proved in Mexico and have found conceptual acceptance and application also in other countries. The final section includes an evaluation of its development and recommendations for its potential application in other developing economies.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Wilfried Schulz
ROLE OF WELMEC IN REGIONAL COOPERATION
WELMEC is the European Co-operation in Legal Metrology. The principal aim of WELMEC is to establish a harmonised and consistent approach to European legal metrology. WELMEC is concerned with the establishment, maintenance and improvement of channels of communication between its members and associate members and aims to develop mutual confidence through participation in common activities.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ivan Skubic, Nineta Majcen, Paul De Bièvre, Philip Taylor
METROLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS RELATED TO QUALITY OF LIFE IN SLOVENIA
An approach to set up an appropriate and optimal national infrastructure for measurements related to quality of life in Slovenia is described. It is based on an analysis of the needs of the global society, of the national needs and priorities and on the national capabilities. The implementation of the conclusions into practice has started. As in general measurements in chemistry and microbiology were not yet systematically tackled, the approach given here might serve as a model to enable other countries to establish a suitable national metrology infrastructure, which would adequately support the national needs in chemical and microbiological measurements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Alfréd Menyhárd
MEASUREMENT SUPPORT SERVICES
The participation of the developing countries in the international trade put even stronger emphasis to the safe operation of their quality systems throughout the whole economy (industry, agriculture, scientific research, public health services, higher education, etc.) The operation of these systems need ever more sophisticated and expensive instruments. These instruments also are a sizeable part of national wealth.
The safe operation of the precision measuring instruments has essential importance in the creditable performance of the quality systems, and it needs support (background) services and in the developing countries there is a considerable shortage in these services.
This paper summarizes the elements of the technical background of the instrumentation support services which are essential in the safe operation of the quality systems and presents the latest experience gained in the application of the concept which was developed in co-operation with Physikalisch- Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB in Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany) in different countries, and provides information on the sustainability of such services.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Mohamed Lakhloufi
A MAINTENANCE STRATEGY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT IN THE MOROCCAN UNIVERSITY
The scientific equipment pool in the Moroccan universities has suffered from the lack of maintenance policy. This is why the LIS has built an appropriate strategy of maintenance, constructed on 3 main pillars: i) The knowledge of the current state of the existing equipment and human resources. So, according to the inventory, launched by LIS since 1998, in average, 19% of the scientific equipment is out of use. This percentage is higher than 50% for complex instruments. Only less than 1% of the equipment have maintenance contract, 4% have technical manuals and 14% with maintenance manuals, etc. ii) The consolidation of the capabilities in maintenance is based on 3 types of training. Accordingly, since mid 1999, more than 100 technicians were trained on maintenance methods, electronic integrated circuits, maintenance and repair of NMR spectrometer, repair and work of laboratory glassware. Surface Mount Technology (STM) repair is also concerned. iii) The creation of a national network of maintenance cells is scheduled to start in 2003, in cooperation with the France Embassy in Rabat. This network will be created, organised and supervised, by LIS, the national unit of maintenance.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Joel Mutisya Kioko
EXPERIENCES OF SETTING-UP INSTRUMENTATION CENTRE AT KENYA BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The modern industry, Metrology and Testing laboratories have diverse types of measuring instruments which range from simple to very complex computer-aided measuring systems reflecting the state of art.
The Instrumentation Centre plays a vital role to Quality of measurement results, products, services and contributes to over-all economy of a country.
To maintain an instrumentation centre in a health state; an efficient, qualified, well-trained team coupled with modern business management skills is not only necessary but a must.
This paper will address the ‘experiences of setting-up an instrumentation centre at Kenya Bureau of Standards’ and the challenges faced, the way forward and its upgrading to be a ‘Regional Instrumental Centre’.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Davlin M. D. Chokazinga
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTATION REPAIR AND SUPPORT SERVICES IN MALAWI - A HISTORIC BACKGROUND AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCES
Malawi is one of the developing countries in Africa, as such her economy is donor driven. Being a developing nation, there are a number of scientific institutions such as Universities, National Standards Body, Polytechnics, Medical Institutions, Government Agricultural Research Centres, Water Development, Research Institutes, Environmental Protection and Research Institutes, Industrial Research and Development Centres, Telecommunications Development and many more. These institutions house from simple to most complicated electronic equipment /instruments. Since 1964, when Malawi became independent, there has been a great acquisition of such instruments.
Over the years, instruments inventory surveys showed that Malawi had received a large variety of measuring instruments. However, notable was the fact that there was no local capabilities developed to repair and service such equipment. 1980's most of the institutes had most of their useful instruments broken down. In order to solve the problem first repair and maintenance contracts were concluded with the manufacturers, then Malawi technicians were trained to provide the necessary services. Neither of the methods could operate successfully and the national instrument inventory showed that about 50% of the available instruments in various institutions were nonfunctional, such that most of vital functions could not be undertaken locally. Hence there is need for the establishment of local capability which can provide the needed services on the site.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Enver Sadikoglu
SPECIFIC POINTS AND FEATURES IN DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY SYSTEM AT ULUSAL METROLOJI ENSTITÜSÜ
Setting up a quality system at the level of national metrology laboratories became especially important after the signing of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). Each laboratory, signatory of MRA, must demonstrate its technical competence and confidence, where an established and smooth running quality system is a critical milestone. This paper presents details of a rather sophisticated quality system established at the Turkish National Metrology Institute. General recommendations to other institutes and possible ways for further improvements are also discussed in the paper.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Oscar Harasic
THE OS&T OF THE OAS AND METROLOGY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dzengo Mzengeza
THE PROBLEMS OF MAINTENANCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND THE EFFECT OF IT ON RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN AFRICA
Developing countries are regarded as recipients of technology and advanced scientific equipment, however most of equipment is unavailable due to breakdowns and lack of maintenance. Maintenance of scientific and technical equipment appears to enjoy very low priority in the main activities of Universities, Research and Technological Institutions in Africa. These institutions are expected to train manpower in the fields of science and engineering and to conduct research at a level comparable to other similar institutions worldwide, but this cannot be achieved if essential instruments/equipment and facilities needed for this purpose are unavailable or are not maintained. This paper highlights the problem equipment maintenance, the possible causes and the initiatives taken by the International Foundation for Science of Sweden and the Network of Users of Scientific equipment in Eastern and Southern Africa (NUSESA) in addressing the problem. The paper also suggests priority areas, which need to be addressed, and makes recommendations for the way forward. In looking at the priority areas, the paper attempts to tackle the problem of technology transfer and ways in which the equipment suppliers and the users can work together to address the problems.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Fiona Redgrave, Andy Henson, Diane Beauvais
METROLOGY FOR IMPROVED MEASUREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND TRADE: THE REGMET PROJECT
The operation of the economy on a global scale and the quality of life for the individual citizen depends on reliable measurements and tests, which are trusted and accepted internationally. Although broadly harmonised, differences in measurement practice amongst regulators and associated bodies still exist even within the EU. This is because the approach by the regulatory community in Europe is still influenced by historical practice and awareness of measurement issues varies significantly. Equally, development of national measurement capability does not always take optimum account of the regulatory perspective. A partnership of nine European National Metrology Institutes, the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and the European Organisation for Conformity Assessment, with partial support from the European Commission, are engaged in the RegMet project with the regulatory community to overcome this historical legacy. This paper describes the aims, findings and progress of the RegMet project, including the concept of the development of a measurement template for regulators.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Karel Draxler, Renata Styblíková
CALIBRATION OF ELECTROSTATIC FIELD METERS
A method for electrostatic field meters calibration is presented in the article. A workplace for this measurement is also described and calibration results for two different electrostatic field meters are given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Andy Henson, Diane Beauvais, Fiona Redgrave
GLOBALISATION AND THE INTEGRATION OF THE EUROPEAN MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS: THE MERA PROJECT
Industry, trade and increasingly the quality of life depend on the ability to make leading edge measurements. However, within Europe the ability to deliver state-of-the-art measurement capability with the confidence necessary to underpin research, innovation and development, is dependent on the metrology infrastructure being able to meet ever-growing demands with resources that are not increasing at a comparable rate. A strategy has been developed within EUROMET to address these issues and this paper describes the MERA project, which will plan the implementation of the strategy.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Fiona Redgrave, Andy Henson, Diane Beauvais
METROLOGY FOR IMPROVED MEASUREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND TRADE: THE REGMET AND METROTRADE PROJECTS
The operation of the economy on a global scale and the quality of life for the individual citizen depends on reliable measurements and tests, which are trusted and accepted internationally. The European Commission is supporting two projects linking measurement, regulation, trade and commerce under the Competitive and Sustainable Growth thematic Programme in the Fifth Framework Programme. This paper describes the aims and some findings of the RegMet and MetroTrade projects, including the concept of the development of a measurement template for regulators.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dražen Klaric, Bojan Mazanek, Mladen Boršic
FACING THE XVII IMEKO WORLD CONGRESS – HOW WE DID IT
IMEKO World Congress is gathering of experts in the field of metrology. More than 500 abstracts have been received during last year and even more people have registered for attending it. Huge number of applications required usage of modern technologies including Internet as a backbone for communication and interaction among participants and organisers. From one excel table we developed powerful web based application that can handle more than 5000 records thus enabling us to overcome difficulties that faced us during organisation of the congress.
In this paper we describe how Croatian Metrology Society dealt with the challenge of organising IMEKO World Congress. We discuss about technologies used to attain multi user environment and accessibility of data to entire organising committee. Something about security issues related to revision process of not yet published papers would be pointed out. We will illustrate some examples of our software for automate of the registration process.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

John Redgrove
EUROPEAN VIRTUAL INSTITUTE FOR THERMAL METROLOGY
A European Virtual Institute for Thermal Metrology (EVITherM) is being developed by a consortium of 34 European institutes, led by NPL and supported by the EC, to ensure that thermal knowledge and services are made available to industry, for the benefit of industrial processes and the environment, offering low-cost easy access, particularly to SMEs. EVITherM will be a co-ordinated Internet-based infrastructure designed to link together the geographically scattered centres of excellence and other groups and organisations concerned with thermal measurements and technology to provide a focal point for information exchange and knowledge transfer between all these organisations and industry. It will form a website for users, having three levels of access. The first level is free and contains directories of information; the second and third levels are for members only and will allow access to qualified information and member interactions. The first public release of the website is due by early 2004.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ali Uytun, Aliye Kartal Dogan, Sevilay Ugur
CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE UME MADE WATER TRIPLE POINT CELLS
The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) specifies triple, melting and freezing points to realize the scale. One of the major temperature fixed points in the ITS-90 scale is the triple point of water (TPW), at which temperature solid, liquid and vapour phases of pure water coexist in thermal equilibrium. This temperature has been assigned a value of 273,16 K (0,01°C) on the ITS-90. It is the fundamental definition of the fixed point of the ITS- 90 scale and the one defining fixed point of the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale.
UME Temperature Laboratory has been constructing TPW cells since 1992. This paper describes the construction processes (annealing, cleaning and filling) of the TPW cell, its realization and finally the results of EUROMET comparison of TPW cells.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Rick Walker, Norman Willgress
ACHIEVING 0.25 mK UNCERTAINTY WITH AN INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT RESISTANCE THERMOMETER READOUT
Resistance bridges, when used for temperature measurements with SPRTs, are able to achieve uncertainties better than 1 ppm. However, they have several shortcomings that prohibit their use in many applications. Among these are cost, size, slow speed, and limited range. An endeavor was made by the author to design a readout for resistance thermometers that achieves less than 1 ppm uncertainty in resistance ratio while overcoming some of the problems of resistance bridges. A new approach was taken with a design that uses the latest integrated-circuit analog-todigital converters. This allows the instrument to have lower cost, smaller size, the capability of increased speed, and additional features. Special effort was made to reduce errors caused by component drift, thermoelectric EMF, component offset, electrical noise, and nonlinearity. The new resistance thermometer readout was tested to identify and evaluate sources of measurement uncertainty. The combined uncertainty was calculated for resistance ratio and W(T90) measurements of an SPRT with self-heating corrections. Measurements made with the resistance thermometer readout were compared with measurements made with a resistance bridge. The results show that the standard uncertainty of the new resistance thermometer readout is about 0.34·10^-6 in measuring resistance ratio at 25 Ω/100 Ω and about 0.68·10^-6 in measuring W(T90) near the triple point of water.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Emese András
THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE INCLINATION ON THE CALIBRATION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE SENSORS
The OMH has developed a reference surface temperature apparatus for the calibration of contact surface temperature sensors under a variety of conditions. This article describes the dependence of temperature error on the inclination of a heated surface and studies the sources of these deviations for various surface temperatures and sensor types. The effect of surface inclination has not been investigated before but has been found significant, particularly because of its industrial relevance.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Frank Bernhard, Dirk Boguhn, Silke Augustin, Helge Mammen, Andrej Donin
APPLICATION OF SELF-CALIBRATING THERMOCOUPLES WITH MINIATURE FIXED-POINT CELLS IN A TEMPERATURE RANGE FROM 500°C TO 650°C IN STEAM GENERATORS
Using integrated miniature fixed-point cells, a measuring uncertainty of < 1 K can be reached under operating condi tions in the superheated steam range of power plants by a periodic recalibration of the thermocouples, with operating times of > 20000 h. The fixed-point materials used for a temperature range from 500°C to 650°C are technically pure metals and binary alloys.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Georges Bonnier, Eliane Renaot, DavorZvizdic, Lovorka G. Bermanec, Tomislav Veliki
MODEL FOR UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION IN COMPARISON CALIBRATION OF THERMOCOUPLES
The objective of this paper is to present the methodology for estimation of measurement uncertainties in comparison calibration of thermocouples used at Laboratory for Process Measurements (LPM). The methodology is applied for comparison calibration of rare-metal and industrial basemetal thermocouples within temperature range from –20°C to 660°C with LPM standard/working standard platinum resistance thermometers and from 600°C to 1050°C with LPM standard/working standard thermocouples.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marcelo dos Santos Monteiro, Alcir de Faro Orlando
STABILITY EVALUATION OF A GOLD-PLATINUM THERMOCOUPLE AS AN INTERPOLATING INSTRUMENT IN THE TEMPERATURE SCALE
The 1990 International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) substituted the platinum-platinum-10% rhodium thermocouple by the high temperature standard platinum resistance thermometer (HTSPRT) and the radiation thermometer, as an interpolating instrument in the 630°C to 1064°C range, due to the lower stability of the thermocouple. Although the uncertainty of reproducing the temperature scale became much lower, the cost of the required measuring equipments was raised. Aiming to offer the Brazilian Calibration Network accredited laboratories a lower cost temperature scale traceability alternative, at a smaller uncertainty than the standard type S thermocouple can provide, a 99,999% purity gold-platinum (AuPt) thermoucouple was exposed systematically to a high temperature environment (close to 1000°C) for more than 1500 hours, with its stability and homogeneity being evaluated with the aid of a silver fixed point cell. It was shown that a ± 25 mK (k=2) uncertainty can be achieved. This works details the methodology and the cares that have to be taken in order assure the reliability of the results.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Murat Kalemci, Sevilay Ugur
THE CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PLATINUM-BASED THERMOCOUPLES AT UME
High accuracy measurement of temperature up to 1200°C is an important concept for science, technology and for the industry. For high temperature measurements, thermocouples, which depend on Seebeck principle, are widely used. Platinum based thermocouples are preferred due to their high purity and quality for metrological use. In this paper, the construction of type S and type R thermocouples at UME will be described. After construction, thermocouples were calibrated at the tin, zinc, aluminium and silver freezing points by fixed-point method and by wire-bridge method at gold point.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Achim Seifter, Konstantinos Boboridis, Andrew W. Obst
COMPARISON OF EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENTS USING AN INTEGRATING SPHERE REFLECTOMETER AND A LASER POLARIMETER ON SURFACES WITH VARIOUS DEGREES OF ROUGHNESS
Laser polarimetry has been used for years to obtain normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulseheated materials. The method is based on the FRESNEL equations that describe reflection and refraction at an ideally smooth interface between two isotropic media. However, polarimetry is frequently used with surfaces that clearly deviate from this ideal condition. Questions arise with respect to the applicability of the simple FRESNEL equations to non-specularly reflecting surfaces. On the other hand, reflectometry utilizing integrating spheres provides a measurement of the hemispherical spectral reflectance for normal incidence, from which the normal spectral emissivity can be derived, regardless of surface texture. In a first effort to explore the limits of polarimetry in terms of surface roughness, room temperature measurements were performed on a number of samples using both an integrating sphere reflectometer and a laser polarimeter. In this paper, the two methods are briefly described and the results of the comparison are discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dariy Svet
DYNAMIC METHOD OF MEASURING THE TRUE TEMPERATURE AND EMISSIVITY BY DIRECTIONAL REFLECTED AND SELF-RADIATION
The paper deals with the method of on line radiation measurement of the true temperature and emissivity in the process of heating or cooling. The method may be realized without any precalibration. The realization of the method is based on simultaneous measurement of the intensities of self-radiation and of directional reflected radiation on two wavelengths for three values of temperature. The method involves the use of relative directional reflectometry which does not require the validity of the Lambert law for radiating surface. For the method to be realized in practice, the accuracy of radiometric and reflectometric measurements must be significantly increased.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tohru Iuchi, Tohru Furukawa, Nobuharu Sato
RADIATION THERMOMETRY OF METAL IN HIGH TEMPERATURE FURNACE
This study aims to develop a practical radiation thermometry system of metals moving through in a high temperature furnace. In order to achieve this study, two problems; emissivity compensation of a target and elimination of background radiation noise filled in a furnace must be sorted out. We have successfully developed a method for simultaneous measurement of emissivity and temperature by use of polarized directional properties of the radiance from the target, in this case, stainless steel, and moreover a technique to eliminate background radiation noise using a pseudo blackbody installed in a furnace.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sevilay Ugur, Humbat Nasibov
CALIBRATING COMMERCIAL RADIATION THERMOMETERS AGAINST FIXED POINT BALCKBODIES.
ITS-90 Radiation temperature Scale is defined only above the freezing point of silver. However, the need of calibration of radiation thermometers below this temperature is also important because many industries such as paper, cement, rubber makes use of the radiation thermometry for temperature measurements. Besides the temperature range of many radiation thermometers cover below and above freezing point of silver. This work will describe the radiometric calibration of a commercial thermometer at the fixed points.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Marjan Pohl, Zoran Kariž, Ivan Bajsic
HUMIDITY GENERATOR FOR COMPARISON CALIBRATION PURPOSE
This paper presents a facility for humid air generation – the humidity generator. The generator was developed for calibration of hygrometers. The principle of operation is based on the two-temperature method for humid air generation and the open circuit flow mode is applied. Saturation of the air is achieved by the water atomization in air flow. The generator is designed to operate in the test chamber temperature range from 5°C to 85°C and in dew point temperature range from 2°C to 35°C. The paper makes a point to the possibility the system works in nonsaturation mode and the comparison method is applied for calibration purpose. The excellent dynamic characteristics are obtained by the fast changes of the quantity of water dispersed in air flow. Maintenance the intensity of the atomization and stationary temperature at the same time enables stationary air humidity circumstances in the test chamber. Dynamic and stationary characteristics of generator, as well as uniformity working area inside the test chamber is numerically and graphically presented. Analysis of the uncertainty using comparison calibration method is also reported. The software developed in LabVIEW environment supervises the system operation.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Stéphan Briaudeau, Bernard Rougié, Jeanne Marie Coutin, Georges Bonnier, Jean Bastie
RADIATION THERMOMETRY BASED ON RADIOMETRIC STANDARD
A new temperature measurement process based on radiometric standard has been realised at BNM INM. A radiance-meter is used to calibrate a tunable monochrom atic source which is compared to a black body with a spectral spectroradiometer. The radiance m eter is calibrated against a cryogeni c radiometer. The spectral radiance measurement wavelength is selected by the spectroradiometer. The temperature is then deduced from the spectral radiance with the Planck's law. The monochrom atic source can be scanned over 10 nm around 830 nm in order to measure the slit function of the spectroradiometer. The stability of the m onochrom atic source, is about 10^-4 over one hour. This set up can be used to measure high temperatures above 2000°C without comparison to ITS90 fixed point.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Torbjörn Löfqvist, Kestutis Sokas, Jerker Delsing
SPEED OF SOUND MEASUREMENTS IN HUMID AIR USING AN ULTRASONIC FLOW METER
This paper presents results from experiments using an ultrasonic gas flow meter measuring the speed of sound in air at varying air velocities, humidities and temperatures. The meter utilises the sing-around technique. The transducers in the meter are silicon-based ultrasonic transducers with a centre frequency of 800 kHz. In order to investigate the performance of the flow meter it was tested in a novel gas flow facility connected to a calibration facility for flow meters used for liquids. The Reynolds’ numbers for the investigated flow velocities ranged from 0 to 3,2·10⁴, the relative humidity varied from 40% to 80% RH and the temperature varied from 20°C to 46°C. It was found that the experimentally measured speed of sound corresponded well with the speed of sound obtained from theory. It is also concluded that the flow meter could potentially be used in determining the relative humidity in flowing air at atmospheric pressures using speed of sound and temperature measurements.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Igor Pušnik, Jovan Bojkovski, Valentin Batagelj, Gaber Begeš, Domen Hudoklin, Janko Drnovšek
MEASURING OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN A VEHICLE
In the paper results of measuring the climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity) in vehicles, which are exposed to the s un, will be presented. The measurements will be analysed with respect to the type of a vehicle, colour, availability of air-condition, and weather conditions.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Robert Ambroziak, Marek Orzylowski
IMAGE ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS IN COMPUTER SYSTEM OF DETERMINATION OF ASH FUSIBILITY
The article presents th e computer system to determine fusibility of ash obtained from solid mineral fuels, which is a vital parameter for proper exploitation of power and heating plants boilers. The system is based on analysis of the image of a heated ash sample. In the beginning, we describe the way in which the ash specimen is prepared, as well as its thermal processing, and also give criteria for specifying the characteristic temperature points of phase transitions according to the ISO 1171 standard. Later, we present the scheme of the apparatus for automated determination of ash fusibility and the image acquisition method. Finally, we describe the chosen criteria of automated determination of characteristic points on the basis of selected sample image geometry coefficients. The ultimate determination of the values of those points on the basis of many calculated coeffici ents, fuzzy logic is applied.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

France Pavlovcic
A DYNAMIC MODELLING OF MEASURING UNCERTAINTY OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA USING A SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUE
There are many industrial and environmental media (furnaces, climatic chambers, industrial bathes, the weather etc.) where the quantities of the ambient, such as the temperature of fluids and the relative humidity of mixtures of gases, are measured for the purpose of control, when speaking of industrial media, and observations and analyses in many other cases. The measurements are carried out by sensors and instruments calibrated under stationary conditions. But, in industrial and environmental measuring, these sensors meet dynamic conditions of the measured quantity caused by both transients and instability of the media. The measuring uncertainty contributed by an instability of the medium contains two components: a temporal and a spatial measuring uncertainty corresponding to respective kinds of the instability. The paper deals with a method of an establishment and a propagation of the temporal measuring uncertainty of measured quantity values due to an unstable medium. This method takes into account dynamic characteristics of the employed sensor, its transfer function and time constant. Further on the time function of the quantity of the medium is processed in respect to the measured time-depending values of this quantity. According to the processed time function of the quantity, the measuring uncertainty is determined.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tomáš Sysala, Vladimír Vašek
DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC POLYMER PROPERTIES
The paper deals with equipment for plastic materials analysis. This equipment is called thermoanalyser. The general principle of analysis is based on the temperature measurement and the temperature control on the desired temperature and simultaneously on penetrating measurement of the deforming tip into microsample. From these data and from force on the deforming tip we can determinate many plastic materials properties. The first problem was measurement, the second problem was the temperature control in two furnaces. There is the pole placement algorithm (2nd and 3rd order) used. The last part of the paper deals with the storing of the materials parameters to the database.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Slavolhub G. Petkovic , Fernando A. L. Goulart, Fabio. D. Campos, Hamilton D. Vieira, Klaus N. Quelhas, Marcelo S. Monteiro, Paulo R. F. Santos
FIXED POINT CALIBRATION FOR TYPE N THERMOCOUPLES IN THE 0°C TO 1000°C RANGE
Noble metal thermocouples are suitable for fixed point calibration method. Basic metal thermocouples, on the other hand, are usually calibrated by comparison. This happens because of th eir electromotive force (emf) instability in short time. In the range from 0 to 1084°C, according to the Monograph CCT/WG1 – BIPM the typical uncertainty of type N thermocouple is about 0.2°C (k=2) at the fixed points and 1.0°C (k=2) in the interpolated values. This paper tries to enlighten this discussion presenting results which confirm that type N thermocouples have the best emf stability among base metal thermocouples up to 1000°C, when it is used by customers for calibrations by comparison, after have being calibrated at fixed points cells in primary laboratories. In this condition, it is possible to show that type N thermocouple permits to achieve results near to mentioned uncertainties. The calibration method, laboratory facilities, results and uncertainty budget are reported in this paper. A sheathed thermocouple having compacted mineral oxide insulation was calibrated by fixed points method at Inmetro and by comparison in Brazilian secondary laboratories along two years. This thermocouple has accumulated more than 200h at 1000°C .
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yasser A. Abdelaziz
GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT OF TEMPERATURE UNIFORMITY AND INVESTIGATION OF THE MEASUREMENTS UNCERTAINTY WITHIN LABORATORY OVEN
Laboratory ovens as drying and heattreatment ovens require to be calibrated in order to meet the measurement traceablitiy according to the ISO Guide 17025 requirements, special in accredited laboratories. Industrial and medical laboratories also need to evaluate and assessment of the temperature uniformity within their ovens, to get the optimum working conditions.
This paper describes the methodology for assessment the temperature uniformity within the working space of the oven and the measurements uncertainty budget. The method covers the temperature range from ambient up to 1000°C.
The paper is presented also the method for assessment of some oven parameters as temperature gradient, stability, temperature fluctuation and temperature drift within the oven.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Toru Yamamoto, Minoru Tanaka, Masaru Tsudagawa, Shigeru Takayama
MEASUREMENT OF HEAT DISCHARGE OF AN OFFICE BUILDING BY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
To estimate a thermal environment of city, it is necessary to know and evaluate a state of heat discharge of buildings, cars and a solar radiation. This paper shows an estimation method of the heat discharge of an actual office building by using measurement results of the amount data of energy consumption and energy demand for one year per hour, and the efficiency of energy supply equipm ents. And also, from the estimation, the dynamic characteristics of the heat discharge of an actual office building in a year are evaluated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Valentin Batagelj, Jovan Bojkovski, Igor Pušnik
OPTIMIZING THE UNCERTAINTY DUE TO THE SELF-HEAT OF PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS IN PRACTICAL USE
Self-heat of platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) is a well-known phenomenon that occurs when measurement current additionally heats up a PRT sensor. This temperature increase depends on measurement current, PRT design, operating temperature and surrounding medium. Self-heat temperature increase can be corrected with some residual uncertainty, but this applies mainly to calibration of PRTs, while in practical temperature measurements self-heat measurement or estimation is difficult due to poor temperature stability and/or short measurement time that does not allow temperature transient effects to fade away. If not handled properly, self-heat uncertainty can be one of the largest, but often neglected uncertainty contributions in temperature measurement. A study of uncertainty optimization is presented for a measurement system composed of up to twenty PRTs that are connected to the ohmmeter via a scanner and sequentially measured. The optimal measurement procedure is discussed and the uncertainty analysis is given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jovan Bojkovski, Valentin Batagelj, Igor Pušnik
THE COMPARISON OF THE REALISATION OF THE FREEZING POINT OF INDIUM INSIDE THE THREE ZONE FURNACE AND THE FLUDISED POWDER FURNACE
In the paper the comparison of the realisation of the freezing point of indium inside the three-zone furnace and the fluidised powder furnace is presented. The emphasis of the paper is given to the comparison of the metrological characteristics of the realisations such as time duration of the plateau and the width of the plateau. The same fixed-point cell (closed fixed-point cell, serial number In 86, made by Isotech) was realised in both furnaces. Also the analysis of the immersion curve is performed in order to see how it agrees with the expected curve.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Domen Hudoklin, Jovan Bojkovski, Janko Drnovšek
THE INFLUENCE OF ASPIRATED PSYCHROMETER ON CALIBRATION PROCESS
In the proposed paper the influence of motor aspirated psychrometer on calibration process is investigated. Proper humidity measurement with psychrometer requires sample gas stream of sufficient velocity in order to achieve accurate measurements. For this reason modern psychrometer typically have integrated aspiration motor to assure such gas stream over the thermometer, which is enclosed by a wet wick (wet thermometer). The wick has to be maintained in a wet condition, which causes evaporation and consequently the unwanted humidification of the air being measured, especially in a closed humidity chamber or humidity generator. Different psychrometers were tested in a humidity test chamber in order to estimate the level of such humidification. The results are summarised in the paper. In addition, special considerations are addressed regarding the calibration of motor aspirated psychrometer in closed calibration environment.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Achim Seifter
ABOUT THE MEANING OF THE HAGEN – RUBENS RELATION TO RADIATION THERMOMETRY
Pyrometry is the only way to obtain temperature measurements when performing fast (µs duration) experiments on metals up to and above their melting points. Converting the pyrometer signals to true temperatures requires some knowledge about the normal spectral emissivity of the target at the operating wavelength of the pyrometer. Because dynamic emissivity measurements are rather difficult, one often has to resort to assumptions about the temperature and wavelength dependence of emissivity instead of a direct measurement. The HAGEN–RUBENS relation between the normal spectral emissivity of a metal and its electrical resistivity can be helpful in making such assumptions. In this work, a method for obtaining good estimates of the normal spectral emissivity of metals and alloys above their melting points as a function of temperature, based on the HAGEN-RUBENS relation, is presented. Its usefulness is examined by comparing results derived from it to actual emissivity data on several liquid metals and alloys that were measured using a pulse-heating technique.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Juraj Božicevic, Alojz Caharija, Nenad Bolf, Denis S. Vedrina
DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN LIQUIDS BY MONITORING TRANSIENT PHENOMENON
Thermal properties of liquids, especially thermal conductivity, are important issues in the designing, developing and application of products. In this paper, the method of thermal conductivity determination is based on heat transfer process analysis during transient phenomena caused by an energy pulse, with application of parameter value estimation of process model. Essentially, influence of energy pulse on the liquid condition in the measuring cell is negligible.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Humbat Nasibov, Sevilay Ugur
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYROMETERS TO THE SUBJECT OF PREAMPLIFIER GAIN NONLINEARITY
Dc-operated radiation thermometers, due to their high-speed response, simple and rigid optical and electrical systems are widely used in industry and science. Practically, in all metrology laboratories the realization and dissemination of the temperature scale (by means of radiation temperature) is carried out using the dc-operated transfer standard radiation thermometers. Therefore, the actuality of the accurate characterization of all aspects of the pyrometer system is evidently clear.
This paper describes the systematic error contribution of the gain non-linearity of well-designed preamplifiers in the signal processing of the dc-operated radiation thermometers.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Barbara K. Juroszek
SOURCES OF ERRORS IN BIOMEDICAL OBJECT MEASUREMENTS
The article presents measuring errors whose source is medical measuring device of one side and biomedical object of the other side. Medical standard is an important thing. It is called predicted value, where a big error is contained.
Many of these errors are disclosed whereas the other ones are not. Some of them can be avoided or diminished. It is possible when the observer is attentive and experienced.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Aivo Kuhlberg, Raul Land, Mart Min, Toomas Parve
PWM BASED LOCK-IN BIOIMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT UNIT FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICES
A method for design of the switching mode lock-in bioimpedance measurement unit is proposed. The unit is foreseen to use in implantable medical devices for making medical experiments in vivo. The solution is aimed to lessen the errors caused due to sensitivity of the switching mode lock-in signal converters to the odd higher harmonics of an input signal. The applied method is similar to pulse width modulation (PWM), and it is oriented to achieve minimal complexity and low energy consumption.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hamilton L. D. dos Santos, Antoine El Mallah, Fabiana R. Leta
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF AXISYMETRIC TISSUE EXPANDER
This paper presents a methodology to measure automatically a membrane expansion over an axisymetric tissue expander. A mechanical model is developed in order to simulate the expansion process. Vision Computer techniques are applied to make the expanded membrane three-dimensional reconstruction. Consequently, it is possible to obtain the main information, which consists in the membrane quantity expanded. This research may support plastic surgeons in select the best expander, according to the necessary amount of tissue required in the surgery process.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Angelo Bender Corrêa, Maurício N. Frota
METROLOGY RELIABILITY IN THE BRAZILIAN HEALTH SECTOR: A STUDY CASE IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH CARE AND METROLOGICAL CONTROL OF HOSPITAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
The present paper is related to laboratory quality in the Brazilian health care sector in general and to public health services in particular. Its purpose is to contribute to the development of reliable measurement practices in the hospital care section within the scope of at least 4 basic aspects: (i) identification of the available metrology legislation in Brazil which, as a rule, is sparsely organized and is not easily accessible to the enduser/ practitioner, whose bibliographical research reveals an explicit lack of specialized literature; (ii) analysis of the compiled measurement standards and recommendations for the sector; (iii) diagnosis of laboratory quality in Central Public Health Care Laboratories as a means by which to implement an alternative strategy for introducing a quality system in a public health care laboratory based on a new approach that focuses on the quality of the laboratories that comprise the National Network of Official Quality and Health Care Control Laboratories; (iv) diagnosis of instruments that are employed in hospital services in terms of their conformity to measurement standards based on case studies of scales for controlling the mass of neonates, and of biomedical instruments for measuring blood pressure.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Remo Sala, Alessandro Soluri, Emanuele Zappa
SYNERGIC USE OF X-RAY STEREOTAXIS AND SCINTIGRAPHIC IMAGE TO REDUCE THE POSITIONING UNCERTAINTY OF THE BIOPSY NEEDLE
The present paper describes the advantages of the combined use of morphologic and functional diagnostic images for improving the accuracy in pathology localization. The main goal of the position uncertainty reduction is to carefully select the area of interest for the biopsy.
The paper describes the new diagnostic technique based on the synergic use of morphologic and functional diagnostic images and shows examples images obtained during breast stereotactic biopsy on some patients.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Artur Przelaskowski
NUMERICAL EQUIVALENT OF ACCURACY AS A MEASURE OF MEDICAL IMAGE QUALITY
The objective of this study is a proposition for a new vector measure of image quality reflecting diagnostic accuracy. The formation of a diagnostic quality pattern (DQP) was based on the subjective ratings of image local features, playing an essential role in the detection and classification of any lesion. The pattern was used for more reliable calculation of a single number - the equivalent of diagnostically related image quality. The equivalent was constructed with a criterion of the highest correlation with approximated diagnostic accuracy of compressed images. Experimental results contain the opinions of 9 radiologists: 2 test designers and 7 observers who rated digital mammograms. The correlation coefficient between the numerical equivalent of the vector measure and subjective rates is over 0.9.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Josef Hanus, Jiri Zahora
MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STENTS
The stents are the medical instruments used in invasive radiology for miniinvasive treatment of stenosis and aneurisms especially in the blood circulation system. Paper describes application of computer controlled device which was specially developed for measurement of mechanical properties of stents and vessels. This device together with the LabView programme enables automatic measurement of strain–stress curves of stents or vessels and in connection with the peristaltic pump can be used for the simulation of behaviour of stent inside the vessel system. All measurements are designed as a contactless and on-line so that the interaction of the measured sample with the probes and the mistakes due to insufficient synchronization of measurements are eliminated.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Du-Yih Tsai, Katsuyuki Kojima
WAVELET COEFFICIENT MAPPING FOR ENHANCEMENT OF CHEST X-RAY IMAGES
An approach to image enhancement of digital chest radiographs is described. The method is to employ various non-linear mapping functions to different scale levels at the transform domain. The mapping functions are used to project a set of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients to a new set of DWT coefficients. The mapped coefficients are then inverse wavelet transformed. Our preliminary results strongly suggest that the proposed method offers considerably improved enhancement capability over the fast Fourier transform method and the conventional DWT method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

L. Cristaldi, A. Ferrero, G. Grasso, S. Pinco
METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A FATIGUE TEST MACHINE FOR TESTING IMPLANTOLOGICAL AND PROSTHETIC MATERIALS FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS
A fatigue test equipment is presented for the mechanical characterization of dental implantological and prosthetic materials. An automated control system, based on the digital processing of the feedback signals coming from field sensors, is proposed, in order to perform long-period, non-observed tests in a secure way.
The metrological characterization of the realized equipment is discussed and an automatic compensation of the mechanical errors is proposed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Walter Wild, Sebastian R. Schütte, Hans W. Pau, Burkhard Kramp, Tino Just
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY AS A NON INVASIVE APPLICATION FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC
From 4 examples from the human medicine it is described how the application of IR-thermography can be applied as a non invasive measuring method advantageously for the diagnosis and therapy as well as for the installation of artificial cochlea-implants, screw connection of broken bones, observation of tissue violations by warning shot weapons and the recognition of vessel illnesses of legs and feet.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Roman Malaric, Mirta Tkalec, Krešimir Malaric
INSTRUMENTATION FOR BIOLOGICAL EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Abstract – The effects of extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human beings, animals and plants have been the subject of debate and research for the last thirty years. The ELF EMFs are produced by power transmission and distribution lines and household appliances. The last ten years have also seen the wide use of mobile phones all around the world. The base stations that are needed for mobile communication have sprung all over the cities and neighborhood. They operate on the frequencies from 400 MHz to 1900 MHz. The instrumentation for generation of EMFs of both power frequency of 50 Hz and mobile phone frequencies are discussed in this paper. The instrumentation is used for experiments to learn how EMFs are affecting the plant physiology.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Elisabeth Costa Monteiro, Carlos Hall Barbosa, Raul Hernández Tabares, Cassio Scheffer, Raul Queiroz Feitosa
A LOW-COST ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH INTEGRATED WITH A MULTIMEDIA AND AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS SYSTEM
This paper presents a computerised low-cost electrocardiograph system for application in low-income communities. The system hardware is connected to the serial port of an IBM-PC microcomputer, and integrated with a multimedia software, which controls the acquisition process, manages patient data, provides information on heart disease prevention, and performs an automatic analysis of the electrocardiogram signals. The main objective is to provide a screening diagnosis of patients with heart diseases, forwarding them to a specialist to further analyses.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jiri Zahora, Josef Hanus
MODEL OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NITINOL STENT
Stents and stentgrafts are used in last years very often, especially for treatment of stenosis and aneurisma of vessels. But there are some possible risks, when stents are applicated. The stent can migrate inside a vessel, it can be leaky or deformed.
To investigate interaction between stent and a wall of vessel we must have model of mechanical properties of the vessel and of the stent. As to the vessels a lot of models were designed but as to the stents, the situation is worse. So we have decided to try to develop our own model based on the knowledge of material parameters of nitinol, of the geometry of stent and of its segments.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Elzbieta Slubowska
MEASUREMENT OF HANDWRITING TREMOR FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES
Spectral analysis of the tremor signals got from the movement of the writing hand is presented in this paper. Analysis of stylus position and velocity is made upon data collected from the computer system for handwriting analyses, developed in Institute of Precision and Biomedical Engineering Warsaw University of Technology. Volunteers drew the circles on the digitiser surface using electronic pen similar to a normal ballpoint pen. Presented analyses were obtained from the group of 31 participants aged from 21 to 60 with different spectral analysis results of tremor measurements. Some of analyses were chosen to show differences between person without troubles in handwriting and that one whose handwriting is not easily readable because of some troubles with motorical skills or some diseases with pathological tremor, for example Parkinson's disease. As a results of my research I presented the method to classify the spectrum analyses for characteristic tremor group using numerical parameters.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Stanislaw Adamczak, Dariusz Janecki, Krzysztof Stepien
CONCEPT OF REFERENCE MEASUREMENTS OF CYLINDRICITY PROFILES OF MACHINE PARTS
Products with cylindrical surfaces are manufactured in many (e.g. paper, chemical, steel, heating or shipping) industries. It is required that regular estimations of cylindricity profiles be made during the production process. The reference methods can be used for measurement of cylindricity. The cylindricity deviation includes the roundness deviation in different cross-sections of an object, the relative change of its diameter and the noncentricity of profiles in relation to the nominal axis of the object. The reference measurement systems applied nowadays enable measurement of roundness profiles in relation to fixed points of support in different cross-sections of the measured object. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate the relative difference of the diameters. However, in traditional reference measurement systems there is no possibility of measurement of the non-concentricity of profiles. That is why appropriate reference systems for measurement of cylindricity have had to be developed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

José Eduardo Ferreira de Oliveira, Antônio de Assis Brito, Isaac Xavier, Daniel Vasconcelos, Paulo Cesar Botelho, Milena Anunciada, José Vitorino Neto
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALOGICAL AND DIGITAL TAPE AND SCALE CALIBRATOR AND THE COMPARISON BETWEEN CALIBRATION METHODS
The objective of this work is presents a tape and scale calibrator based in international norms that works in analogical and digital methods, showing the constructives aspects, calibration procedures and comparison between analogical and digital methods refering to the error (of indication) of a measuring instrument, repeatibility and reproducibility.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Daniel Hamburg-Piekar, Gustavo Daniel Donatelli, Carlos Alberto Schneider
SETTING THE PROCESS AIM: THE EFFECT OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
In this paper, a task-specific measuring capability criterion is described, applicable to select or validate measurement systems that provide data to set the process aim, when the techniques known as "sequence of values" or "difference chart" are used. The criterion is based on the estimation of the "uncertainty of the process mean", which characterizes the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the process mean after the setting procedure. The proposed criterion is compared with the discrimination ratio and with the uncertainty per tolerance ratio, showing that the last one fails to predict the measuring capability for aim-setting operations.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yu. V. Chugui
OPTICAL MEASURING TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS FOR ATOMIC INDUSTRY
Ensuring the safety of nuclear reactors and their high exploitation reliability requires a 100% noncontact precise inspection of geometrical parameters of their fuel elements and grid spacers. For the solution of this 3D inspection tasks we have developed and produced laser measuring machine (LMM) using multipoint structured illumination and optoelectronic shadow systems «Control – 1» and «Control – 2». The measurement methods, structures, operation and software of LMM and systems are described. The results of their industrial testing are presented and discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

M. Numan Durakbasa, P. Herbert Osanna, Anil Nomak Akdogan
SUPERVISION AND CONFIRMATION OF COMPLEX MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS BY USING OF INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES
The permanent increasing of quality standards, world wide competition, as well as the legislation of regulation of the product responsibility, require not only a proper documentation of the measurement data of the production, but also the continuous supervision of measuring and test equipment. Especially in modern flexible and intelligent production environment, measuring devices are often connected directly with the manufacturing process. This causes direct or indirect influences on the quality level, therefore the supervision and management of measuring and test equipment is becoming a significant part of the quality management for the entire production.
The supervision of measuring equipment is an essential quality requirement for modern production especially at the higher demands of micro and nanotechnology. The efficiency of the confirmation can be increased and expenses can be reduced substantially through computer assistance with flexible checking intervals. A special method developed for this purpose allows increasing of the flexibility level and efficiency of a system for the intelligent management and supervision of measuring devices.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Zbigniew Humienny, Göran Johansson, Wlodek Kulesza
APPLICATION OF VECTORIAL DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING TO AN UNIQUE 3-D STACKUP ANALYSIS
It is demonstrated that a dependent dimension in assembly, indicated according to the classical dimensioning rules, is not uniquely defined. It is shown that if parts in assembly are defined by the vectorial dimensioning and tolerancing, VDT, then unique specification and verification of the analysed functional dimension in assembly is assured. The stackup of location and orientation vectors on the case of an assembly shaft– sleeve–plate based on experiments carried on coordinate measuring machine, CMM, is analysed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Masanao Fujiwara, Kiyoshi Takamasu, Shigeo Ozono
EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF NANO-CMM BY THERMAL DRIFT AND TILT ANGLE
We have started developing novel systems and key technology as “Nano-CMM project”. In this project, our intention is developing the CMM with nano meter resolution to measure three-dimensional positions, orientations and parameters of three-dimensional features. For developing Nano-CMM, we evaluate properties of stages for Nano-CMM by thermal drift and tilt angles. In this report, the thermal drift and tilt angles of stages of Nano-CMM were evaluated. Then we made the new prototype of Nano-CMM made of low thermal expansion iron steel to reduce the influence of thermal drift and we also propose new construction of Nano-CMM for reducing the effect by tilt angles.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ryoshu Furutani, Ken Shimojima, Kiyoshi Takamasu
KINEMATICAL CALIBRATION OF ARTICULATED CMM USING MULTIPLE SIMPLE ARTIFACTS
Articulated Coordinate Measuring Machines(CMMs) are widely used to measure a large scale and/or complicated workpiece, as it is very flexible. The kinematical calibration of the articulated CMM is usually performed using some 3D artifacts. However, 3D artifact is too large and difficult to be handled. So, we tried to use a simple artifact several times and to get the equivalent calibration result to 3D artifact. In this paper, the principle of using multiple simple artifacts is presented. The kinematical calibration using some typical simple artifacts and/or the combination of those are simulated. In this simulation, the calibration, which was performed with the ball bar in four different locations and orientations, was equivalent to the calibration with 3D artifact. Finally, the experiment of calibration with the ball bar is performed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Rogér Ernst, Albert Weckenmann, Roman Velgan
LOCAL WALL THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF FORMED SHEET METAL USING FRINGE PROJECTION TECHNIQUE
An optical system based on fringe projection method has been developed for the measurement of the cross-section area of formed sheet metal, which is generally susceptible of being reduced, and sometimes leads to necking and tearing during forming process. A better understanding of the material and component behaviour is a challenge to experimental measuring methods. To realise such a method the part to be measured is digitised in different orientations by a fringe projection system. With the help of a newly developed inspection technique, the estimation of wall thickness in the critical zones of formed sheet metal part will be implemented by evaluating the measured data, taken in different orientations from the fringe projection system, and the result would be displayed for visualisation. This method allows fast, objective and non-destructive inspection of formed metal sheet and the detection of its defects. This measurement system can be integrated in automated operating procedure for 100% inspection and also enables the speeding up of mass production. This work presents an evaluation strategy and first measuring results.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dariusz Janecki, Stanislaw Adamczak
RECURSIVE GAUSSIAN FILTERS
The paper discuss the general methodology for the design of recursive digital filters with phase correction. The method for the approximation of the Gaussian characteristic presented below ensures the smallest possible error for a given filter order. It has been shown that by selecting appropriate initial values of the filter we can eliminate the so-called edge effect and evaluate the whole profile being registered. To describe the filter transfer function, the discrete incremental difference operator (delta operator) is applied in place of the usual shift operator z. This increases the accuracy of representation of filter parameters and decreases the number rounding errors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Halina Nieciag, Zbigniew Chuchro
A CERTAIN METHOD FOR CHEBYSHEV APPROXIMATION USED IN IOS METROLOGICAL SOFTWARE
The paper presents a method that is an attempt to solve the problem of non-linear approximation of geometrical elements according to Chebyshev norm. On the base of general two step algorithm it performs an evaluation of minimal deviation from maximal values of measured shapes driving to the optimal solution on the iterative way. The proposed method implemented for some geometric features has been verified for a many samples of simulated and measured datapoints.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. Titov, I. Malinovsky, C.A. Massone, M. Kleinke, M.E.R. Dotto
WRINGING DEFORMATION AND ROUGHNESS ASPECTS IN OPTICAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS
Texture deformations of gauge block surfaces arising in the wringing contact between similar structures have been determined for the first time using atomic force microscopy and optical interferometry. The level of deformations is shown to be dependent on the surface structure, and for modern gauge blocks is about 3 nm, only. Using new parallax-free methods of interferometric length measurements, roughness contribution to the measurement result by optical interferometry have been measured with a few nanometer uncertainty level.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ryusuke Nakajima, Takashi Miyoshi, Yasuhiro Takaya, Satoru Takahashi
INTERNAL DEFECT DETECTION IN THE VICINITY OF SI WAFER SURFACE USING EVANESCENT WAVE
In order to reduce and control yield loss in the fabrication process of next generation ULSI devices, nano-defects inspection technique for polished Silicon (Si) wafer surface becomes more essential. This paper discusses the new optical nano-defects detection method, which is applicable to the silicon wafer surface inspection technique for next-generation semiconductors.
In our proposed method, the evanescent light is emerged on the wafer surface with total internal reflection (TIR) of infrared (IR) laser at the Si-air interface. And by scanning the surface where is evanescent light emerging with very shaped fibre probe, it enables to detect nanometre scale defects in the vicinity of Si wafer surface without diffraction limit to resolution. To verify the feasibility of this method, both of the computer simulations based on Maxwell’s equations and the several fundamental experiments are performed. FDTD simulation shows that the proposed method is effective to detect nano-defects existing not only on Si surface but also in the subsurface with high sensitivity. And also the fundamental experiments show the validity of this method by demonstrating nano-defects detections of subsurface as well as surface.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Janos Kundrak, P. Herbert Osanna, Viktoria Bana, Ali Afjehi-Sadat
REALIZATION OF ACCURACY AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS IN HARD CUTTING
Choosing out of the machining process for the finishing process of machining of the parts requires great attention because by means of that the accuracy and quality requirements prescribed for the parts must be ensured. This paper analysis two processes, the grinding and the hard turning applied for finishing machining of hardened surfaces and presents what kind of accuracy and surface quality parameters for the gears’ hardened surfaces can be ensured with hard cutting.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

K. T. V. Grattan, J. Skeivalas, V. Giniotis
DEVELOPMENT OF 2D OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
The analysis of 2D measurement methods and means is presented. The actual optical-electronic devices using bar codes are discussed. The correlation functions of measuring and reference codes in the electronic level instrument are calculated showing possible errors in height determination. The new electronic level design is proposed simplifying the main design and as well as the meter of the level. The principal correlation and error determination equations are given, and the diagrams of the new design are included.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Kiyoshi Takamasu, Kenichiro Nosaka, Makoto Abbe, Ryoshu Furutani, Shigeo Ozono
ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY FROM UNKNOWN SYSTEMATIC ERRORS IN COORDINATE METROLOGY
In coordinate metrology, a feature (Gaussian associated feature) is calculated from a measured data set by CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) using least squares method. This data processing flow is called as "featurebased metrology". In the feature-based metrology, it is a key technique to estimate the uncertainty of measurement in the specific measuring strategy. In this paper, the effects of unknown systematic errors are theoretically analyzed to estimate the uncertainties. The estimation method of uncertainties from two types of unknown systematic errors, such as errors of calibration of ball probe and errors form deviations of measured workpieces, are proposed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Atsushi Taguchi, Takashi Miyoshi, Yasuhiro Takaya, Satoru Takahashi
HIGH PRECISION INSTRUMENT FOR MICRO SURFACE PROFILE MEASUREMENT BASED ON OPTICAL INVERSE SCATTERING PHASE METHOD
With the advance of microtechnology, inprocess or in situ measurement techniques for measuring surface profiles of engineered micro parts have been increasingly required. We have proposed an optical measurement technique, the optical inverse scattering phase method, which can be applied to the in-process measurement of micro-surface profile with the accuracy in the nanometer order. An instrument has been designed and developed on the basis of the proposed principles, and verified by measuring an ultra precision grid plate having rectangular pockets 44nm deep at intervals of 10µm. The measured surface profile gave good agreement with the nominal dimensions of the specimen as well as the one obtained by AFM.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ken Shimojima, Ryoshu Furutani, Kiyoshi Takamasu, Kenji Araki
THE ESTIMATION METHOD OF UNCERTIANTY OF ARTICULATED COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
Articulated Coordinate Measuring Machines (A-CMM) are commercial products. However, it is difficult to keep the traceablity of it, because the calibration of A-CMM is performed by the manufacturer’s own method. We planed to use 3D artifact, which had 9 balls for calibration, and test it. The kinematical model of A-CMM was described in D-H notation. In A-CMM measurement, a cone-shaped stylus was used. We measured the artifact in five different locations and orientations. Because the artifact has nine balls, 45 points in total ware measured. the parameters were determined in each location and orientation. Each set of kinematical parameters is applied to the measured points in five different locations and orientations. Then the root mean squares are calculated in 25 kinds of combinations. As a result, the calibration result is better than the specified accuracy of Vectron.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

José Sánchez, Saúl Santillán, Sergio Padilla, Benjamín Valera, Rigoberto Nava, Gerardo Ruiz
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION, OVERCOMING NON-LINEARITIES WHEN ERRORS OF MULTIAXIS MACHINES ARE AMPLIFIED
Abstract - One purpose of Virtual Instrumentation in Metrology, is to empathise properties that put instrumentation away from idealisations. In actual instrumentation, geometric deviations trend to occur in relations 10^-5, 10^-7 of maximum displacements, requiring their representation in amplified way. If distortion of mechanisms is amplified hundreds times for its representation in CAD, many problems occur: linearity is lost between geometric relations; it is difficult to represent errors simultaneously for many axis and many degrees of freedom; operation of mechanisms doesn't satisfy cinematic of rigid body.
Since linearity is lost between linear and angular displacements, between articulate and operational spaces, and between real and amplified representation, it is necessary to apply functions and mapping procedures for relating them. Those mapping errors and their functions are important goals in the field of calibration, where virtual mechanical instrumentation may illuminate cases of controversy. The manuscript treats with several cases of distortion, their possibilities of amplification, their possibilities of assembling, and diagnostic trough inverse kinematics.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Ch. Papageorgiou, Th. Laopoulos
ACCURATE DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT BASED ON THE FREQUENCY VARIATION MONITORING OF ULTRASONIC SIGNALS
This paper introduces a different approach to the measurement of the time-of-flight of ultrasonic signals. Frequency variation monitoring and recording is used to determine accurately the arrival time of the ultrasonic signal. A high speed Digital Signal Processor (D.S.P.) is used for both: transmission and direct measurement of the frequency of the incoming signal in every single period and with an accuracy of about 0.1%. The proposed configuration offers small size and low cost solution to displacement measurements with a remarkable performance in terms of accuracy, range and measurement time.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

K. Umetsu, R. Furutani, T. Takatsuji, S. Osawa, T. Kurosawa
CALIBRATION OF A CMM USING A LASER TRACKING SYSTEM
A new calibration approach of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) using a laser tracking system is proposed. According to the conventional approach of the laser tracking system, trilateration principle is mainly adapted. Therefore one retroreflector and four laser trackers are required. Though this approach is capable of attaining high accuracy measurement, measuring volume is likely to become smaller due to physical limitations for middle size CMM. Consequentially, we need new approach, which uses the least laser trackers in numbers. In this paper, effective calibration strategy to estimate 21 kinematic parameters of CMM’s axes is described. Additionally to confirm the validity of the proposed approach, the parameters estimation using a ball plate was conducted in parallel. The estimation results by the laser tracker and the ball plate showed good agreement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

A. Titov, I. Malinovsky, C.A. Massone
NANOMETROLOGY REGIME IN LENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF MATERIAL ARTEFACTS WITH NOMINAL LENGTHS UP TO 100 mm
New calibrated double-sided method of interferometric length measurements with quartz reference plate is reported. The method is free from wringing errors, and can be used for the improvement of measurements of material artefacts. Limitations of the interferometric measurements are discussed. Some systematic errors are measured with a sub-nanometer resolution.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sarwat Zahwi, Monier Koura, Alia Mekawi
FACTORS INFLUENCING UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS
The nominal conditions for measuring surface roughness when using stylus instruments are specified in ISO 3274. Deviations from these nominal conditions lead to significant deviations of the measured roughness parameters. An uncertainty evaluation has been made on five roughness parameters for three calibration standards. The methods and procedures for uncertainty evaluation are to i) calibrate and evaluate the uncertainty in the condition for the measuring instrument, ii) evaluate the influence of each individual deviation on the results of measurement, and iii) combine the effect of these individual uncertainties on the final result of measurement. A study has been carried out on the influence of different contributors on the combined uncertainty associated with the assessment of roughness parameters. From the results the major contributors affecting the uncertainty of measurement on different roughness parameters are given.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Tanfer Yandayan
LARGE MEASUREMENT RANGE MECHANICAL COMPARATOR FOR CALIBRATION OF LONG GAUGE BLOCKS
A new design of mechanical gauge block comparator for calibration of long gauge blocks is described. The comparator is constructed by modification of a commercially available universal length measuring machine. It is able to compare the different nominal size gauge blocks with its 300 mm measurement range. This has the advantage that a reference metric size gauge block can be used to calibrate the inch size square or rectangular section gauge blocks or vice-versa. Line scale of the length-measuring machine, which is calibrated by a laser interferometer and gauge blocks, is used for the measurement of displacement. Calibration procedure adapted from EAL-G21 guideline is described with the aid of the results. The uncertainty of the measurements is evaluated and the parameters, which has influence on the uncertainty, is described in detail. The successful application of the comparator for calibration of metric or inch gauge blocks in different cross sections up to 500 mm or 20 inch nominal size is presented with the results. The uncertainty of the comparator with k = 2 is U = [ 1502 + 0.5 L)²]^1/2 nm, where L is the gauge block length in mm. For instance, U is calculated as 292 nm (k = 2) for 500 mm long gauge block.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Lifong Zou, Dayananda Samarawickrama, Kevin Seymour, Ken Stout
FREE FORM SURFACE MEASUREMENT USING NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
Quality control is applied to almost every procedure during the manufacturing process in industry. However, it is not used commonly in restorative dental practice. The surface contour or shape of the tooth is very irregular, a 'so called' free form surface. Measurement of such a free form surface needs a specified strategy to satisfy the measurement accuracy. This paper attempts to propose an optimal measurement strategy to measure the occlusal molar tooth surface, in order to achieve a degree of measurement and quality control in restorative dental practice.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Antti Lassila, Jorma Jokela, Markku Poutanen, Xu Jie
ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION OF QUARTZ BARS OF VÄISÄLÄ INTERFEROMETER BY WHITE LIGHT GAUGE BLOCK INTERFEROMETER
Measurement of a baseline with Väisälä interferometer is a traditional high accuracy length measurement in geodesy. An accurate length up to 1 km is achievable by interferometrically multiplying the length of a 1 m quartz bar. Therefore, the absolute length of the bar should be known with small uncertainty. A measurement setup and procedure for calibration of length of a quartz bar by combined white and laser light gauge block interferometer has been developed. The calibration procedure, results and uncertainty evaluation are presented. A standard uncertainty of 35 nm has been achieved.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

T. Watanabe, H. Fujimoto, K. Nakayama, M. Kajitani, T. Masuda
CALIBRATION OF A POLYGON MIRROR BY THE ROTARY ENCODER CALIBRATION SYSYTEM
In this paper, we propose the new calibration measurement method of a polygon mirror. The measuring method of the conventional polygon mirror that uses an index table needs much technical skill, much time, and the amount of work. We used the Equal-Division- Averaged (EDA) method and have already developed the self-calibration system that calibrates the angle graduation signal of two sets of rotary encoders simultaneously. By combining this system and a polygon mirror, it becomes possible to measure the angle between faces of a polygon mirror. Now, in Japan, the angle traceability system which used the rotary encoder as the base of angle measurement device is established. If this technology is applied and a polygon mirror can be measured, it will make it easy to build a polygon mirror into the same traceability system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

TaeBong Eom, JaeWan Kim
DISPLACEMENT MEASURING SENSOR CALIBRATION USING NONLINEARITY FREE LASER INTERFEROMETER
For calibration of displacement measuring sensors with sub-nanometer resolution, a novel calibration system using laser interferometer was developed. It is directly traceably to the Meter and portable due to use of laser coupled by an optical fiber. And also it has a higher accuracy because of nonlinearity free laser interferometer and compact design. The detailed system and one example of calibration are described. Finally a detailed uncertainty budget is described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dirk Stöbener, Matko Dijkman, Dennis Kruse, Holger Surm, Olaf Keßler, Peter Mayr, Gert Goch
DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS WITH LASER-TRIANGULATION IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS
Tactile distance measurement systems with uncertainties in the micrometer range cannot be used in hot environments with temperatures above 800°C. A green laser-triangulation system with appropriate optical filters can meet these requirements. A measuring system was build up and tested at room temperature and in two different heat treatment furnaces at temperatures up to 900°C. Good linearity of the system and acceptable correspondence between measurements and published reference values could be observed. The results show the suitability of the system for distortion measurements in heat treatment furnaces.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jerzy Sladek, Marcin Krawczyk
MODELING AND ASSESSMENT OF LARGE CMMs' ACCURACY
In this paper presented is the research on developing of a model of CMM based on application of artificial neural networks. The work focused on developing a conception of large CMMs’ errors. Described here is the large CMMs’ error identification method that utilises standard plate and laser interferometer, and presented are the possibilities of its application for development of measurement machine model. So developed method enables to carry out assessment of large CMMs’ accuracy, while related to it a CMM model is being utilised for the realised measurements’ accuracy assessment.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jae-Hwa Hong, Jeong-Mok Kim, Eun-Do Kim, Gi-Deok Park, Kyu-Sam Hwang, Soon-Ju Kwon
ON-LINE PHASE AND ALLOYING DEGREE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR GALVANNEALED COATINGS
An on-line measurement system for phase fraction and alloying degree of galvannealed steel has been developed using an X-ray diffraction method. Intensities of diffraction peaks of Γ, δ, ζ and η iron-zinc phases were utilized for the determination of each phase fraction and alloying degree. Calibration curves were constructed using laboratory prepared standard reference samples and multiple regression technique. The system has been employed in POSCO’s galvannealing line at Kwang Yang Works for process monitoring.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jože Balic, Franci Cuš
PROGRAMMING OF INTEGRATED MEASURING IN FLEXIBLE TURNING SYSTEM
The presented paper describes the model of integrated computer-aided measuring and a special system for in-process measuring on flexible manufacturing turning system. The system was implemented in practical use on flexible turning system.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Sonko Osawa, Toshiyuki Takatsuji, Tomizo Kurosawa
STEP-GAUGE CALIBRATION USING AN INTERFEROMETRIC COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE AND THE UNCERTAINTY
There are many kinds of geometrical gauges used for calibration of machine tools and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). A step-gauge is a kind of calibration gauge. It consists of many short gauge blocks and a base bar. Gauge blocks were directly calibrated by an interferometer using method of exact fraction. The method, however, does not apply to the calibration of step-gauges because of their complicated structure. The calibration works are very important missions in national metrology institutes (NMIs). We developed the step-gauge calibration system that consisted of a CMM and an interferometer. We describe the system scheme of a step-gauge calibration system using a conventional CMM combined with an interferometer and the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty. The uncertainty in measurement using this system is about 0.5 µm (k = 2) for 1-meter measurement.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Klaus Meissner
MEASURING PROBLEMS ON PROFILE COMPARISONS OF DIGITALIZED FREEFORM AREAS
The measurement of elements of Roll-Works is difficult, because the roughness and the profile-curves are important for the quality of production. Specifications of quality-parameters are not given, but the effects of fault Roll-Works we can see. Through the measurement and the analysis with graphs, which showed the differences in the profile-curves, we recognized the characteristic differences of the faulty Elements of Roll -Works. The transparencies allow the visual control of the elements, which is an easy method to find out the quality parameters for our problem.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Boris Katz, Liron Anavy, Irina Telent
EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT’S ACCURACY FOR A "LEMON"/"BARREL" SHAPED BODY
These article sums our calculations and experiments of "lemon"/"barrel" shaped bodies; we’ve analyzed 4 methods for the measurements of the important parameters and calculated the uncertainty of each method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Krzysztof Gniotek
CONTROLLABILITY OF OBJECTS MEASURED FOR THE NEED OF EXPERIMENT DESIGN
Methods of experiment design require performing measurements in selected input space points of a model of the object measured. To make it possible, an object must have a property called controllability. In the paper, controllability criteria have been formulated based on the fundamental principles of metrology. In addition, restrictions of controllability of certain objects of measurement have been described. Finally, consequences of disregarding the criterion for controllability occurring at a stage of the verification of the model have been described.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Vygantas Augutis, Darius Gailius, Arturas Milinskas
MEASUREMENT OF THE SHRINKING FORCE OF CATHODE RAY TUBE’S SHRINK FIT RIM BAND
The paper describes some Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) Implosion Protection Systems (IPS) and their possible control methods.
The implosion of CRT (tube) is prevented by using the Shrink Fit Rim Band (SFRB) reinforcing the edge of the tube so that it cannot bulge outwards. The main parameter of SFRB is the shrinking force. Measurement of such a shrinking force is a very important SFRB quality control method herewith of safe CRT. In this paper we consider several methods of shrinking force measurement:
- Magnetization method;
- Barkhausen’s noise method;
- CRT imitator-measurer.
Magnetization method can be successfully used for the measurement of shrinking force. However, there have been found some regularities of this method, which partly limit its application in a number of cases. This method cannot be used when the shrinking force changes its direction. It is applicable only when controlled material is magnetized.
Barkhausen’s noise method is rather effective in the control of shrinking force. However as the Barkhausen’s noise depends not only upon stresses in material but also upon chemical and structural composition of material, there is a problem of calibration.
CRT imitator-measurer provides sufficient accuracy of measurement; therefore it can effectively measure the shrinking force. The device is successfully used in carrying out experiments in Ekranas Co.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

L. Casarotto, R. Tutsch, R. Ritter, H. Dierke, F. Klose, H. Neuhäuser
TRACKING THE PROPAGATION OF DEFORMATION BANDS BY MEANS OF AN OPTICAL SCANNING EXTENSOMETER
The Portevin-Le Châtelier effect has been investigated by means of an optical extensometer during tensile deformation of Al-3wt%Mg specimens. The propagation of bands with a concentrated deformation has been detected and its velocity measured. A real-time scanning of the phenomenon makes it possible to track the band propagation with an optical sensor.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Stjepan Jecic Rudolf J. Beer, Janos Kodvanj, Martin Fleischmann
SHRINKING OF POLYMERS IN TECHNICAL PROBLEMS CONSISTING OF TWO DIFFERENT PARTS DETERMINED BY 3D PHOTOELASTICITY USING GAMMA IRRADIATION
To solve spatial technical problems by three dimensional photoelasticity it is necessary to fix the optical effect in the model. In order to avoid the well known disadvantages of the classical freezing method ionising irradiation is used for that purpose. With this method it is not necessary to enlarge the scaling-factor for the displacement which is in some cases very important especially when shrinking is used to develop the fringe pattern. In addition fixation with ionising irradiation can be carried out without elevated temperatures. The most important advantage compared with the freezing method is given by the fact that Poisson’s ratio of the polymers is in this way practically the same as in the simple two dimensional photoelasticity. This is very important because using the classical freezing method temperature treatment above the glass temperature is needed and in this temperature range Poisson’s ration of the polymer is practically the same as in plasticized zones so that by using the classical freezing method it is not possible to distinguish between the elastic and the plasticized zones of the model. The mentioned features were already shown in case of two dimensional contact problem. New materials introduced by Beer at all opened additional possibilities in modelling more complex problems. However dealing with models consisting of two (or even more) different parts we have to keep in mind that shrinking in such models causes residual stresses and for that reason an accompanying rheological process is going on.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Klaus Hoffmann
MEASUREMENTS AND SIMULATION OF GUIDING EFFECTS WITH FLAT BELT CONVEYORS
Flat conveyor belts supported and driven by cylindrical drums run in a state of instability because of lack of guiding forces. Faults such as asymmetry in the position or shape of pulleys and idlers, uneven load distribution or acting transverse forces such as those induced by friction will make the belt run out of true. On the other hand, some of these effects are used for guiding flat running belts.
This paper deals with the guiding effects of two significant features; the skewed cylindrical pulley and the conical pulley. In the first part the implemented measurements are described and in the second part a mechanical model is established for both features. Finally, in the third part measurements are compared with simulation results to verify the developed mechanical model.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Dominik Sankowski, Jacek Senkara, Krzysztof Strzecha
IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS IN ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF SOLDERS
In this paper a new segmentation algorithm based on the k ñnearest neighbours statistical decision rule is presented. This algorithm was designed for use in systems of quantity image analysis, especially in industrial measurement systems. This algorithm was implemented in a system measuring surface tension and wetting angle parameters, knowledge of which is extremely important for the assessment of quality of solders, for example.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Alfredo Cigada, Remo Sala, Emanuele Zappa
ON THE REDUCTION OF SUB-PIXEL ERROR IN IMAGE BASED DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT
Image based measurement techniques allow for quick and contact-less measurement of single or multiple target displacement, shape, orientation and so on. The subpixel analysis increases the vision based displacement resolution. In the present paper resolution and uncertainty of 1D camera based displacement measurements is analysed, paying particular attention to the target geometry effect on the results. Comparison between camera based and laser interferometer displacement measurement is performed and some target modifications are tried, in order to reduce measurement uncertainty, due to sub-pixel systematic effect; the use of including the systematic effect into uncertainty, is wrong in theory but in practise often justified by the usual need of coarse and speed measurements.
The uncertainty in target displacement estimation given by three different image analysis algorithms is also tested in the case of rectangular, rhomboidal and circular targets.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Damir Semenski
OPTICAL METHOD OF CAUSTICS - FULFILLED EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION TO THE CONTACT PROBLEM
Experimental optical method of caustics is established for solving the singularity at the crack tip through the stress intensity factor evaluation. Method is advantageously improved in application to mechanically anisotropic materials such as fiber-reinforced composites. Recently, the experiments are performed for different types of isotropic body contacts and the analysis of optical effects. Task of experiments is prediction of the future of inspected material surface and the assessment of structure damage. Theoretical fundamentals will prospectively provide the application of the method of caustics to the contact of the structural parts made of composites.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Hiroki Yamamoto, Nobuharu Aoshima
QUATERNION DATA ANALYSIS OF THREE AXIS ACCELERATION MEASURED WITH NEWLY DEVELOPED SMALL SENSOR BALL
In order to show a concrete application of the signal processing based on quaternion expression, a prototype of sealed measurement module which could be thrown into the stream of liquid or powdery materials was developed. This module’s shape is a small ball of about 40 mm across in diameter. And it consists of low power one-chip microcontroller, a couple of dual axis accelerometer, EEPROM, and batteries. So that, it can measure and record three dimensional acceleration by itself. As a preliminary experiment, the small sensor ball were suspended with a thick cord and swung by the speed controlled motor. Then, the data recorded under such condition were analyzed by using the spectra upon a form of quaternion. Through the experiments and observations, we could confirm that the small sensor ball could acquire data successfully. And, the relationships between the trend of the ball’s motion and recorded data were considered under the present test condition. If the weight and measuring range are improved in futer, this sensor ball system will grow to an evaluating system of a state of stream in a closed container such as mixing or churning device.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jianbo Zhang, Maarten Korsten, Paul Regtien
A VISION SYSTEM FOR ONLINE WEAR DETECTION
Wear detection has traditionally restricted itself to offline study and measurement. In this paper a vision system for online monitoring and detection of wear is described. This system uses a video zoom microscope and a high-resolution monochrome camera to capture the image series of a moving surface under study. An algorithm based on multichannel filtering for the detection of wear patterns is presented. The wear patterns are extracted by filtering the acquired image using a Gabor filter bank with multiple narrow spatial frequency and orientation channels. Experiments show the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed vision system and detection method of wear patterns.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Galina M. Gorbova, Mikhail M. Gorbov, Gerard C.M. Meijer
ANALYSIS OF CAPACITANCE AND LINEARITY OF GAUGE CHARACTERISTIC OF COPLANAR MICRO-DISPLACEMENT SENSOR
Capacitive sensors can be applied for measuring different kind of non-electrical quantities, such as geometrical dimensions of subjects, thickness of films, displacement and vibration of grounded surfaces, position of the object and others.
Existing three-electrode micro-displacement sensors, made in the shape of flat capacitor geometry, do have high values of sensitivity, but they also have notable non-linear behaviour over their whole gauge characteristics.
A three-electrode coplanar sensor, subject of this paper, can be designed by calculation in such a way, that its gauge characteristic does have relatively large section with relative error of the non-linearity of its gauge characteristic equals 0,051% within certain ratio of sensor dimensions.
The method of direct field-strength determination, in combination with the method of conformal mapping, is used for a precise analytical calculation of the sensor capacitance. Analysis of the capacitance and special cases of sensor design has been discussed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Pavel Macura, Rostislav Kubala
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AT PRODUCTS FOR THE RAILWAY TRAFFIC
The contribution is devoted to the problems of residual stress measurement and reduction at the products for the railway traffic. The measurements were performed by means of cutting, ultrasonic and hole-drilling strain gage methods. Two variants of hole-drilling method were used – method with the full and incrementally drilled depth of hole. The different methods of measurement show often the different results, therefore the standards of the measurement methods for the products were worked out. At the railway traffic the standards of the measurement methods and of the allowed values of residual stresses were elaborated for railway rails, axles and wheels.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Klaus Hoffmann, Robert Liehl
MEASURING SYSTEM FOR CHARACTERISATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CROSSWIND AND GONDOLA INCLINATION OF ROPEWAYS
The crosswind stability of an operating ropeway is an essential factor for its system security in adverse weather conditions. This paper introduces a mobile measuring system for characterisation of the crosswind stability of ropeways, firstly describing the measuring concept and the measuring sensors, then presenting some data records of the cross inclination of the gondola and the corresponding wind speed.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

G. Buonanno, M. Dell'Isola, A. Frattolillo
DESIGN AND CHARACTERISATION OF A DOUBLE-PISTON PRESSURE BALANCE IN HIGH PRESSURE
The paper describes the design and the analysis of a new kind of pressure balance intended to operate up to 500 MPa. The design can be considered as a calculation test to evaluate the possibility to produce a pressure balance whose changes in effective area with pressure (and, consequently, the elastic distortions) are small if compared to other pressure balances operating in the same pressure range and, furthermore, it presents an extended measurement range. The method used for the theoretical characterisation is an improvement of a numerical method using a finite element method.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Bogdan Blagojevic, Ivan Bajsic
DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVE AREA OF A GAS-PRESSURE BALANCE FOR LOW PRESSURES
This paper describes our attempts to determine the effective area of a pressure balance (Type V1600/4D, manufactured by Pressurements, Ltd.) that is used in our pressure-calibration laboratory as a standard pressure balance for gauge and differential pressure measurements. The gauge measuring range of this gasoperated balance extends from a nominal pressure of 20 Pa up to 16 kPa, and its minimum differential pressure measurement is 5 Pa. This pressure balance is a "discrete" system, and therefore it has several pistons and weights. In the measuring range from a nominal pressure of 400 Pa up to 16 kPa only two different pistons are used. From the calibration results relating to pressure and mass provided by the calibration laboratories of the NPL and Lm (Mass Laboratory of the MIRS) we derived an approximate formula for the effective area. This equation shows the nonlinearity of the pistons’ effective area. Good agreement between the indirectly measured and the approximated values of the effective area was obtained, and their deviations are more than four times smaller than the accuracy of this balance. Knowing the effective area of the piston will reduce the number of discrete calibration points that are required.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

M. Bryant, N. Moisoi, S.M.Kesselman
NEW WAY OF ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT FOR THE PNEUMATIC DEADWEIGHT TESTER V1600
The V1600 is a compact portable pressure balance suitable for applications where a large number of high accuracy calibrations in ranges from 20 Pa up to 16 kPa, need to be performed on a daily basis.
Calibrations performed at VNIIMS, LNE, MIKE, NIST and PTB have shown the uncertainty of the V1600 is less than 0.1 Pa below 500 Pa and 0.02% of reading from 500 Pa to 16 kPa.
An important part of the uncertainty of the instrument within the range 500 Pa to 16 kPa has been caused by a methodical error of the procedure applied to its calibration until now.
This paper presents the original manner of detection and elimination of the above-mentioned systematic error.
This new calibration approach is based on the equality of Eulerian criterion of the actual device with its mathematical model and allows an increase of the calibration accuracy with approximately 1,5 – 2 times for pressures above 500 Pa.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

André Schäfer, Wolfgang Viel, Christoph Rapp-Hickler, Karl Mikulecki
A NEW TYPE OF TRANSDUCER FOR ACCURATE AND DYNAMIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT UP TO 15000 bar USING FOIL TYPE STRAIN GAUGES
Applications in the ultra-high pressure range are on the move forward. Of particular interest is the manufacturing of diesel injection components such as nozzles and rails. Also precision water jet cutting as well as high-pressure sterilisation, as a method of conservation in the food industry, have growing importance, mainly in Japan and the USA.
For these emerging fields traceability of the measuring equipment with the highest possible accuracy is also a must for these ultra high pressures.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Luca Tomasi, Engelbert Wieser, Eju Baruah, David Collomb, Florent Jolly, Gehard Krötz, Stefan Storm, Peter Jänker, Ernst Obermeier
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW PIEZOELECTRIC DYNAMIC PRESSURE GENERATOR FOR HIGH PRESSURE PERIODIC AND APERIODIC CALIBRATION
The need for dynamic pressure calibration has been increasing in the past years. Many solutions have been developed to satisfy this demand; nevertheless both present periodic and aperiodic systems do not cover the whole range of needs, calling for further development effort. In this contribution is presented a newly designed piezoelectric-actuated dynamic high-pressure calibration system that operates both periodically, 70·10⁵ Pa peak-topeak at 300 Hz, and aperiodically, almost 50·10⁸ Pa/s. Concept, design and first experimental results are described. First encouraging results foster further enhancement of performances.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Henryk Urzedniczok, Jan Zakrzewski
PRESSURE PULSE GENERATING SYSTEM FOR DYNAMIC CALIBRATION OF SILICON LOW RANGE PRESSURE SENSORS
The dynamic calibration of silicon pressure sensor and whole pneumatic part of the pressure transducers becomes an important problem in many applications. The known methods are not satisfactory for low range sensors. In this paper a simple system for short pulse pressure generation is described. A method for determination of frequency response based on pressure pulse signal is presented. The obtained results show that this method is simply for realisation and useful for low range silicon pressure sensors.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Davor Zvizdic, Lovorka Grgec Bermanec, Georges Bonnier, Eliane Renaot, Tomislav Veliki
UNCERTAINTY BUDGET OF PRESSURE BALANCE EFFECTIVE AREA DETERMINED BY COMPARISON METHOD
This paper presents a simplified model for the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of pressure balance effective area calibrated by method of comparison which is being applied at Laboratory for Process Measurements (LPM). The methodology is applied for oiloperated industrial pressure balances in the gauge pressure range up to 60 MPa. The scope of the procedure is illustrated by calculation example.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Yusuke Inoue, Ichirou Ishimaru, Gen Hashiguti
POSITION AND ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT FOR MICRO MANIPULATOR BY DIFFRACTED LIGHT PROVE
In the present study, we investigate the removal of extremely minute materials via a micro manipulator. This operation requires measurement and control of the position and attitude of the micro manipulator at a sub-micrometer level. Therefore, a miniature instrumentation sensor having six degrees-of-freedom is necessary. We devised a technology that measures the diffracted light from minute slits formed on the micro manipulator which enables the position and attitude to be measured in six degrees-of-freedom simultaneously using only one laser light.
In the present paper, we report the result of a trial production of minute slits formed by anisotropy etching at a high forming precision. We optimized the design of this minute slits based on Fraunhofer diffraction theory. In addition, we discuss the feasibility of the proposed technology as well as the experimental results of diffracted light distribution from these slits.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Shigenobu Muraoka
RECOGNITION OF SHAPE BY MEANS OF ACTIVE ANTENNA USING QUARTZ RESONATORS
This paper deals with the application of a quartz resonator to a force sensor installed into an active antenna for use in recognizing an environment. When the antenna makes contact with the environment, the force sensor can detect the contact force and the contact position. Shapes of a rectangular plate, a circular plate and a rectangular parallelepiped were recognized by the active antenna.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Jaromír Volf, Josef Vlcek
SENSORS TO IMPROVE TIMBER BARKING – ROBOT INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR
Having been realized the Timber Barking Model Device with the Operational Dimensions, which used the new untraditional timber barking way – by means of the Electric Current Effects Passing through the Subcortical Layers, the number of Sensors have to be used, to be set the adaptive intelligent barking device on the robotized level. To be reached the successful timber barking - the key problem is the electric power controller’s setting with respect - first – to the subcortical layers quality (being changed in time); - second – with respect to the log’s cone; - third – with respect to the input (output) log’s diameter to (out) of the device. The other problem is timber – barking surface quality processing.
XVII IMEKO World Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 2003

Kozo Ohtani, Mitsuru Baba
ULTRASONIC ROBOT EYE FOR SHAPE RECOGNITION EMPLOYING A GENETIC ALGORITHM
This paper describes an ultrasonic robot eye for shape recognition using ultrasound pressure data and a Genetic Algorithm. This type of robot eye has commonly used a Neural Network (NN) for shape recognition. However, a NN perform poorly when lacking learned data. In order to overcome this problem when using a NN, we here attempt to replace the

P R O C E E D I N G S

Year of event

TC

Event

Authors/Title

Keyword(s)

Abstract