IMEKO Event Proceedings

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Bolesław Dudojć
TRANSIENT STATES OF THE TRANSMITTERS IN THE 4-20 mA MEASUREMENT LINES
A connection of a new transmitter with measurement line while the system is working is a routine action under exploitation conditions. During this operation the transmitter is in a transient state. Usually, the properties of transmitters in the transient state are not defined by producers. In the paper, the results of the research of transient states of selected transmitters were presented. Basic features of current disturbances and their influence on the measurement line were discussed. Related suggestions for designers were proposed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Janusz Zarębski, Krzysztof Gķrecki
A NEW METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE SILICON P-N DIODES
This paper deals with the problem of measuring the thermal resistance of silicon p-n diodes. The values of this parameter given in the catalogues rarely correspond to the real conditions of device cooling, e.g. the diode operating on the heat-sink. Therefore, the value of the thermal resistance has to be obtained from measurements. In the paper a new comfortable method of the measurement of the thermal resistance of silicon p-n diodes, based on measurements of their d.c. current-voltage characteristic and the estimation of the model parameter values with the use of PARTS-software, is presented. The results of measurements obtained by the new method are compared to the standard pulse method.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

M.Bertocco, C.Narduzzi, E.Sieni, A.Sona
EFFICIENT EVALUATION OF ELF FIELD
In this work, efficient techniques for the computation of the low frequency magnetic field due to the electrical circuit in buildings or industrial environment are discussed. Existing models used to compute the magnetic field caused by power lines are recalled at first. Then, an algorithm for the fast evaluation of the magnetic field due to electrical wires is proposed. It is based on the partitioning of the various sources into simpler magnetic sources: for each elementary magnetic source, some closed-form formulae are provided and combination rules are suggested in order to provide the calculation of the magnetic field from the segments associated to the elementary sources themselves.
The algorithm has been validated by comparing the results to the ones provided by well assessed computation method. It is shown that the computational speed of the proposed technique is approximately 200 times faster than the direct application of the Laplace equation.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Valeriu David, Alexandru Salceanu, Mihai Cretu, Eduard Lunca
THE SURVEY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT NEAR RF TRANSMITTERS
In this paper we present the results of electromagnetic field measurements near two RF transmitters: one in the medium wave domain and one in FM radio and television frequency range. The RF transmitters are situated at about 15 km distance from the town, but near them there are: tourist places; main roads; houses, where the public may be present. Using both a set of near field E & H probes and the adjustable dipole antennas, comparative measurements were made. Beside the instantaneous values of the fields, the maximum and average values for 1 minute observation period were determined.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Cristian Zet, Cristian Fosalau, Lars Westerberg, Reimar Spohr
REAL TIME DIGITAL PULSE PROCESSING APPLIED TO HEAVY ION IRRADIATION
Three algorithms for real-time digital pulse processing of fast detector signals (1 - 100 μs) are described and implemented through Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The signal from a PIN diode used as ion detector is amplified and digitized with a fast flash ADC at a rate of 10 MHz/s. Whenever a preset threshold is exceeded, an event is detected. The pulse maximum is determined using one of the three methods, characterized by decreasing response times and increasing the result confidence degree: (1) searching for the maximum, (2) integrating the signal and (3) looking for the derivative sign. The system is applied to fabricate polymer films with a preset number of ion hits at preset distances. The technique can be generalized to real-time processing of pulsed signals from arbitrary sensors and transducers.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Patrick Boets, Leo Van Biesen
THE LINK BETWEEN THE NEAR-END AND THE FAR-END CROSSTALK COUPLING CONSTANTS
A model is proposed to describe the local connection between the capacitive and the inductive unbalance functions of two neighbouring twisted pairs. A realistic simulation of the unbalance functions indicates that the constant ratio of the inductive unbalance with respect to the capacitive unbalance is a workable model. Using this model, it is demonstrated that the calculation of the reflective coupling constant for the calculation of reflective crosstalk is possible when one has disposal of the widely used coupling constants to predict Near-End and Far-End crosstalk in case the line ends are perfectly terminated. The reflective coupling constant is necessary to model the power spectral densities of the crosstalk signals when the line ends are not matched.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

A. Kontogeorgos, P. Tsitsipis, C. Caroubalos, X. Moussas, P. Preka-Papadema, A. Hilaris, V. Petoussis, J.-L. Bougeret, C. E. Alissandrakis, G. Dumas, J. Polygiannakis
MEASURING SOLAR RADIO BURSTS IN THE 20-650 MHz RANGE. THE IMPROVED ARTEMIS IV MULTICHANNEL SOLAR RADIO SPECTROGRAPH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
We present the improved solar radiospectrograph of the University of Athens operating at the Thermopylae Satellite Station. Observations now cover the frequency range from 20 to 650 MHz. The spectrograph has a 7-meter moving parabola feeding by a log-period antenna for 100 to 650MHz and a stationary inverted V fat dipole antenna for the 20 to 100 MHz. Two receivers are operating in parallel, one sweep frequency for the whole range (10 spectra/sec, 630 channels/spectrum) and one acousto-optical receiver for the range 270 to 450 MHz (100 spectra/sec, 128 channels/spectrum). The data acquisition system consists of two PCs (equipped with 12 bit, 225ksamples/sec DAC, one for every receiver). The daily operation is fully automated: receiving universal time from a GPS, pointing the antenna to the sun, system calibration, starting and stopping the observations at preset times, data acquisition, and archiving on DVD. We can also control the whole system through modem or Internet. The instrument can be used either by itself or in conjunction with other instruments to study the onset and evolution of solar radio bursts and associated interplanetary phenomena.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Domenico Luca Carnė, Domenico Grimaldi
ANN BASED DEMODULATOR FOR UMTS SIGNAL MEASUREMENTS
The paper proposes the use of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to design a new demodulator of the telecommunication signals. This demodulator is candidate to be employed into the measurement instrument of the third generation mobile telecommunications UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access. It is developed on the basis of the multiplayer perceptron ANN and it permits to perform in one shot both the descrambling and the despreading operations. Numerical tests performed by using signals according to the UMTS standard show that the ANN demodulator can guaranty greater accuracy than the traditional one in the case the modulated signal is affected by high level of both noise and distortion.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Domenico Luca Carnė, Domenico Grimaldi
PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENT IN SINGLE CARRIER DIGITAL MODULATIONS
The paper shows a new algorithm for the phase noise measurement. The algorithm is based on the constellation examination of the IQ plane of the single carried digital modulated signal. It can be used to measure the phase noise both on the carrier signal and on the demodulated signal. Advantages of the proposed algorithm are: (i) the number of samples in practice does not affects the error, (ii) the percentage error is reduced if compared with other methods, and (iii) the phase noise shape weakly affects the error. The paper provides the theoretical background and reports the results of numerical experiments that validate the proposed algorithm.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Claudio Narduzzi, Paolo Attilio Pegoraro, Luigi Prigol
SPECTRUM ANALYSER MONITORING OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
The paper presents an innovative approach to the monitoring of the RF power transmitted by a mobile base station, by means of a spectrum analyser. Results account for the statistical nature of the signals, providing the means to evaluate in a more realistic way the exposition to RF fields.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Emil Farkas, Iuliu Szekely
RELATIVE CALIBRATION OF INERTIAL SEISMOMETERS
This paper discusses technical problems of performing an accurate electrical sine-wave calibration of seismograph systems. This topic is well known in the seismic scientific community, however it has been presented to a lesser extent to engineering research and industrial circles. The purpose of the paper is to identify the unsolved technical questions related with calibration of seismograph systems. Finding exact solutions is beyond the purpose of this paper, considering the complexity of research and design work required.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Grzegorz Lentka, Marek Niedostatkiewicz
THE GOERTZEL FILTER-BANK USAGE IN THE NON-STATIONARY IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
The paper presents the method of measurement of non-stationary impedance parameters based on measurement signals sampling and DSP. The Goertzel filter-bank approach has been proposed and analysed. The proposed method has been compared to traditional STDFT approach. The results of simulations and experiments have been presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Lech Hasse, Krzysztof Rogala, Ludwik Spiralski, Janusz Turczyński
FACTORS DETERMINING THE PRODUCTION TESTING OF HIGH RELIABILITY INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSOR CAPACITORS
Non-linearity and noise properties of a capacitor have been established as criteria for selection of interference suppressor capacitors for different reliability classes. It can improve the process of quality estimation of high reliability capacitors. The implementation of techniques for non-linearity and noise measurements in the system for production testing of high reliability interference suppressor capacitors is described. Selected experimental results of measurements for capacitors produced by MIFLEX have been presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Gaetano Iuculano, Gabriella Pellegrini, Andrea Zanobini
EVALUATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY USING BAYESIAN INFERENCE
The Bayesian inference provide a natural and consistent way to make best use of all relevant historical information which characterizes the measurand in a measurement process. In this paper the use of Bayesian method is described to include prior information in the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty. The proposed approach gives an implementation on the evaluation of the confidence region with respect the usual techniques described in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). Experimental model is studied and numerical results are reported to assess the validity of the proposed formulae.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

M. J. Korczynski, A. Hetman
CALCULATION OF EXPANDED UNCERTAINTIES WITHOUT KNOWLEDGE OF COVERAGE FACTOR
The main purpose of the paper is to present a new fully deterministic, numerical approach to calculation of coverage interval at certain coverage confidence. The main crucial aspects for this method are revealed and the accuracy of this method is presented as well. A brief comparison to others methods, analytical and numerical based on Monte Carlo methods and also so widely applied and recommended in GUM law of propagation of uncertainties are described. Several examples are presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Zygmunt Kusmierek, M. Jerzy Korczynski
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY UNDER NON-SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT - CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS
The main purpose of the paper is to present the metrological aspects of virtual kilo-watt-hours meters developed for measurement of active power in while voltage and current are non-sinusoidal. Todays electrical kilo-watt-hours meters are built as devices for sinusoidal signals both for current and voltage. These electromechanical units are not appropriate for distorted signals, so the new generation of kilo-watt-hours with a used of electronic elements are under development. Deliberation of virtual active electronic electrical power meters are presented here.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Jaroslav Boháček
FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE OF HAMON TRANSFER STANDARDS
Shielded and temperature controlled 1 000 Ω / 10 Ω and 10 000 Ω / 100 Ω transfer standards have been realized to be used in the frequency range up to 5 kHz. Their frequency performances have been evaluated by comparison with calculable resistors of quadrifilar and octofilar design. Thanks to the known frequency performances, both standards can serve as reference devices for precision AC measurements of resistance ratios made by means of commercial four terminal-pair bridges.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Claudio De Capua, Emilia Romeo
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FUZZY T-NORM APPROACHES TO THE MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION
The demands of statistical investigations in measurements inspired the remarkable development of probabilistic methods. However, the probability theory didnt prove to be fully adequate for all types of uncertainty. Probability theory is excellent if the ambiguity is to be modelled, but its attempts to describe vagueness is quite inconsistent with common sense. Fuzzy theorists have often argued that a major motive behind the theory of fuzzy sets has been the treatment of uncertainty. In particular way, its well accepted that a measurement result (no matter what kind of instruments we are using in our process) is just a number which is only known to lie within an interval, and this is the reason for which fuzzy sets can be successfully applied. To consider both systematic and random effect of measurement operation, in agreement with [4], we have chosen to use Random Fuzzy Variables, proposing to describe the correlation or interaction of repeated measurements by triangular norm based arithmetics.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Martin Kří
PARTIAL DISCHARGES CALIBRATOR
Partial Discharges calibrator principles and microprocessor controlled calibrator design are discussed. The calibrator charge generation technique is classic electrical with storing capacitor. The microprocessor control of the calibrator is perspective because of easy calibrator parameters modification and remote control.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Ivan Leniček, Roman Malarić, Alan ala
CALIBRATION OF 100 MΩ HAMON RESISTOR USING CURRENT-SENSING WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Primary electromagnetic laboratory in Zagreb maintains standards of four major electromagnetic units: volt, farad, ohm and second. Reference standards are periodically calibrated in PTB (Germany) and several methods has been realized for internal laboratory traceability check. RC-comparison method uses Hamon divider constructed of 100 equally balanced 1-megaohm resistors that connected in parallel or serially exhibit Hamon ratio of 100 MΩ : 10 kΩ with relative uncertainty of 10^-8. Hamon resistance of 100 MΩ is directly compared with impedance of 100 pF capacitance reference at frequency of 15,873 Hz. Measurement of low-frequency voltage ratio is based on two digital voltmeters HP 3458A with improved algorithm for data processing. Accuracy of reference standards comparison 10 kΩ →100 pF depends on consistency of Hamon divider that can be disturbed by aging of used metal-film components. In this paper a recently realized method for accurate measurement of 100 MΩ Hamon resistor by means of comparison with calibrated and stable 10 MΩ resistance standard at higher voltage levels has been presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

P.P. Capra, F. Galliana, E. Gasparotto
A GUARDED SWITCHING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC SELECTION OF HIGH VALUE RESISTORS UNDER CALIBRATION
At IEN, a guarded switching system for automatic selection of high value resistors under calibration was developed and metrologically characterized. By means of this system it is possible to select and connect to the measurement system high value resistors in three terminals configuration. As a matter of fact, its guard system allows to reduce the effects due to all the dispersion currents, due to insulation resistances between the resistors under calibration and their shields and due to the switching and connection system (such as insulation resistances among connections, of cables and connectors used for resistors connections). This system utilizes some details of the device described in [6, 7]. The uncertainties that can be reached with the measurement system in connection with the scanner in the calibration of high value resistors and a compatibility test of measurement performed with and without the scanner, are also given.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Damir Ilić, Mario Kreić
MAINTENANCE OF THE REFERENCE RESISTANCE STANDARDS OF THE PRIMARY ELECTROMAGNETIC LABORATORY IN CROATIA
The past calibrations of the reference resistance standards of the Primary Electromagnetic Laboratory (PEL), the Leeds&Northrup (L&N) 1 Ω and 10 kΩ standards, carried out over a period of more than thirty years, have been analysed. The least-squares fitting was used and the regression coefficients of up to the 3^rd order polynomial were calculated and evaluated, by which their resistances can be predicted for a moment of interest. Both standards have been maintaining into the self-developed oil ultrathermostat, where a stable temperature of 23 °C is maintained by the computer-based regulator within the limits of ą10 mK. Therefore, in the paper the analysis of the standards itself, as well as the achievement in the temperature regulation, as the basis of their use as reference standards, are described and pointed out.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Damir Ilić, Ivan Leniček
USE OF PRECISE DIGITAL VOLTMETERS FOR IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
The traceability chain of the Primary Electromagnetic Laboratory (PEL) is presented, and the place of the resistance standard of 100 MΩ is analysed in details, as well as its construction and characteristics. Its one hundred 1-MΩ elements in parallel connection forms the 10-kΩ value, and can be easily compared to the reference 10 kΩ standard of PEL; in that way its long-term drift was found to be ≈ 0,067 ppm/day (ppm means parts per million). Furthermore, the method of comparison of 100 MΩ resistance standard by means of 100 pF capacitance standard and high-resolution digital voltmeters (DVs) is analysed, where DVs measure ac voltage of frequency close to 16 Hz in dcv range, and the mean value of one-third cycle is measured. It was found that the voltage ratio could be stable within the limits of 0,1 ppm when the additional frequency stabilization of the ac calibrator is used.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Uwe Frühauf
ON THE INFORMATION FLOW OF MEASURING SYSTEMS AND THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-CALIBRATION
For the design of smart sensors and measuring systems the information flow of measurement systems is of increasing importance. Therefore the maximum information flow of some systems and especially of some measuring systems with self-calibration is examined. The special information flow problems of self-calibration are regarded.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G.J. Grigoropoulos, G. M. Katsaounis
MEASURING PROCEDURES FOR SEAKEEPING TESTS OF LARGE-SCALED SHIP MODELS AT SEA
This paper describes the procedures developed in the Laboratory for Ship and Marine Hydrodynamics (LSMH) of NTUA to test large models of ships at sea. It is common practice in experimental ship hydrodynamics to test scaled ship models in Towing Tank facilities, to investigate their performance in calm water and in waves. However, it is both time-consuming and very expensive to generate conditions, which simulate properly the actual sea environment. Parameters of the environment such as the incident wave angle, the short-crested nature of the waves encountered in real world, the effect of the wind and the scale of the experiment, which should be accommodated in the available facility, reduce, or even prohibit in some cases, the execution of such tests.
An alternative to laboratory measurements is to conduct tests with larger models at sea and to record both the sea conditions and the ship performance. This paper describes the design, specification, instrumentation and preparation of this kind of tests. Their advantages and shortcomings are also discussed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Roman Tabisz
METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
The main objective of the metrological confirmation of industrial measurement systems, which is a reduction of probability of products or production processes qualification errors, is presented. The evolution of the standardization guidance, including the latest editions of International Standards ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 10012:2003 is described. The question why the system of periodic calibrations is essential but not satisfactory procedure to obtain complete metrological confirmation is explained.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Wojciech Toczek
TEST LIMITATIONS INDUCED BY FAULT-DRIVEN INSTABILITY OF ANALOG CIRCUITS
The aim of this paper is to estimate the limitations of parametric faults testing in analog circuits result from fault-driven instability. The linear fractional transformation (LFT) and structured singular value (SSV), the analysis methods from robust control theory, are employed to investigate which parameter could lead to instability of a circuit under test (CUT), and to quantify the deviation in component parameter value that will cause instability. The leapfrog filter is studied as CUT. The SSV based analysis procedure is applied to a Simulink model, which is realized as LFT representation of faulty circuit. Numerical results show that leapfrog filter is highly susceptible to lose stability due to faulty RC elements.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Jan Maschke, Čestmír Vlček
INVESTIGATION OF POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF FIBER SEGMENT IN THERMAL FIELD
Paper deals with measurement of polarization properties of fibers in variable thermal field. Study of polarization is important from the polarization dispersion point of view for communication systems and also in the area of interferometric and polarization sensors or general interferometric measurements. Our contribution solves a temperature dependence of polarization in a relatively short part of different types of fibers, where additionally fluctuation of power between both polarization modes could affect. These results can be interesting in the application of fibers in distributed sensors, where partial segments of fiber could be affected by different temperature.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

P. P. Capra, A. Sosso, D. Serazio
AUTOMATED REVERSING SWITCH AND MONITOR FOR HIGH ACCURACY VOLTAGE STANDARDS
In the following a device for automated polarity reversal and acquisition of the environmental parameters that affect the output voltage of a zener reference standard is described. The reversal is made with a mechanical switch whose thermal emfs are a few nanovolt. The alignment of the switch is supervised by a microprocessor that controls an electrical motor and identifies the switch position by means of angular and axial sensors. The microprocessor is also connected to ADCs and humidity and temperature sensor, and is capable of communicating with a PC, providing thorough information about the operating conditions of a zener voltage standard.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Radu Varbanescu, Ana Lucia Varbanescu
USING FPGAS FOR BUILDING RECONFIGURABLE SYMBOLIC SENSORS
Symbolic Sensors can answer a query by a qualitative answer, using linguistic symbols instead of the usual numerical representation. Because there are no sensors with a built-in symbolic behaviour, the solution is to develop add-on modules for enhancing common sensors with such a set of features. These add-ons can be built either in software or in hardware. This paper focuses on the hardware solution and it aims to solve the lack of flexibility issue by using reconfigurable devices such as FPGAs. These devices allow dynamic reconfiguration and they provide the required flexibility for the entire system, without having a significant decrease in performance. The experiments conducted during the research prove that such a solution is efficient and reliable, thus being a serious alternative for the older solutions developed in software.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

A. Cerman, A. Kuna, P. Ripka
FULLY DIGITAL FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER FIRST RESULTS
Presented paper describes design, implementation and first results of the fully digital fluxgate magnetometer. The magnetometer operates in feedback configuration and uses fully digital signal detection realized in the digital signal processor (DSP). The magnetometer has measuring range ą100 μT, the linearity error is less than 40 ppm of FSR, noise 1.08 nT_RMS/√Hz@1Hz and the frequency range of measured magnetic field is 15 Hz.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

C. Donciu, M. Cretu, I. Prisecaru, M. Temneanu
VIRTUAL STAND FOR TESTING STEPPING MOTORS USED AS INCREMENTAL ENCODER
In the present paper, prototype architecture for a virtual stand for stepping motors converted as rotary encoder study is illustrated.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Luka Ferković
APPLICATION OF ISOLATION AMPLIFIER IN MEASUREMENT OF FLOATING AC SIGNAL
Measuring procedures in some cases require connection of two measuring objects or parts of equipment which terminals should not have common potential. Achievement of these requirements is inappropriate by using the transformer coupling because of its non-linear transfer function. Optical transfer of digital signals by using optocoupler provides the precision and stability needed to accurately signal monitoring.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

F. Adamo, F. Attivissimo, N. Giaquinto, M. Savino
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR GLASS QUALITY CONTROL
The paper deals with the problem of pointing out and then measuring the manufacturing defects (scratches and halos) of handmade satin glasses by an accurate, real-time and cheap method. A wavelet-based de-noising technique is used to obtain surface information about glasses under inspection. The proposed algorithm first obtains a two-dimensional wavelet transform of a high resolution image of the glass under inspection which, according to multi-resolution analysis, produces a suitable number of decomposition levels of the image, and then it carries out a thresholding operation on details. Finally, using the threshold levels estimated considering the present noise level, it assesses and characterizes the defects. The final aim of the work is the realization of an automatic and in-line computer vision system for glasses analysis; it must be able both to accurate inspection and to quality degree assessment of the final products as they come out from the production chain.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Andrea Boni, Dario Petri, Ivan Biasi
DIGITAL ARCHITECTURES FOR ADAPTIVE PROCESSING OF MEASUREMENT DATA
In this paper we describe the design of digital architectures suitable for the implementation of measurement data classification based on Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The performance of such architectures are then analyzed. The proposed approach can be applied for solving identification and inverse modelling problems, and for processing complex measurement data. Two very different case studies where real-time processing is of paramount importance are discussed: a nonlinear channel equalization and a high energy physics classification task.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

L.Breniuc, C.G. Haba, A.Salceanu
LEARNING REMOTE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
In our paper we present a laboratory temperature measuring system that can be remotely accessed by Internet. The system is based on the DS18B20 and DS1822 digital temperature sensors controlled with the aid of a microcontroller board PCB80c552. The system is used to measure and monitor the temperature in different places inside a computer. Using a web browser we can remotely configure the operating mode of each temperature sensor as well as we can read measured temperature in each measuring point. Using this system student can learn: use of integrated temperature sensors, software implementation of a 1-Wire interface, distributed measurement systems based on 1-Wire interface, microcontroller based instrumentation, web based monitoring and control of measurement systems.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

M. Gagliarducci, D.A. Lampasi, L. Podestā
REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTS BY MEANS OF GSM SYSTEM
This paper describes a system to remotely monitor and control complex stand-alone photovoltaic plants. In normal conditions the developed system registers and reports the overall performances; in case of incorrect behaviors it seasonably informs the operators. Moreover through appropriate instructions sent by users it allows to change the configurations of the plant and the settings of the measurement system as well. Several means of communications are available due to the need to adapt the system to the different operative conditions. However for a more general and flexible implementation, the remote control is carried out through the GSM network and in special way exploiting the SMS (Short Message Service) feature.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Jan Chládek, Pavel Jurák, Josef Halámek, Igor Nestrail, Robert Roman, Ivan Rektor
EVENT DIFFERENTIATION IN AVERAGED SIGNALS BY METHOD OF THE CREDITS
Presented Method of the Credits and its application are based on the determination of the statistically significant signal in the accumulated data. The method helps to determinate whether EEG signal is rather stimulus related than response related.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Zbigniew Czaja
TESTING METHOD OF ANALOG PARTS FOR MIXED SIGNAL MICROSYSTEMS BASED ON MICROCONTROLLERS
In the paper a new method of fault detection and location of a single soft fault in analog parts of mixed signal microsystems based on microcontrollers is presented. The idea of the method bases on the transformation which maps changes of the time response of the tested circuit on a square impulse resulting from changes of values of respective elements onto identification curves on a plane. The method consists of two stages. In the first stage a fault dictionary of an analog part in the form of a family of identification curves is generated and it is placed in the program memory of the microcontroller. In the second stage detection and a location of the fault are carried out.. This method does not require extra hardware in the microsystem. The measuring-diagnosis procedure is realised only by the microcontroller already existing in the microsystem.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G.Betta, D.Capriglione, C.Spataro, G.Tinč
SITE-TO-SITE REPRODUCIBILITY IN CONDUCTED IMMUNITY TESTS ON PC-BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS
This paper deals with electromagnetic susceptibility of PC-based data acquisition systems (DASs) when subjected to electromagnetic disturbances considered in the EMC applicable standards. A suitable measurement procedure that allows the DAS susceptibility to be highlighted is proposed. Furthermore, a preliminary analysis of the measurement reproducibility is carried out with the aim of investigating some aspects that could affect the result reliability: the environmental and instrumentation features, the configuration set-up. To these aims, a number of tests are carried out by considering many data acquisition systems, different test set-up, and performing the experiments in two different sites. The connected results are compared and commented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

A. Sabatini, A. Moschitta, P. Carbone
ΣΔ-BASED REMOVAL OF UNWANTED SPECTRAL COMPONENTS FOR SINEWAVE SYNTHESIS
This paper addresses the generation of spectrally pure sinewaves by combining the feedback structure of a ΣΔ loop with digital cancellation of unwanted spectral components in the output signal. In particular, the non-linearities of the in-loop Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) are compensated by applying a digital pre-distortion to the DAC input, and the feedback architecture is used to enhance the performance of the all digital estimation and cancellation algorithm.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Slobodan Jankovic, Miodrag Ivkovic
DOMINANT NOISE SOURCES IDENTIFICATION AS COST-EFFECTIVE WAY IN TOTAL SOUND POWER REDUCTION
The paper deals with sound intensity measurement technique and its application in dominant sound sources identification as well as the reduction of total radiated sound power from a complex technical system.
Based on more restrictive regulation and other demands, mainly related to the environment protection, noise attenuation of technical systems has become common task for. Often the only solution is only system redesign. To enable cost effective approach to this demand the paper exposes a rational methodoloque. The SI mapping is used as framework for sound power integration across the independent subsystems, ranking their contribution to the total system noise level and finally, optimizing redesigning process based on expenses and expected noise attenuation.
Paper presents results achieved through the diesel engine noise attenuation.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Grzegorz Lentka, Jerzy Hoja
THE INFLUENCE OF SAMPLING PARAMETERS ON ACCURACY OF CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT IN THE METHOD BASED ON DSP
The paper presents the method of measurement of impedance parameters based on measurement signals sampling and DSP. The influence of main sources of uncertainty and errors on capacitance measurement accuracy has been analysed. The following have been included: non-synchronous sampling of two measurement signals proportional to current and voltage on impedance under measurement, A/D converter resolution and total number of collected samples. The results of simulations have been presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Leopoldo Angrisani, Aldo Baccigalupi, Rosario Schiano Lo Moriello
NEW DSP-BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE/LEVEL METER
The paper describes a prototype of ultrasonic distance/level meter. The meter is based on a digital signal processor (DSP), mandated to supervise its whole functioning. Besides driving the piezoelectric transducer, the DSP manages the digitization of the received ultrasonic signal, processes the acquired samples, according to a suitable measurement algorithm, and delivers the desired result to the final user. The measurement algorithm, already presented and validated, grants functionalities typically provided by analog circuitry, with a consequent reduction of the impact of production tolerances of analog components on measurement accuracy.
Meters performance has been assessed through a number of laboratory tests involving known distances in different measurement conditions. A comparison of the experienced performance to that granted by other meters available on the market finally corroborate the reliability and efficacy of the proposed meter.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

D.A. Lampasi, L. Podestā, P. Carbone
BINARY SEQUENCES FOR TEST SIGNAL GENERATION OBTAINED BY EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION
This paper describes a novel method for the digital synthesis of high quality signals by means of one-bit Digital-to-Analog Converters. The aim of the work is the analysis of the best binary sequences for signal generation, obtained using evolutionary algorithms.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Aimč Lay-Ekuakille, Antonio V. Scarano
SNR LIDAR SIGNAL IMPROVEMENT BY ADAPTIVE TECNIQUES
Image filtering by Richardson-Lucy algorithm show an iterative solution for monodimensional signal deconvolution. In this paper the performance of this algorithm will verified when LIDAR signals are pre- filtere by an adaprive low-pass filter. Most intresting results, for real-time deconvolution and filtering of lidar signal, will also showed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Gaetano Pasini, Pier Andrea Traverso, Domenico Mirri, Paolo Rossin
DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A FULLY PROGRAMMABLE TWIN-CHANNEL TIME INTERVAL GENERATOR
A programmable time interval generator, which is characterized by a resolution below the 50 ps, has been designed and fully implemented. The very high time-resolution is achieved by means of the synchronization between a down-counter and a digitally synthesised sinusoidal signal, whose phase can be tuned with a 14-bit resolution. The generator prototype presents two identical synchronized channels, whose outputs can be merged on the same time-axis allowing for high flexibility in the generation of the overall time interval sequence.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Martin Kollár, Ján aliga
THE PRINCIPLE OF NEW SIGMA DELTA MODULATION TECHNIQUE BASED UPON THE USE OF A FLIP-FLOP
This paper describes a new sigma delta modulation technique. This technique is used for measurement of changes in half capacitive bridge to detect deflections, which can result from acceleration input in practice. The half bridge is connected to a modified flip-flop circuit, the outputs of which are used for one-bit force feedback. The modification of flip-flop consists in the implementation of a switched capacitor structure to achieve a perfect flip-flop value symmetry and compensation of a flicker noise. Some theoretical considerations are verified by experimental results. An experimental circuit has been constructed from discrete elements.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Martin Novotny, Milos Sedlacek
MEASUREMENT OF RMS VALUES OF NON-COHERENTLY SAMPLED SIGNALS
If the RMS value is gained by digital processing of sequence of signal samples, both uncertainty and bias of the measured value depend on the algorithm used. Since in practice signal sampling is usually non-coherent, leakage occurs in signal DFT spectrum and definition of the RMS of periodic signals in time domain is violated. The paper compares three different DSP algorithms of RMS measurement by non-coherent sampling from the point of view of measurement bias and uncertainty for various leakage levels and data window used. Results of simulations and example of measurement are evaluated for monofrequency signals. For non-coherent signal sampling a new and effective approach to RMS value measurement in time domain, a new method of finding exact signal frequency (different from those of DFT grid) based on two DFT phase spectra computation, and a method of automatic RMS value bias correction in frequency domain are presented. The reported results can easily be extended to multifrequency signals.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Marcel Kreidl, Milos Sedlacek
SIGNAL DE-NOISING USING WAVELET TRANSFORM AND OTHER METHODS
Using wavelet transform (WT) for increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of discrete-time signals corrupted by additive noise is explained and compared with some other techniques (averaging, frequency filtration, correlation). Signal processing for de-noising is applied to basic periodical signals and repeated transients (in non-destructive ultrasonic testing of welds, where presence of flaws should be detected). Results of both computer simulations and measurements are reported, and some best suitable wavelets, levels of signal decomposition and methods and parameters of thresholding are given. A new efficient method of wavelet thresholding suitable for ultrasonic flaws detection in welds testing is described as a part of practical wavelets SNR enhancement (SNRE) application, and correlation function used for the same purpose is also described.. Wavelet Toolbox of MATLAB environment is used both for computer simulations and practical signal de-noising.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

David Slepička
PHASE DIFFERENCES DETERMINATION BETWEEN THE FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER HARMONIC COMPONENTS AT NON-COHERENT SAMPLING
The main product of the DFT algorithms is the amplitude frequency spectrum while the phase frequency spectrum calculation is mainly unwanted. However, this part becomes relevant in the cases, in which the spectral lines have to be considered as vectors. Since the data record, from which the frequency spectrum is calculated, is usually acquired by non-coherent sampling, a problem of the correct phase determination appears. Time windows minimise the leakage in the amplitude frequency spectrum; their effect on the phase frequency spectrum is unclear. Moreover, the phase of each frequency depends on its initial phase and it varies in every data record, which is often undesired. One possibility of how to exactly express the phases of higher harmonic components is described in this paper.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Milan Stork
CAPACITANCE MEASURING SYSTEM BASED ON MODIFIED SIGMA-DELTA CONVERTER
The paper brings new information about capacitance measuring system based on modified sigma-delta converter (MSDC) with compensated loop based on phase locked loop (PLL). The consist of the 2 current sources and can be used for non-electrical quantity which will break the value symmetry in circuit, e.g. light intensity can be also measured with photodiode connected parallel to current source. Measuring system can work in open loop (direct sigma-delta converter) or closed loop (PLL). The system has the voltage and digital output and in closed loop can be supposed as a voltage controlled oscillator which is locked to input clock frequency. The simple flip-flop sensor for capacitance, or some other measuring is also described. In this paper, short information concerning of the system and experimental results are shown.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Milan Stork
VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTER AND FRACTIONAL FREQUENCY DIVIDER BASED ON MODIFIED SIGMA-DELTA CONVERTER
Voltage to frequency converter (VFC) is an oscillator whose frequency is linearly proportional to control voltage. In this paper, the New Synchronous Voltage to Frequency Converter (NSVFC) or "sigma delta" (Σ-Δ) voltage to frequency converter is described. This NSVFC works similarly as conventional synchronous voltage to frequency converter (SVFC), but it has a better frequency spectral property then other SVFC and therefore it is possible to used as fractional frequency divider and also building block in fractional phase locked loop (PLL). An experimental NSVFC was constructed and simulated to verify operation of the converter. Analysis and prototype of NSVFC is described.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Emil Vremera, Luciano Brunetti
IMPROVEMENT OF MICROCALORIMETER MEASUREMENTS THROUGH DATA CORRECTION
The paper describes the most important uncertainty sources in the microcalorimeter measurement technique. Analyzing data obtained from automated measuring systems, the correlation factors between measured quantities and error sources are carried out. With appropriate corrections on the raw data the final results show significant accuracy improvement.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Artur Wollek
A PROPOSED METHOD FOR DECREASING THE LOSSES OF THE SAMPLE NUMBER DURING A WEIGHT FILTRATION
Weight filtration is one of the methods for weakening the effect of noise exerted on dis-crete signals. The wider is the weight window, the higher is the filtration quality. However, weight fil-tration produces an undesirable side effect, namely a certain number of samples relative to the input is lost. This may be attributed to the concept of weight filtration itself. The number of lost samples is the greater, the wider is the weight window. So, the desire to get a well-filtered signal comes into conflict with the number of samples being lost by virtue of filtration. In the paper an approach is suggested that enables the sample losses occurring during the weight filtration to be reduced.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Dorota Rabczuk, Beata Pałczyńska, Ludwik Spiralski
DECODING OF THE FSK SIGNAL WITH NOISE AND DISTORTION WITH THE USE OF COEFFICIENTS OF THE TIME-FREQUENCY TRANSFORM
The coefficients of wavelet packet decomposition of the signal represent the components of the instantaneous spectrum. For the FSK signal which consists of two instantaneous frequencies f₀ + df and f₀ - df thresholding and weighing of the absolute values of decomposition coefficients at properly selected nodes shows which of the two frequencies was present in the spectrum at a time interval. In the proposed algorithm more than one vector of coefficients represent each frequency for better distinguishing the instantaneous frequencies.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Janusz Sawicki
ADAPTING MEDIAN FILTERING TO MEASUREMENT SIGNALS
Filtering out disturbances from transmitted or recovered measurement signals is one of the most important tasks of analog and digital signal processing for many decades. Removing of specific disturbances, having form of separate pulses (impulsive disturbances), requires specific algorithms because of very wide spectra of such pulses. The use of median procedures, especially of weighted medians, is particularly effective in such filtering procedures. According to the applied algorithm, signal samples, which include disturbances, are eliminated and replaced by some values resulting from neighbouring nondisturbed samples. The optimum weights of median filter depend on signal shape of deterministic signals. An analysis of frequency responses of medians is given in the contribution.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Pier Andrea Traverso, Domenico Mirri, Gaetano Pasini, Gaetano Iuculano
CASCADED RECTANGULAR WINDOWS FOR LEAKAGE REDUCTION IN SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
A novel family of windows are proposed for digital spectrum analysis and the main figures of merit compared to those associated with both well-known and state-of-the-art windows available in the literature. The elements of the family, which are obtained by means of successive linear convolutions between elementary rectangular windows, present a very good side-lobe behaviour if a moderately high order of convolution is considered and allow for a strong reduction of the spectral leakage effect at the output of the analysis. The growth of the main-lobe within the spectrum of the proposed windows is acceptable for most of the applications, and the benefits deriving from the rapidly fading side-lobe signature can be appreciated even in presence of the need for a quite high frequency resolution, when the large storage capabilities and computational efficiency provided by modern sampling instrumentation are properly exploited.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Tomas Andersson, Peter Händel
TOWARD A STANDARDIZED MULTI-SINEWAVE FIT ALGORITHM
Multi-sinewave test methods require algorithms for multiple-tone parameter estimation. There exist a vast amount of publications on the topic. This paper presents a generalization of the IEEE four-parameter sinewave fit algorithm suitable to handle data comprising multiple sinewaves. The proposed method directly estimates the 3 p + 1 parameters of a p-tone model. The algorithm is analyzed numerically with emphasize on its convergence properties and statistical efficiency. The initialization of the algorithm is of major importance and an attempt to formulate a proper initialization procedure is presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Leopoldo Angrisani, Mauro DArco, Rosario Schiano Lo Moriello, Michele Vadursi
OPTIMAL SAMPLING STRATEGIES FOR BAND-PASS MEASUREMENT SIGNALS
Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) play a fundamental role in a lot of modern measurement solutions. One of the parameters characterizing a DAS is its maximum sampling frequency. As well known from Nyquist theorem, for a correct digitization of analog signals, sampling frequency must be greater than a limit value, related to signal bandwidth. With regard to band-pass signals, which are very common in telecommunications, it is possible to single out some separated ranges of licit sampling frequencies that are significantly lower than such threshold. But, how to choose the sampling frequency conveniently? It seems that there is no instrument currently on the market that selects it properly, given the signal characteristics. The paper proposes a criterion of choice aimed at optimising the DAS resources and two algorithms that perform an automatic selection of the optimal sampling frequency.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

J.F.M.L. Mariano, Helena Ramos
SOME RESULTS ON THE VALIDATION OF WIDROWS MODEL FOR SINUSOIDAL SIGNALS
Some results on the validity of Widrows model of quantizing sinusoidal signals in a uniform quantizer are presented. Sripad and Snyders formulation is used to derive a general equation for the probability density function of the quantization noise, for a generic sinusoidal signal, which is applied to different types of sinusoids. The equations obtained in this way are numerically evaluated to characterize the quantization noise by means of its average and variance. In this calculation, a novel method to accelerate the series convergence has been used. The results obtained provide a confirmation that Widrows model can only be applied to sinusoids when their amplitudes are much larger then the quantization step.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Călin Ciufudean, Constantin Filote, Adrian Graur, George Mahalu
SCHEDULING SEQUENTIAL PROCESSES IN TREE NETWORKS
In this paper we focus on the problem of scheduling time-critical data flow over a measuring tree network. We assume that data are operated in discrete time and their arrival and deadline processes are arbitrary. Our goal is to determine a policy which transmits data with minimum extension time at every node (every link) in a tree network. The models existing in the literature do not consider simultaneous performance of various hardware components of a complex system. When a hardware component of the system fails, the system reconfiguration is often less than perfect. On this assumption we introduce an algorithm to model the availability of measuring systems with colored Petri nets (CPN). Regarding the fact that the availability of a measuring cell i (or branch in the network) is calculated with Markov chains, we model our system with stochastic CPN. The utility of our approach in alleviating the computational burden of measuring systems availability is illustrated via a Markov chain structure.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Andrea Condarcuri, Domenico Grimaldi, Antonino Panella
WORKLOAD MEASUREMENTS AND SYNCHRONISATION INTO A DISTRIBUTED MEASUREMENT LABORATORY
The Distributed Measurement Laboratory (DML) is an heterogeneous system and the workload evaluation is an important aspect to support the performance management strategies in the case the specific requirements must to be respected. The paper describes the method to evaluate the workload of the cooperating hardware equipments of the DML, in particular: (i) the connecting networks, and (ii) the PCs. In this manner useful indexes are achievable to monitor the functioning conditions of the whole DML. The proposed method is based on three different tools known and tested in literature. The first one concerns with the synchronization among the clocks of the different co-operating PCs. The second one concerns the One-Way Delay parameter measurements of the path from the source to the destination. The third one concerns the workload measurement of the CPU of each PC. The results of several experimental tests showing the performance and the accuracy of the method are shown.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Heikki Jokinen, Risto Ritala
VALUE ASSESSMENT OF MEASUREMENTS IN LARGE MEASUREMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Modern industrial production processes are rich sources of measurement data, acquired in many forms and time periods. The integration of different forms of data and information has become more and more important in process industry. Decisions needed in managing processes in an optimal way force us to utilize the information in a way that maximizes its value. This paper discusses the value assessment of measurements and measurement information in large industrial systems. In particular, probabilistic description of information and the value of uncertainty and information in measurements concerning the performance of operational decision making are discussed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

S. Kalogeropoulos, G. Karetsos, A. Anagnostopoulos
A METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF AGENT-BASED APPLICATIONS THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF MOBILE AGENTS
The results of the research in the area of Mobile Agent Technology (MAT) have demonstrated the utility of this paradigm in building a wide range of distributed applications and systems. In the past few years, we have witnessed an enthusiastic interest in MAT and plenty of research activities have been carried out. Despite this effort, a number of issues concerning mainly the performance optimisation of agent-based applications are still open. In this paper, we investigate the problem of optimising the number of mobile agents used in an agent-based application in order to improve its performance. As an outcome of our research, we propose a methodology for the decision of the optimum number of mobile agents. To investigate the effect of the number of mobile agents on the performance of agent-based applications and to evaluate the proposed methodology through real measurements, an agent-based distributed application was designed and implemented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Theodore Kotsilieris, Stelios Kalogeropoulos, George Karetsos, Vassilis Loumos, Eleftherios Kayafas
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MOBILE AGENT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CONFIGURATION AND AUDITING OF SLSS IN DIFFSERV ENABLED IP NETWORKS
Nowadays we witness a growing interest for the efficient management of the QoS delivered by the service providers to the Internet users and the usage of SLAs. In such an environment the need to maximise customer satisfaction and reliability and consequently, the deriving obligation to quantify and measure service functions becomes apparent. As traditional centralized NMS manager-agent approach has stretched to its limits, we propose a way of bringing together the static nature of SNMP protocol with the Mobile Agent Technology (MAT) in IP network. In order to address lack of quality of service inherent in current Internet technology, we have chosen differentiated services architecture by implementing the corresponding DiffServ MIB proposed by IETF. The major objective of this paper is to compare the required time to configure and monitor DiffServ domain routers by using MAs and the client-server model. The results drawn from our research lend support to the claim that the performance enhancement by adaptating MAT to rigid network management area depends mainly on the traffic load on the link connecting the managed network with the manager.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G. M. Rocha, G. A. Kyriazis
A SOFTWARE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE STABILITY OF MEASURING STANDARDS USING BAYESIAN STATISTICS
The manufacturers specify the long term stability of their measuring standards. This parameter is sometimes the largest uncertainty contribution to the overall uncertainty of the standard. An automated system for the evaluation of the stability of measuring standards using Bayesian statistics was developed. For several standards it was verified that the stability estimate is much smaller than the value specified by the manufacturer. The software for data analysis was implemented in language C in the environment LabWindows/CVI.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Theodoros Alexandropoulos, Vassili Loumos, Eleftherios Kayafas
ESTIMATION OF AMBIENT ILLUMINATION VARIATION BETWEEN COLOUR IMAGES IN THE PRESENCE OF CONTENT CHANGES FOR REAL-TIME ILLUMINATION-INVARIANT CHANGE DETECTION
The task of detecting changes between two image frames is obstructed by the influence of noise and by the existence of ambient illumination variations between the image frames. The former is an inherent property of all electronic imaging devices. The latter appears when changes in camera exposure or white balance settings occur and tends to degrade the efficiency of change detection, if left untreated prior to frame differencing. An additional difficulty lies in the fact that a change detection process is required to accurately detect illumination changes in the presence of both luminance and content changes. In this paper, a luminance invariant change detection method is proposed. It consists of a three-channel brightness correction stage employed for the brightness normalization process and followed by a block-based clustering method, which aims to detect content changes from changes caused by the influence of noise.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Davorin Ambru, Vedran Bilas, Darko Vasic
A LOW-POWER AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR PULSED EDDY CURRENT BASED INSPECTION OF OIL-WELL CASING
This paper presents a design of a multichannel measurement system for nondestructive inspection of oil-well casing's mechanical properties (i.e. tube wall thickness and inner diameter), employing pulsed eddy current (PEC) technique. A specific feature of the system is its operation in high-temperature environment (typically up to 175°C), which requires simple and robust circuits, low part-count probe design, low power consumption and proper automated measurement algorithms to ensure reliable operation. Based on our previous work on PEC method, we propose an inspection tool, consisted of a simple, low-length three-coil probe, switch-mode power conditioning and transmitter excitation unit, and a low-power data acquisition and telemetry circuit. Preliminary results of our high-temperature functional tests confirm reliable operation of the inspection tool and provide additional verification of the previously proposed PEC methodology for measurements in harsh environments.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Bruno Andō, Emilio Pecora, Nicola Pitrone
REAL-TIME THERMO GRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
Video surveillance systems are consolidated techniques for the monitoring of eruptive phenomena in volcanic areas. Along with this systems, which use standard video cameras, sometimes people working on this field make use of infrared cameras providing useful information about the thermal evolution of the eruptions. The surveillance of the Mount Etna volcano in Sicily, Italy, is in charge of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Vulcanologia - Catania site, and a large amount of monitoring systems are installed along the mountain. Data transmission between these devices and the surveillance sites is a serious task, especially when a large transmission band is required. Moreover, in the case of image storing large memorization capabilities are mandatory. In this paper a new methodology is presented, which aims to improve the performances of surveillance systems in terms of transmission band and storing feature; the proposed methodology is based on the real-time thermo graphic analysis of the monitored area which can provide information on the on going activity and adapt the image transmission rate as well.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Claudio De Capua, Stefano De Falco, Rosario Morello, Nello Polese
A QUALITY MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY IN PUBLIC UTILITIES: A WATER SUPPLY COMPANY CASE
The present paper gives a quality measurement methodology based on a complex analysis of internal and external indicators and of the relationship existing between the two ones. The result of the proposed methodology application is to dispose of an operative tool to apply appropriate corrective actions to get the quality characteristic monitored on the nominal value. Moreover, an application of the proposed methodology to a water supply company is presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Peris G. Halaris, Constantinos G. Karagiannopoulos, Perikles D. Bourkas
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS AND INTERPRETATIONS REGARDING ANTISTATIC MATERIALS
In this work, measurements are given of ohmic resistances in samples of fitted anti-static flooring. The measurement procedures were based on the relevant regulations DIN 51953 and DIN 53482. The measurement values that are shown concern various types of aged anti-static flooring that is commonly found and used in intensive care facilities such as operating theatres, extra care treatment rooms, areas with Computer Tomography systems, etc. Furthermore it presents measurements of new types of anti-static flooring for reasons of comparison. All results are presented in table form and are analysed in detail. The results of all the measurements of this exercise taken into consideration, an attempt is also made to interpret the phenomena that lead to the reduction of conductivity in these materials, and subsequently how these phenomena can be prevented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Jana Parílková, Ivan Krejcí
MODELLING OF EFFECTS OF EXTREME HYDROLOGICAL EVENTS ON THE PROTECTIVE DIKE CONSTRUCTION
Mathematical models of protective dikes are used for forecasting of extreme hydrological situations. For purposes of calibration and verification of these models, the physical modelling is used. Physical model creates the dike of defined parameters (dimensions, material, time of loading, etc.) equipped with proper sensors and instrumentation, which is mostly tested in laboratory conditions. The results of two electronic methods monitoring investigated effects are discussed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

M. Dias Pereira, O. Postolache, P. Girão, Helena Ramos
SMART OIL AND CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING
This paper presents a smart sensor designed for oil-on-water thickness and water conductivity measurements. Basically, the proposed sensing devices include a capacitive element used to measure oil thickness and a conductivity element to measure water conductivity. Temperature compensation of measured values is also provided by including an additional temperature sensor in the system. The main characteristics of the smart sensor system include pulse-width modulation of sensors output signals, auto-calibration capability and temperature error compensation. Field applications are not restricted to environmental monitoring and can include wastewater treatment plants, oil quality measurement and measurement of oil quality in fluid systems and hydraulic components. Some experimental results are also presented in this paper.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Gregorio Andria, Giuseppe Cavone, Anna M. L. Lanzolla, Alessandro Rubino
MODELLING STUDY FOR CHARACTERIZING AND PREDICTING URBAN AIR POLLUTION
This work proposes the development of an air pollution model based on a joined application of Kalman filter and Kriging technique. The use of modelling techniques in data environmental analysis allows to characterize the pollutants behaviour, in order to validate the measured data and to predict the values of contaminant substances emissions; so it results a very useful analysis tool, especially when there are numerous missing or erroneous data.
The joint applications of both Kalman filter and Kriging algorithms allows taking the main advantages of two different methods, in order to improve the performance of the developed model and to reduce its uncertainty too.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

M.C.Brinzila, C.Fosalau, E.Lunca, M.Cretu
A COMPLEX SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING WITH A PROTOTYPE DATA ACQUISITION BOARD
In the present paper is presented a method for on-line measurement using a complex system for environmental monitoring whit a prototype data acquisition board. A study for Taguchi-type gas sensor using the data acquisition board will be performs.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

P. Jurák, J. Halámek, V.K. Somers, M. Eisenberger, P. Frána, J. Nykodũm, P. Leinveber, T. Kára
QT INTERVAL DETECTION AND VERIFICATION METHODS
The aim of this study is to compare methods for T-wave end detection and QT interval computation and to discuss the importance of interactive result verification. The comparison includes methods for minima detection, a regression method and a method based on signal derivation. All these methods were tested on ECG data with high QT interval variability and high signal distortion.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G. Di Leo, G. Fabbrocini, C. Liguori, A. Pietrosanto, M. Sclavenzi
ELM IMAGE PROCESSING FOR MELANOCYTIC SKIN LESION DIAGNOSIS BASED ON 7-POINT CHECKLIST: A PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION
Early detection of melanoma is one of the greatest challenges of dermatologic practice today. A new diagnostic method, the ELM 7 point checklist, defines a set of seven features, based on colour and texture parameters, which describe the malignancy of a lesion. It has been presented as faster and with the same accuracy than the traditional ABCD criteria in the diagnosis of melanoma. In this paper a preliminary step to the automated diagnosis of melanocytic skin lesions, based on ELM 7 point checklist, is proposed. In particular, an image processing methodology focussed on finding the presence of two different parameters is set-up and characterized.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Claudio De Capua, Emilia Romeo
TIME SERIES PREDICTION FOR BIOMEDICAL MEASUREMENTS USING FUZZY LOGIC
In this paper is proposed an algorithm of prediction fuzzy for chaotic time series. This approach has been select because, in presence of specific pathologies, biomedical data may be represented as a chaotic time series. In particular, we are interested in monitoring the intracranial pressure (IP) of some patients in a state of coma who were suffering from intracranial hypertension syndrome. In these particular cases, prediction is necessary (from a diagnostic point of view) if you want to operate at the right moment on IP abnormal conditions. The proposed approach is based on a prediction multi-factor algorithm which doesnt need the knowledge of the mathematical working model of the biologic phenomenon, translating the real time series into a fuzzy time series.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Kresimir Malaric, Mirta Tkalec, Roman Malaric
SOME NEW RESULTS ON MOBILE PHONE RADIATION EFFECT ON LEMNA MINOR
This paper is the continuation of the experiments with the mobile phone radiation effect on Lemna minor. Here, the effect of 217 Hz modulation with electric field strength of 23 V/m, 2 hours long exposure at the frequency of 900 MHz, was taken into the account. The results showed no statistical growth decrease. A peroxidase activity in exposed plants was slightly increased. Observed changes were small both for growth and peroxidase activity.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G. Postolache, L. Silva Carvalho, O. Postolache, P. Girão , I. Rocha
HRV AND BPV NEURAL NETWORK MODEL WITH WAVELET BASED ALGORITHM CALIBRATION
The heart rate and blood pressure power spectrum, especially the power of the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components, have been widely used in the last decades for quantification of both autonomic function and respiratory activity. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) represent important tolls in this field. The paper presents a new solution for LF and HF evaluation that combines the Daubechies DWT with neural processing techniques. Several types of neural networks (Radial Basis Function and Multilayer Perceptron) capable of evaluating LF and HF values were designed and implemented. The training values to design the network were obtained after heart rate and blood pressure wavelets processing. The designed neural structures assure a faster evaluation tool of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous system control of cardiovascular function.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Yukie Omori, Renshi Sawada, Susumu Sakano
INTEGRATED BLOOD FLOWMETER USING MICROMACHINING TECHNOLOGY
The micro machining technology has been advanced on the basis of the semiconductor manufacturing technology. In this study, the research on the manufacturing the integrated micro optical sensor accumulated LD and PD on the semiconductor substrate is practiced. The fabrication method is the technology of photolithography and etching technology in the semiconductor manufacturing. The blood flow meter is taken up as a typical application of the micro optical sensor.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

I.N. Flaounas, D.K. Iakovidis, D.E. Maroulis, S.A. Karkanis
INTELLIGENT ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC MEASUREMENTS
In this paper we propose a methodology for intelligent analysis of genomic measurements. It is based on a sequential scheme of Support Vector Machines and it can be used for class prediction of multiclass genomic samples. The proposed methodology was evaluated using two lung cancer datasets. The results are comparable and in many cases higher to the accuracy of relevant methodologies that have been proposed in the literature.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

L. Ferrigno, V. Paciello, A. Paolillo
A LOW-COST MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR THE 3-D EVALUATION OF CAROTID PLAQUES BASED ON ULTRASOUND IMAGES
The paper describes an improved low-cost add-on measurement system for the 3-D analysis of carotid arteries. The system locates in the 3-D space the contours of vessel walls extracted from a series of 2-D acquisitions, thanks to the measurement of the geometrical parameters of the ultrasonic probe positions and orientations. Features of the proposed system include the possibility to realize free-hand measurements, to work with the desired number of images and to process both normal B-mode and Power-angio images. In the paper, the realized prototype will be described and its operation will be detailed and characterized both for the software and the hardware prototype.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Marija Cundeva, Ljupco Arsov
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE CAD ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULTS OF COMBINED CURRENT-VOLTAGE INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
In the paper modern CAD (computer aided design) techniques will be used for the analysis and design of a 20 kV combined current-voltage instrument transformer (CCVIT). The magnetic phe-nomena in the complex non-linear electromagnetic CCVIT system will be studied by using the finite element method in the three-dimensional domain and the original program package FEM-3D. The magnetic field analysis will derive the exact CCVIT metrological characteristics. The FEM-3D results are basis for further optimal CCVIT design from metrological aspect by using the stochastic method-genetic algorithm introduced in the original program as an instrument transformer design tool. The objective function during the optimization process is a combination of the CCVIT metrological parameters. Higher accuracy class will be achieved with the CCVIT optimal solution. The CAD results of the finite element method magnetic field analysis and the genetic algorithm optimal design will be experimentally verified through testing of the realized CCVIT prototype in a laboratory.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Peter Fuchs, Ján Hribik, Miloslav Hrukovic, Branislav Lojko, Rastislav Michálek
DIGITAL POWER AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT
A brief description of the designed digital sampling electricity meter based on the modern Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 DSP is given. The electricity meter measures basic electric network parameters such as rms values of voltages and currents, powers, energy, power factor and net frequency. A brief discussion of measurement accuracy and error correction is also given. The designed calibration procedure of the current and parasitic phase shift between the measured voltage and current based on the active power measurement is described.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

R. Micheletti, R. Pieri
INSTANTANEOUS AVERAGE ACTIVE POWER MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Fast and accurate measurement of the instantaneous average active power is useful for building Energy Management System (EMS) in order to assure quality of service such as continuity, optimize energy consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emission.
In this paper the problems connected to the measurement of the instantaneous average active power for energy usage improving are discussed, also as the operational processes which deal to solve such problems.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Tomasz Tarasiuk, Mariusz Szweda
A FEW REMARKS ABOUT NOTCHING ANALYSIS - CASE STUDY
This paper has been focused on the problem of analysis of notching occurring in electric power systems. Especially a choice of appropriate sampling frequency and its consequence for results of the analysis have been considered. Moreover, the problem of wavelet filter length and, in some respect, wavelet family has been analyzed as well. All analyses have been based on the real voltage samples, registered in the real isolated electric power system, namely ships system, during two different electric power plant configurations. Finally, results of the research have been commented on with respect of its impact on a whole device for power quality analysis.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Duan Agre
POWER MEASUREMENT IN THE NON-COHERENT SAMPLING
An algorithm to improve the estimation of the active power of electrical systems in the non-coherent sampling is proposed in this paper. It is based on smoothing sampled data by windowing, and then averaging of the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) coefficients in the frequency domain to reduce leakage effects. The simulation and experimental results are presented showing that averaging of DFT coefficients provides better estimation of the active power then only by windowing. The use of a suitable algorithm depends on positions of the frequency components, on a number of observed periods, and on signal to noise ratio.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Alexandru Salceanu, Mihai Cretu, Valeriu David, Eduard Lunca
DETERMINING ESD THREATS FOR A HUMAN-FURNITURE MODEL IN MOTOR VEHICLES
The paper presents some performed measurements and investigations in the framework of the triboelectricity developed in a motor vehicle. The concern about ESD induced failures is growing up in the same manner as the electronic content of an up-to-date car. Assuming the furniture ESD model, were measured or evaluated its parameters for the situation person inside the vehicle and person getting out from the vehicle. With an electrostatic head were measured the different values for ESD charging inside the vehicle. This study offers useful information in order to develop an ESD simulator and to reduce the fails and errors due to ESD phenomena in a modern car.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Leopoldo Angrisani, Antonio Langella, Michele Vadursi
NEW DIGITAL SIGNAL-PROCESSING APPROACHES FOR MEASURING POWER CCDF CURVES
Signals peculiar to modern telecommunication systems are characterized by higher peak-to-average power ratios than in the past and can potentially lead to higher distortion in amplification stages if signal power statistics are not accounted for properly. CCDF (Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function) curves are an effective way of fully specifying signal power characteristics. Some high performance analysers, currently available on the market, carry out CCDF measurements through a demodulation of the radiofrequency signal and the application of custom digital signal-processing algorithms to the samples of the baseband components thus retrieved. Two alternative digital signal-processing approaches for measuring CCDF curves are presented in the paper. The major advantage they offer consists in the absence of demodulation; they are, in fact, based on original algorithms that are directly applied to the samples of the radiofrequency signal.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Alexandru Salceanu, Valeriu David, Mihai Cretu
MEASURING AND INTERPRETING THE CMOS IC VARIABLE INPUT IMPEDANCE VERSUS ESD STRESS
The paper presents a comparative method (and the related results) for measuring the various impedances of a Si-gate CMOS digital circuit, very useful for the study of the dual input protection configuration, with respect to an ESD pulse. The results of the performed measurements are interpreted according to the behaviour of the two main protective circuits and are useful to verify the waveform at the output of a self-manufactured ESD tester, the load values being essential.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Andrzej Dobrogowski
SOME REMARKS ON MEASUREMENT OF TIME
In the paper some interpretation subtleties of a clock indication and clocks comparison are discussed. The same amount of accumulated phase is common to a second of different clocks. As we can measure short and long time intervals with the same (or very similar) absolute uncertainty and use a reproducible phenomenon having very short duration in comparison to the length of the interval measured therefore properly designing the measurement we can get very small uncertainty of intervals measurement. It is explained why making the repetition series of the phenomenon longer improves the quality of averaging. Substitution of the difference of times of two clocks in the same instant and the time interval between two instants marked by each clock with the same date is justified.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Vladimir Kneller
QUANTITIES TRANSFORMATION: GENERAL TECHNIQUES AND ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT
The process of quantities transformation, which underlies many other processes such as measurement, control, etc. is considered. It is defined as a process of physical realization of the desired functional dependence between the quantities x and y, i.e. y = f(x), interpreted as the specific target-oriented family of causally related events and considered regardless of the physical nature of the participating quantities, i.e. at the structural level. The general methods for realization of the main components of quantities transformation connecting y and x with a desirable functional relationship and reducing the effect of undesirable factors on this relationship are revealed and systematized in deductive, logically clear way starting from several known generic principles and mechanisms.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Andrea Bernieri, Luigi Ferrigno, Marco Laracca, Salvatore Ventre
THE METROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF A LOW COST MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR INDUCTANCE TOMOGRAPHY ON CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS
The paper proposes the improvement and the metrological characterization of a measurement system for non-destructive testing on conductive materials. The limits showed by the previous realized prototype are discussed and overcome using a new hardware and software solution. The metrological characterization in terms of probe linearity, measurement uncertainty, and crack detection sensibility is reported. The experimental analysis carried out using the proposed system on specimens with known defects shows a good agreement between the estimated and expected results.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Umberto Pogliano, Gian Carlo Bosco, Marco Lanzillotti
VALIDATION OF THE NEW AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR AC VOLTAGE COMPARISONS
A system for the automatic comparisons of ac voltage, ac current and ac-dc transfer has been built, which simplifies the management of the whole traceability chain from national standards to the instruments under test. The validation process for ac-voltage and ac-dc transfer has shown the functionality of the system, a high repeatability and self-consistency of the results and a full compatibility with measurements made manually and by the previous automatic system.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Helena Ramos, M. Pereira, V. Viegas, O. Postolache, P. Girão
A CENTRONICS BASED TRANSDUCER INDEPENDENT INTERFACE (TII) FULLY COMPLIANT WITH 1451.2 STD.
The paper reports the tests conducted on a dedicated Transducer Independent Interface (TII) to check its compliance with standard IEEE 1451.2 specifications. The interface was built using a synchronous data transfer based on the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol integrated in a PIC microcontroller used as the Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM) and the Centronics port of the PC, used as the Network Capable Application Processor (NCAPs TII port). The description of each line and the connections are also presented.
The working prototype of the STIM controlled by a NCAP module was implemented to connect several transducers without communication capabilities used in a water quality monitoring network. The NCAP, also described in the paper, is emulated in a PC and it was fully developed using LabVIEW 6.1.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Salvatore Baglio, Vito Caruso, Nicola Pitrone, Nicolō Savalli
SENSORS FOR CONTACTLESS ESTIMATION OF ICE CONCENTRATION IN ICE SLURRY FLUIDS
This paper deals with the problem of estimating the ice fraction in ice slurry fluids flowing into the pipes of industrial refrigeration apparatus based on secondary refrigerants. Such measurements must be performed in a non invasive way and the sensors must face with severe environmental conditions.
Two different sensors have been developed and are presented here. In particular, an optical sensor is presented that relates the transmission of signals with the ice density, while a capacitive sensor is proposed as well exploiting the effects of ice particles concentration on the ice slurry fluid permittivity.
Experimental prototypes have been realized for each one of the sensors proposed here. These sensors have been applied to an experimental refrigeration system that allows obtaining different percentage of ice in a controlled and reproducible manner. The experimental results obtained for each one of the sensors are reported showing the suitability of the approach. Some conclusive remarks are also given in order to compare the sensor performances.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

V. Karagiannis, D. Bargiotas, S. Voliotis, C. Manassis
ON LVDT RESPONSE USING GLASS COVERED WIRES
In this paper we present results on the response of linear variable differential transformers (LVDT) using FeSiB glass covered wires as active cores. First we demonstrate that the noise level of the sensor decreases with the magnetostriction coefficient of the magnetic core of the wire. Magnetic noise is further decreased after heat treatment, magnetic annealing and stress-current annealing. These results are in relatively acceptable agreement with results presented in the past by other research groups.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

C. Manassis, V. Karagiannis, D. Bargiotas, S. Voliotis, T. Maris
FLUID VELOCITY PROFILE METERS USING FESIB GLASS COVERED WIRES
In this paper we present a fluid flow-meter based on the inductive response of glass covered FeSiB amorphous wires, arranged as vertical active cores with respect to the flow of a liquid in a pipe of circular or rectangular diameter. Arrays of parallel FeSiB glass covered wires, fixed at the one end and free at the other are set normal to the fluid flow inside of an array of thin coils, thus covering the whole cross section of the fluid conduit. An excitation coil is also used for static flow measurements. The displacement of each glass covered wire corresponds to the local velocity of the fluid. It has been determined that the uncertainty of the voltage output dependence on the fluid flow is better than 1%. So, the profile of the fluid velocity along the cross section of the fluid conduit can be determined.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

N.Kontos, L.Theodorakis, E.Hristoforou
RESONANCE TECHNIQUES FOR INDUCTIVE SENSOR APPLICATIONS
This presentation describes the block diagram, explains the principal idea and shows the experimental results of a displacement and stress sensor. Both applications are based on inductive effects, while the examination of the sensor response determines the dependence of the permeability for all the different tested materials (magnetic cores) on the excitation frequency, the applied stress and the displacement of the material.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

S. Vaitsi, E. Hristoforou
FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT IN Ba_1-xSr_xTiO₃ PELLETS
In this paper we illustrate results concerning measurements of the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant of BaTiO₃ pellets doped with Sr, as a function of temperature and frequency. Substitution of Ba with Sr was up to 40% (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5). It is shown that the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric to paraelectric transition is a monotonic dependence of Sr% and has an influence in the dielectric constant. Furthermore, frequency dependence also illustrates that oscillation ability of the electric dipoles is not monotonic, being dependent on the ferroelectric dipole interaction.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Jan Fischer, Tomá Radil, Jan edivũ
THE TRIANGULATION METHOD OF CONTACT-LESS DIMENSION MEASUREMENT USING AN AREA CMOS IMAGING SENSOR
The so-called triangulation method of contact-less dimension measurement determines the measured objects dimension from its shadow projected on an imaging sensor without lens. A point light source is used to illuminate the measured object. The so far used linear CCD sensors introduced a considerable uncertainty to the measurement. Application of area CMOS imaging sensors improves the measurement uncertainty and enables to use some new measurement methods. A special CMOS measuring camera was designed for this purpose.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Michael Gürtner, Norbert Neumann, Friedrich Schneider
LOW POWER NDIR-CO₂-SENSOR FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION
Besides humidity the content of CO₂ is the most important air quality parameter in private homes. On the other hand power consumption for heating and air conditioning contributes essentially to the worldwide energy problems. An effective way to reduce it is to develop decentralized air conditioning systems consisting of optimal matched components. A major component is the air quality sensor which has not only to acquire CO₂ but also humidity and temperature. Further on such a sensor needs powerful data processing features and an interface to a bus system (either by TP or RF). The design requirements for it are different to those for sensors in industrial applications. Main targets are reliability, no maintenance and no recalibration for several years, low power consumption, small size and reasonable costs rather than high precision.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

S. Cherepov, O. Hesse, G. Mook, S. Pankratyev, V. Uchanin
OPTIMISATION OF LOW FREQUENCY EDDY CURRENT SENSORS USING IMPROVED INDUCTIVE COILS AND HIGHLY SENSITIVE AMR AND GMR SENSOR MODULES
Optimisation of low frequency eddy current probes was performed using traditional inductive coils and commercially available AMR and GMR sensors and sensor modules. Results of three groups are presented demonstrating that such kind of eddy current probes show high penetration and sensitivity at low testing frequencies. The lack of objective criteria for comparison had to be stated. A Round Robin test is proposed between the presented groups with more objective criteria to be established before and during the test.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Michal Malátek, Pavel Ripka, Petr Kapar, Antonín Platil, Ludek Kraus
ELECTRONICS FOR MI CURRENT SENSOR
This paper deals with an electronics developed for controlling of contactless current sensor based on magnetoimpedance (MI) effect. The demands required on design of the electronics came from current sensor structure, which takes into account suppression of temperature dependences of impedance of MI material. The electronics, due to its advantageous design, can serve also as the electronics of single and double-cored MI sensors in general.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Christian Eugčne, Michaël Demeyere
AMBULATORY MEASUREMENTS OF DIMENSIONAL QUANTITIES BY LASER TRIANGULATION UNDER STRUCTURED LIGHTING
The first part of the paper, mainly of tutorial nature, will be devoted to the presentation of the basic principles of 3D measurements by triangulation under lighting structured by laser planes. The metrological aspects will then be considered, namely the calibration of the measuring set-up. Finally, a series of industrial applications developed in the laboratory and oriented towards the conception of new field instruments (non-contact measurement of linear objects, of the angle between planes, of the diameter of cylinders, ) will be presented. The experimental results show a general accuracy of the order of one percent.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Valeriu David, Mihai Cretu, Alexandru Salceanu
ON THE LOOP SENSORS FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENT
In this paper we present an overview of the electromagnetic field loop sensors measurement performances. The loop sensors are much utilised in electromagnetic field measurements (magnetic field measurement, simultaneous magnetic and electric field measurements). The knowledge of the influence of the dimensions sensor on measurement performances of the electromagnetic field is important both in sensor optimisation, and in the selection of the sensor for a certain application. The results of time domain measurements of the magnetic field near some appliances, made with an active magnetic field sensor, are presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Cristian Fosalau, Cristian Zet, Marinel Temneanu, Mihai Antoniu
A NOVEL CURRENT SENSOR USING MAGNETOSTRICTIVE AMORPHOUS WIRES
The current sensor presented in the paper is built around a relatively new category of materials expressed by magnetic amorphous wires. Its operating principle is based on the Matteucci effect occurring in amorphous wires showing high level of magnetostriction. The wire is wound around the conductor through which the current to be measured flows. Under certain conditions, at the ends of the wire sharp voltage pulses appear whose amplitude depends on the intensity of the circumferential magnetic field generated on the conductor surface and, implicitly, on the current intensity.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

W. Domanski, P. Chaitas, J. Zakrzewski, Th. Laopoulos
A GRAPHICAL APPROACH TO ESTIMATION OF GAS CONCENTRATION WITH SnO₂ SENSORS
Electronic systems for automated monitoring of the presence of dangerous gases are available nowadays in different configurations and with quite different capabilities. This work is presenting the development of an electronic instrument for monitoring the level of two gases (namely CO and CH₄) aiming for possible use in coalmines. The instrument is using SnO₂ sensors and is based on a graphical estimation of the concentration of each of the two gases realised by a combination of the information from the calibration curves of the two sensors. In this way, instead of trying to suppress the well-known secondary sensitivity of these gas sensors, this method is estimating the two concentrations by a computerised approximation of the operating point on the calibration curves.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

D. Bargiotas, S. Voliotis, V. Karagiannis, C. Manassis
LOAD SENSORS BASED ON THE MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DELAY LINE TECHNIQUE
In this paper we present results on load sensors based on the magnetostrictive delay technique. The sensors translate the displacement of soft magnetic plate, hard magnetic disk and aluminium disk into force with respect to three different magnetostrictive delay line set-ups. The range of displacement determines the range of measurable load. Stainless steel springs have been used as active core supports. The best results both in sensitivity and repeatability have been obtained using soft magnetic plate as active core.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Stefica Celap
THE ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAINTY BY THE UTILIZATION OF VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROL DATA, LEAD IN GASOLINE BY AAS
This protocol was developed to estimate the uncertainty of measurement of a chemical analysis by utilizing in-house validation studies and quality control data. The approach was to generate an estimate of the uncertainty across the analytical concentracion range. This was to be expressed as a mathematical equation or factor that could be inserted into a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) and thus produce an uncertainty estimate from an entered analytical result.
The aim is to identify as many sources of uncertainty as possible and account for them by appropriatte precision and trueness studies. Any additional sources of uncertainty are evaluated by other means such as calibration certificates, published dana, etc.. It is not necessary to evaluate every source of uncertainty if they are deemed insignificant, unless there are a large number of them. Uncertainty components that are less than one third of the largest component are not evaluated in detail. A preliminary estimate of the contribution of each component or combination of components to the uncertainty is made and those that are not significant eliminated . The uncertainty contributions is expressed as standard deviation, and combined according to the appropriate rules, to give a combined standard uncertainty. Coverage factor (2 for normal distribution) is applied to give an expanded uncertainty.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Romuald Masnicki, Janusz Mindykowski
UNCERTAINTY AS THE COMPONENT OF THE MEASUREMENT RESULT IN MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUMENTS
A traditional description of the measurement result obtained with the use of a definite measurement instrument is complemented by the information about its accuracy on the basis of technical specifications given by its producer or verified in checking and legalisation procedures. The paper presents the premises resulting from currently available technical possibilities, which show that it is purposeful to complement the set of functions realised in a microprocessor instrument with additional properties enabling the instrument user to access the information about the uncertainty of the measurement result. The configuration of the measurement instrument, which enables an access, apart from the measurement result, to the information about the uncertainty as the component of the result, is presented. The conditions referring to the set and programme configuration of the instrument, indispensable for the realisation of the proposed idea, are pointed out. The main ideas of the presented paper will be also found in the authors work.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Karol Korcz, Beata Palczynska, Ludwik Spiralski
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASURING THE NOISE FACTOR OF CASCADE-CONNECTED LINEAR TWO-PORTS
The paper presents the derived dependence on the total noise factor of cascade-connected linear two-ports in the conditions of energy mismatching. The method of assessing the uncertainty in measuring this factor, which takes into account propagation of standard partial uncertainties of the measurement of the set of four noise parameters, disposable power gains and input and output impedance of particular two-ports, is determined. The uncertainty analysis takes into account the correlation among these parameters. A strict dependence between the mismatching stages of two-ports in the cascade and the uncertainty in measuring the total noise factor is shown. Sensitivity coefficients determining the participation of particular standard partial uncertainties are defined. The results of the analyses and simulations of particular uncertainties components, which were carried out for a typical communications receiver, are presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Vaclav Papez, Stanislava Papezova
NOISE FIGURE MEASUREMENT IN HIGHLY MISMATCHED SYSTEMS
This paper describes problems of measuring the noise figure when the noise figures are low and there is high mismatching of measurement system. Measurement errors can be identified using this method. Methods limiting the influence of a measurement system with real parameters are presented. The available accuracy in dependence on the parameters of the measurement system is described.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Valery A. Granovsky
VIRTUAL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS: TRACEABILITY FUNDAMENTALS AND METHODS
The problems of metrological ensuring virtual measuring instruments (VMI) are discussed. The VMI classification is proposed. The principles of measuring instrument legalization are formulated as a base for the problem solving. As the basic problems, structural identification of VMI, and unauthorised access, and VMI calibration and standardization are pinpointed. It is shown that complete calibration is foreground for VMI similar as to usual measuring instruments, without necessity to certify, separately, measurement software.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

S.M. Yermishin, A.V. Lopatin
CONDUCTING CALIBRATION MEASUREMENTS BASED ON THE VIRTUAL STANDARDSŽ TECHNOLOGY
The authors propose to use the Virtual StandardŽ technology in conducting calibration operations for a wide range of measurements. The Virtual StandardŽ technology is a universal technology for determining and introducing corrections in measuring device readings to reduce their errors. Theoretical principles underlying the Virtual StandardŽ technology are discussed, and their operation flow chart and some experimental findings are provided.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

E. Lunca, M. Cretu, V. David, C. Donciu
A VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT FOR REMOTE MONITORING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
The paper presents a virtual instrument completely based on LabVIEW for remote monitoring of electromagnetic field across the local area network or Internet environment. As our primary intention was to implement a virtual instrument able to measure and display directly the E-field strength values, the access to the instrument is simply performed via the LabVIEW built-in web server.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Dan Milici
COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM FOR TESTING AND FORMATION THE SPEED OF BACKWARD PUSH OF SPORTSMEN
An important parameter in sportive training its represented by the speed of reaction of sportsmen on the competitions. This paper presents a digital system meant for sportive probation in order to obtain some superior performance.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Mariana Milici
THE ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION AT MULTIMEDIA TECHNIQUES IN INSTRUMENTATION AREA
The new implementation tendencies of multimedia techniques in all areas that involve the communication and data transfer as and the interface man-engine found applications in instrumentations area also. The orientation of techniques, methods and measurement devices toward digital equipments does the multimedia methods utilisation to be easy and allows a facile and efficacious using of equipments along with the appearance of virtual instruments with specialised functions.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

E. Lunca, A. Salceanu, S. Hanganu, C. Donciu
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT AIMING TO EXTEND THE CAPABILITIES OF THE SPECTRUM ANALYZERS
The paper presents a virtual instrument for measuring the insertion loss, signal-to-noise ratio, carrier-to-noise ratio and frequency response. Since most of the spectrum analyzers are equipped with a GPIB or RS-232 interface, here demonstrate that LabVIEW graphical environment represents the proper tool to develop such applications. Sometimes, instrument producers provide specific software, but using LabVIEW some additional costs can be eliminated by user developed software.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Pasquale Daponte, Claudio De Capua, Annalisa Liccardo
A TECHNIQUE FOR REMOTE MANAGEMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION BASED ON WEB SERVICE
In the paper the authors propose an original solution to perform the remote control of measurement instrumentation, with the aim of realizing the experimental section of an E-Learning portal of Electrical and Electronic Measurement courses, based on Web Services implemented in Visual Basic.Net. The .Net technology proves to overcome drawbacks typically affecting most of the techniques for remote instrument control till now adopted, allowing, at the same time, the integration among different softwares and communication protocols and the connection to measurement stations only by means of a common browser. Web Services use, in fact, XML language, that is well understood by each program, and SOAP protocol, which is recognized by any software environment supporting communication over Internet. Details of the implemented Web Service are given in the following, focusing the attention on the utilities provided by Visual Basic.Net for the management of connections (as queuing procedure, reading of UDDI registry, polling of the administered servers) and implementation an E-Learning portal.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Vladimir Haasz, Milos Sedlacek
FROM ERRORS TO UNCERTAINTIES IN BASIC COURSE IN ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS
Expressing accuracy of measurement by means of uncertainties becomes step by step common practice both in research and industry. It is therefore highly desirable that university graduates in electrical engineering know how to use uncertainties. That is why we started teaching practical use of uncertainties in basic measurement methods in our basic course in Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation, an obligatory course for all students of Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague in the 3^rd semester. The used approach completed with some examples of both the demonstration of uncertainty theory implementation in the lectures and the practical application in laboratory exercises are presented in the paper.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

C.G. Haba, L.Breniuc
TEACHING COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS USED IN INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
We present a system for teaching different serial communication protocols used in instrumentation laboratory. The system is implemented using XESS prototyping boards (XSBoards) each one equipped with either a Xilinx FPGA or CPLD and an 8031 microcontroller (ĩC) and several intelligent sensor types. The system was used for implementing and testing the I²C, SPI, 1-Wire and other company specific protocols. The communication protocols were tested by implementing measuring systems where a sensor or a network of sensors is configured and controlled by a microcontroller.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

A. Baccigalupi, F. Cennamo, A. Masi
AN EDUCATIONAL LABORATORY FOR REMOTE INSTRUMENTATION PROGRAMMING BASED ON LABWINDOVS/CVI^TM ENVIRONMENT
The paper describes the architecture of a remote laboratory aimed at training the students of electronic instrumentation graduated courses. The remote laboratory, including a number of measurement stations, each tailored for solving specific tasks, is used as a training environment to develop and test a set of measurement experiments via WLAN and TCP/IP protocol. Once access to a specific measurement station has been granted, it is possible to send commands and receive data from the instruments in order to execute the measurement procedures as if they were performed on a local computer. The communication between the controlled remote laboratory and the local computer has been designed to be totally transparent. Therefore, the measurement devices are controlled in the same way as if they were local instruments. The proposed architecture training target requires particular attention to the access management in order to guarantee waiting times as short as possible.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Edi Kulderknup
MEASUREMENTS QUALITY ASSURANCE IN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES
Technical universities have some other involvements additionally to the task to teach students and to generate competent engineers, who shall be able work in the wide area. Universities have great specialists capability and know-how to carry out research work and this allows to solve various applied science task for the industrial infrastructure. Above two tasks have in some moments contrary application, especially to give the widely accepted assurance of the testing result, including measurements, is under suspicion. Now-a-days assurance of testing is mainly in the form of the accreditation or the certification from the third parties. In some cases other principles, like proficiency testing, can be used.
Main goal of this study work was to find testing and measurements assurance main rules in technical universities and give some conclusions, what shall be done to give more assurance to the test results. Study work includes the estimation of possibilities for measurements quality assurance for universities testing and calibration laboratories, analyse of the accreditation assessments results and the found non-conformities. Given conclusions, which can help better to solve the quality problems by measurements in practice.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

C. Donciu, C. Schreiner, M. Cretu, E. Lunca
A DISTRIBUTED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR POWER QUALITY
In the present paper, prototype architecture for a distributed system for online power quality parameters monitoring is illustrated. An interconnection between two different server types was performed.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, Nicola Pasquino
LOW COST DEVICE FOR LIGHT FLICKER MEASUREMENT
A new instrument for the evaluation of disturbances caused by variations in lamp voltage (light flicker) is proposed, based on light intensity measurements. Unlike current standard (IEC EN 61000-4-15), which determines flicker severity by filtering powering voltage measurements with a standard lamp model (230V/60W), the presented methodology includes the lamp itself in the measurement process, thus realizing an objective measurement of flicker. A testing station for the metrological characterization of the device has been implemented and measurements have been compared to a standard IEC flickermeter (Norma D6000). Thanks to its portability, the instrument can be used to measure light flicker over a wide range of environments spanning from home/office to industrial locations.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Claudio De Capua, Annalisa Liccardo, Emilia Romeo
NEW SYNTHETIC POWER QUALITY INDEXES AND ASSOCIATED MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
In recent years, particular attention has been focused about problems regarding Power Quality. In 1995, IEEE technical committee defines some fundamental indexes capable of quantifying the quality of the power generation and transmission. In authors opinion, the list of the proposed indexes seems to be inadequate to exhaustively detect voltage or current disturbances at all. In this paper, the authors propose for new indexes and a respective original procedure for measuring and evaluating voltage sags, according to the standards definitions.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

C. Donciu, M. Cretu, S. Hanganu, E. Lunca
NARROW SPIKES DETECTION FROM DISTORTED SIGNALS
In the present paper is presented a method for on-line narrow spike detention from distorted signals. The method consists of successive derivations of the distorted signal till the only event remains significant in the sequence. A study for narrow spike form influence in detection will be performs.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Stanislaw Galla, Beata Palczynska, Ludwik Spiralski
RANDOM COMPONENTS INFLUENCE ON THE VALUES CHARACTERISING PERIODIC DISTURBANCES IN LOW VOLTAGE SUPPLY LINES
The paper analyses the random components influence on the values characterising periodic disturbances in the supply line voltage on the example of the total harmonic distortion coefficient (THD). It presents the method to determine the uncertainty in the THD coefficient measurement, which takes into account the correlations appearing between the fundamental component and the successive harmonics of the supplying voltage, and also between particular harmonics. The analysis of the results from the total harmonic distortion coefficient measurements in the supplying voltage of a motor drive system with the electronic power converter is presented.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

S. Taranov, Y.Tesik, A. Olencki
HIGH ACCURACY SELECTIVE ELEMENT FOR ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY INDEXES MEASUREMENT
It is necessary to carry out two selective operations for high accuracy measurement some of Electric Power Quality Indexes (EPQI): first of all it is necessary to pick up fundamental harmonic voltages from a spectrum of three phase voltage system, then, a positive, negative and zero symmetrical components. A selective devise must provide minimal amplitude and phase error in the real conditions variation of an angular frequency of voltages. It is proposed an adaptive amplifier with spectrum conversion. The adaptive amplifier is described by non-linear differential equations with variable coefficients that may be represented by break functions. The generalized method of linearization by the describing function for static and dynamic analysis of this device is proposed. The paper illustrates the unique data of this amplifier.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

G. Andria, L. Filotico, A.M.L. Lanzolla, F. Piccininni, T. Scialpi
MONITORING OF SYSTEM PERFORMANCES OF A FULL THERMAL ENERGY PLANT UNCERTAINTY EVALUATIONS
This work proposes the development and characterization of innovative domestic heating system driven by solar assisted heat pump in order to increase the system efficiency. A suitable on-line measurement system of overall observable quantities has been integrated in the plant, to give accurate and updated measurements of all the variables interesting the whole system. A more detailed analysis of quantities that main influence the system performances has been carried out, developing a suitable mathematic model able to describe and control the behaviour of interested phenomena. Finally some information about reliability degree of model has been provided. The use of advanced control and monitoring of several interested quantities has allowed optimising the global system efficiency.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

A. Bernieri, L. Ferrigno, M. Laracca, P. Verde
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR POWER QUALITY MONITORING ACCORDING TO IEC 61000-4-30
The paper proposes a distributed sensor network based on a wireless BlueTooth communication system or Power Quality (PQ) assessment in power systems. The architecture of the sensor node is described and characterized, together with the analysis of the measurement and communication procedure able to perform the PQ indices evaluation according the IEC 61000-4-30 norm.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, Nicola Pasquino, Nello Polese
AN ADVANCED LABORATORY ARCHITECTURE FOR METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION OF MEASUREMENT DEVICE FOR POWER QUALITY EVALUATION
Continuous monitoring of power grid aimed at assuring compliance of power quality indexes to standard requirements, calls for a wide range of instruments, each devoted to a different measurement. Metrological confirmation of the whole set of devices and instruments turns out to be a complex task because of the variety of characteristics to be tested that requires time to be com-pleted which eventually determines high costs, not to mention that during confirmation activities in-struments cannot be used. The purpose of the laboratory presented is to provide a complete set of con-firmation services through local branches distributed over the territory. A central laboratory plans and supervises activities which are then delegated to peripheral labs employing travelling standards to perform confirmation directly at clients side thus reducing sensibly times of off-line operations. Experimental results from two different kind of measurements that require fast acquisition in one case and accurate acquisition in the other are reported as an example of the wide range of possible applications.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

Charis N. Orfanos, Frangiskos V. Topalis
A VIRTUAL ENERGY ANALYSER FOR HARMONIC MEASUREMENTS ON DISCHARGE LAMPS
This paper presents an energy analyser with the required specifications for the investigation of the electrical performance of non-linear loads and especially of discharge lamps. The instrument is a virtual digital oscilloscope and a spectrum and energy analyser but the emphasis is given to record the energy. It has been developed using a graphical programming language. All the necessary measurements are taken in real time, on line. A DAQ board through two analogue input channels samples the voltage and current waveforms. Their frequency spectra are determined using FFT and DFT. Moreover, the system performs energy analysis. So the total active and reactive energy is recorded, as well as the similar energies of each harmonic component. The energy is recorded in time bands that are independent each other so can be overlapped. Also there is no limit of the number of bands that can be used. A time band can last from less than a second to years. The recording can be chosen to take place in every iteration of the programme, several seconds or hours. Within the bands all the power related parameters are recorded. The maximum and minimum values of them are also taken.
13th Symposium on Measurements for Research and Industrial Applications, 9th Workshop on ADC Modeling and Testing (TC4), Athens, Greece, 2004

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